Associations between Mammary Gland Echotexture and Milk Composition in Cows
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals, Location and Nutrition
2.2. Milk Sampling and Laboratory Analyses
2.3. Ultrasonographic Scanning and Image Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Milk Yields and Composition
3.2. Factors that Impacted Mammary Gland Echotexture
3.3. Correlational Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | Relative Content |
---|---|
% of dry matter Whole crop maize silage | 35 |
Grass silage | 22 |
Straw | 5 |
High moisture corn grain silage | 9 |
Concentrate mixture | 28 |
Concentrate mixture ingredients (%) Rye grain of traditional/hybrid variety (ground to 4.0 mm) or rye grain of hybrid variety (unprocessed, whole grain) | 42.0 |
Soybean meal | 39.0 |
Canola cake | 10.0 |
Fodder chalk | 2.9 |
NaHCO3 | 2.8 |
Vitamix KW 1 | 2.6 |
Farmpak SC 2 | 0.7 |
Chemical composition Dry matter (DM, %) | 48.2 |
In dry matter (g/kg of DM) | |
Crude protein (CP) | 147 |
aNDF 3 | 328 |
ADF 4 | 228 |
Starch | 253 |
Crude ash | 81 |
Crude fat | 41 |
UFL 5 (in DM) | 0.87 |
PDIN 6 (g/kg of DM) | 95.9 |
PDIE 7 (g/kg of DM) | 91.1 |
Variable | Morning Milking | Evening Milking |
---|---|---|
Milk yield (l/cow) * | 15.5 ± 0.7a (8.3–23.0) | 10.4 ± 0.4b (4.8–14.9) |
Somatic cell count* (×1000/mL) | 365 ± 60 (35–997) | 431 ± 65 (45–1110) |
Fat (%) | 3.3 ± 0.1a (1.7–4.6) | 4.3 ± 0.1b (2.9–5.7) |
Protein (%) | 3.28 ± 0.05 (2.75–3.77) | 3.38 ± 0.04 (2.81–3.78) |
Casein (%) | 2.29 ± 0.04 (1.87–2.65) | 2.32 ± 0.03 (1.81–2.66) |
Lactose (%)* | 4.77 ± 0.03 (4.19–5.03) | 4.77 ± 0.03 (4.25–5.03) |
Total solids (%) | 12.3 ± 0.1a (11.4–13.7) | 13.3 ± 0.1b (12.2–15.5) |
Solids non-fat (%) | 8.96 ± 0.05a (8.35–9.47) | 9.10 ± 0.05b (8.39–9.62) |
Urea* (mg/l) | 215.6 ± 13.1 (123–539) | 215.1 ± 17.0 (104–622) |
Citric acid (%) | 0.13 ± 0.004a (0.09–0.18) | 0.15 ± 0.005b (0.12–0.23) |
Freezing point depression | 547.2 ± 1.1a (537–563) | 556.1 ± 1.3b (545–571) |
Free fatty acids* (μg/mL) | 0.67 ± 0.03 (0.29–0.99) | 0.72 ± 0.04 (0.34–1.45) |
Density (kg/m3) | 1027.2 ± 0.3 (1025–1030) | 1026.5 ± 0.2 (1024–1029) |
pH | 7.3 ± 0.1a (6.3–9.4) | 6.7 ± 0.1b (5.8–8.2) |
Source of Variation/Echotextural Variables | NPV | PSD |
---|---|---|
Time of milking (morning vs. evening) (T) | 0.08 | 0.58 |
Scanning order (before or after milking) (SO) | 0.002 | <0.001 |
Udder quarter + scanning plane (UQ + SP) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
T × SO | 0.35 | 0.06 |
T × UQ + SP | 0.86 | 0.57 |
SO × UQ + SP | 0.60 | 0.33 |
T × SO × UQ + SP | 0.62 | 0.14 |
Time | Morning Milking | Evening Milking | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Scanning Order | Before | After | Before | After |
Udder Quarter and Scanning Plane | Echotextural Variables | |||
NPV | ||||
Right front sagittal | 38.1 ± 1.3 | 36.3 ± 1.3 | 38.8 ± 1.3 | 38.5 ± 1.6 |
Right front coronal | 38.8 ± 1.1 | 39.4 ± 1.1 | 38.3 ± 1.3 | 40.3 ± 1.4 |
Right back sagittal | 35.8 ± 1.0 | 39.0 ± 1.2 | 36.5 ± 1.0 | 37.3 ± 1.4 |
Right back coronal | 38.3 ± 1.3 | 40.8 ± 1.2 | 40.2 ± 1.3 | 40.1 ± 1.4 |
