Characterization of Vasoreactivity in a Semi-Arboreal Snake, the Tokara Habu (Protobothrops tokarensis)
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling Location
2.2. Ethics Approval
2.3. Vascular Tissue Sampling and Tissue Preparation
2.4. Substances and Reagents
2.5. Functional Study
2.6. Nitric Oxide Quantification Using Fluorescence
2.7. Statistical Analysis
2.8. Field Research
3. Results
3.1. Responsiveness to Noradrenaline, Angiotensin II, Histamine, Rattlesnake Bradykinin, Isoproterenol, Serotonin, and Acetylcholine
3.2. Effect of Phentolamine on Noradrenaline-Induced Contraction
3.3. Effects of β Adrenoceptor Antagonists on Isoproterenol-Induced Relaxation
3.4. Effects of Serotonin Receptor Antagonists and L-NNA on Serotonin-Induced Responses
3.5. Effects of Muscarine Receptor Antagonists on Acetylcholine-Induced Relaxation
3.6. Effects of Muscarine Receptor Antagonists on Acetylcholine-Induced Contraction in the Presence of L-NNA
3.7. Nitric Oxide Production by Serotonin, Acetylcholine, and Isoproterenol
3.8. Results of Field Observations
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Agonists | pEC50 | Emax (%) (Reactivity) |
---|---|---|
Resting condition (2.4 mN) | ||
Noradrenaline | 6.04 ± 0.14 | 130.2 ± 13.0 (contraction a) |
Angiotensin II | 7.39 ± 0.06 | 46.4 ± 10.3 (contraction a) |
Histamine | − | 0 (no response) |
Rattlesnake bradykinin | − | 0 (no response) |
Isoproterenol | 7.11 ± 0.07 | 22.9 ± 0.3 (relaxation b) |
Serotonin | 7.41 ± 0.28 | 27.6 ± 4.9 (relaxation b) |
Acetylcholine | 8.25 ± 0.19 | 10.2 ± 3.1 (relaxation b) |
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Ootawa, T.; Wu, S.; Sekio, R.; Smith, H.; Islam, M.Z.; Nguyen, H.T.T.; Uno, Y.; Shiraishi, M.; Miyamoto, A. Characterization of Vasoreactivity in a Semi-Arboreal Snake, the Tokara Habu (Protobothrops tokarensis). Animals 2023, 13, 3629. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13233629
Ootawa T, Wu S, Sekio R, Smith H, Islam MZ, Nguyen HTT, Uno Y, Shiraishi M, Miyamoto A. Characterization of Vasoreactivity in a Semi-Arboreal Snake, the Tokara Habu (Protobothrops tokarensis). Animals. 2023; 13(23):3629. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13233629
Chicago/Turabian StyleOotawa, Tomoki, Siyuan Wu, Ryoya Sekio, Henry Smith, Md. Zahorul Islam, Ha Thi Thanh Nguyen, Yasuhiro Uno, Mitsuya Shiraishi, and Atsushi Miyamoto. 2023. "Characterization of Vasoreactivity in a Semi-Arboreal Snake, the Tokara Habu (Protobothrops tokarensis)" Animals 13, no. 23: 3629. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13233629