Left front sagittal | 38.0 ± 1.0 | 39.2 ± 1.5 | 37.2 ± 2.1 | 39.9 ± 1.5 |
Left front coronal | 40.1 ± 1.1 | 40.0 ± 1.4 | 40.0 ± 1.3 | 43.2 ± 1.1 |
Left back sagittal | 39.3 ± 1.4 | 39.1 ± 1.6 | 35.6 ± 1.1 | 42.2 ± 1.4 |
Left back coronal | 39.5 ± 1.6 | 42.3 ± 1.7 | 41.3 ± 1.4 | 44.8 ± 1.1 |
PSD | ||||
Right front sagittal | 12.9 ± 0.3 | 13.3 ± 0.3 | 13.5 ± 0.3 | 12.8 ± 0.3 |
Right front coronal | 13.3 ± 0.2 | 13.8 ± 0.2 | 13.7 ± 0.3 | 13.4 ± 0.3 |
Right back sagittal | 12.6 ± 0.2 | 13.6 ± 0.3 | 12.6 ± 0.3 | 12.8 ± 0.2 |
Right back coronal | 13.4 ± 0.3 | 13.9 ± 0.3 | 13.2 ± 0.2 | 13.2 ± 0.3 |
Left front sagittal | 12.7 ± 0.2 | 13.8 ± 0.3 | 13.0 ± 0.3 | 13.0 ± 0.3 |
Left front coronal | 13.5 ± 0.2 | 13.8 ± 0.3 | 13.2 ± 0.2 | 14.2 ± 0.2 |
Left back sagittal | 13.2 ± 0.3 | 13.3 ± 0.3 | 13.5 ± 0.3 | 13.6 ± 0.3 |
Left back coronal | 13.7 ± 0.3 | 14.1 ± 0.3 | 13.6 ± 0.3 | 14.6 ± 0.3 |
Input Variable (x) | Output Variable (y) | r | p-Value | Equation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Morning Milking | ||||
NPV sagittal | Protein (%) | −0.39 | 0.03 | y = 4.3 − 0.03x |
PSD sagittal | Protein (%) | −0.42 | 0.02 | y = 5.0 − 0.1x |
PSD sagittal | Lactose (%) | 0.36 | 0.05 | y = 3.8 + 0.07x |
PSD coronal | Freezing point depression | 0.41 | 0.02 | y = 510.0 + 2.7x |
Evening Milking | ||||
NPV sagittal | Casein (%) | −0.36 | 0.05 | y = 2.9 − 0.02x |
NPV sagittal | Solids non-fat (%) | −0.37 | 0.04 | y = 10.0 − 0.02x |
PSD sagittal | Protein (%) | −0.37 | 0.05 | y = 4.3 − 0.07x |
PSD sagittal | Casein (%) | −0.35 | 0.05 | y = 0.6 + 1.2x |
PSD sagittal | Solids non-fat (%) | −0.37 | 0.04 | y = 10.1 − 0.08x |
NPV coronal | Lactose (%) | −0.36 | 0.05 | y = 5.3 − 0.01x |
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Schwarz, T.; Scheeres, N.; Małopolska, M.M.; Murawski, M.; Agustin, T.D.; Ahmadi, B.; Strzałkowska, N.; Rajtar, P.; Micek, P.; Bartlewski, P.M. Associations between Mammary Gland Echotexture and Milk Composition in Cows. Animals 2020, 10, 2005. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112005
Schwarz T, Scheeres N, Małopolska MM, Murawski M, Agustin TD, Ahmadi B, Strzałkowska N, Rajtar P, Micek P, Bartlewski PM. Associations between Mammary Gland Echotexture and Milk Composition in Cows. Animals. 2020; 10(11):2005. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112005
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchwarz, Tomasz, Nelia Scheeres, Martyna M. Małopolska, Maciej Murawski, Tristan D. Agustin, Bahareh Ahmadi, Nina Strzałkowska, Patrycja Rajtar, Piotr Micek, and Pawel M. Bartlewski. 2020. "Associations between Mammary Gland Echotexture and Milk Composition in Cows" Animals 10, no. 11: 2005. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112005
APA StyleSchwarz, T., Scheeres, N., Małopolska, M. M., Murawski, M., Agustin, T. D., Ahmadi, B., Strzałkowska, N., Rajtar, P., Micek, P., & Bartlewski, P. M. (2020). Associations between Mammary Gland Echotexture and Milk Composition in Cows. Animals, 10(11), 2005. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112005