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Review

Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) Development Knowledge Map: A Review of Visual Analysis Using CiteSpace

by
Yunlong Li
1,†,
Linna Li
2,*,†,
Wenxin Deng
3,
Dian Zhu
4 and
Luo Hong
5
1
Department of Design, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330000, China
2
Department of Architecture, Building and Planning, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
3
School of Art, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
4
School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
5
School of Art, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Buildings 2023, 13(2), 389; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020389
Submission received: 4 October 2022 / Revised: 18 January 2023 / Accepted: 27 January 2023 / Published: 31 January 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards a Carbon Neutral Roadmap of the Building Sector by Mid-Century)
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Abstract

:
Achieving zero energy consumption in buildings is one of the most effective ways of achieving ‘carbon neutrality’ and contributing to a green and sustainable global development. Currently, BIPV systems are one of the main approaches to achieving zero energy in buildings in many countries. This paper presents the evolution of BIPV systems and predicts their future trends by deriving a base sample of core papers on BIPV systems from 2012 to 2022 from the Web of Science core database and conducting a bibliometric study using CiteSpace scientific visualisation software. To gain a deeper understanding and grasp of the research progress of BIPV systems, research group discovery, research hotspot analysis, and research frontier detection of the relevant literature were conducted. (1) Research groups on the topic were summarised through author coupling network, publication distribution, and country mapping analysis; (2) Research hotspots on the topic were explored through keyword co-occurrence, keyword emergence, and time zone map analysis; (3) Research hotspots on the topic were explored through literature co-citation timeline maps, literature co-citation categories, and literature co-citation clustering analysis to detect the frontiers of research in the field. Finally, we conclude that research trends in BIPV systems are mainly in the areas of heat transfer, thermal performance, renewable energy, solar cell and renewable building materials, and evaluation systems. In the future, BIPV research and applications will move towards interdisciplinary and multinational cooperation, which will maximise the benefits of clean energy conversion in buildings. It will also provide researchers and practitioners with a clearer understanding of BIPV research trends and hotspots, and provide new directions for future research.

1. Introduction

The massive and unrestrained exploitation and utilisation of fossil fuels globally have not only accelerated the depletion of these precious resources, but have also caused increasingly serious environmental and climate problems. Excessive emissions are attracting global attention day by day. Addressing these issues is no longer a matter for one country itself, but rather the goal and obligation of all the countries on the Earth to control and reduce emissions. With the rapid growth of global energy consumption, the environment will further deteriorate and the dispute on emission reduction will become more intense.
The emission of carbon dioxide is the most important factor causing global warming. In its fifth comprehensive report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) of the United Nations points out that at the end of the 21st century, according to different greenhouse gas emission scenarios, the global average temperature will increase by 10–3.7 ℃ compared with the benchmark level of 1986–2005 [1]. This means that human activities will continue to increase the pace of the Earth’s temperature rise for a long time in the future, and may pose critical potential risks to the global ecosystem. Therefore, in daily production and life, studying how to reduce carbon emissions and form a green living model has become a global issue [2].
With the acceleration in urbanisation and the improvement in people’s living standards, the energy demand and carbon emissions of buildings in the process of construction and operation are rising, and the carbon emissions of residential buildings have significantly increased [3]. If there is no large sustainable innovative development in the construction technology and materials, it will further consume the limited energy and substances left on the Earth on a very large scale, causing great damage to the environment [4]. Hence, vigorously developing and utilising renewable energy is an inevitable choice to ensure the security of the world’s energy supply and sustainable development. Among them, green buildings are an important way to reduce emissions in the construction industry. It has been an irresistible trend to study the energy conservation and emissions reduction of residential buildings throughout their life cycle and promote green buildings. As the combination of a huge construction market and photovoltaic market has great potential, building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems will have an infinite and broad development prospect. With the continuous progress of new energy and the increasing demand for urban energy conservation, emissions reduction, and green environmental protection, solar BIPV systems have increasingly become a new trend in solar power generation [5].
This research aims to understand the design and development trend of photovoltaic buildings in detail, in order to better facilitate the promotion and development of low-carbon green buildings. Meanwhile, it is also intended to enable researchers and practitioners in the field of green building to better understand the development status of photovoltaic building systems, more clearly understand the research trends and hotspots, and provide new directions for future research. Through the literature samples exported from the core database of the Web of Science, CiteSpace scientific visualisation software was used to conduct a systematic bibliometric research to find research groups, analyse research hotspots, and explore research frontiers. Ultimately, it is hoped that people can better understand the research trends and hotspots of photovoltaic buildings to better promote the comprehensive development of green buildings and sustainable design.

2. Research Methodology and Data Source

2.1. Methodology

Scientometrics, with quantitative analysis as the main approach and the subject and object of scientific activities as the research object, is an applied discipline that describes the process of scientific development, reveals the internal mechanism of scientific development, forecasts the trend of scientific development, and provides support for scientific management. It can quantitatively analyse the scientific literature and existing research results, so that people can learn the emerging trends and knowledge structure of the targeted research field.
The application of CiteSpace software to scientific bibliometric research, in fact, belongs to the category of visual technology. Bibliometric analysis is a method for the quantitative analysis of papers, which mainly conducts objective and systematic analysis of published papers, and is an important branch of information visualisation [6]. This paper used CiteSpace software to quantitatively analyse the relevant literature and examine the literature co-citation, keyword co-occurrence, and keyword bursts to systematically understand the evolution patterns of photovoltaic buildings, and draw a corresponding scientific knowledge map to demonstrate its research progress and explore the development process of this field [7].

2.2. Research Framework

In this study, a comprehensive analysis framework was proposed to explore a total of 821 studies published from 2012 to 2022, and elaborate the photovoltaic building trends and theme changes. The results remained stable through repeated adjustment of parameters. This study created the following aspects:
  • Construction of a panoramic view of photovoltaic buildings: We used CiteSpace scientific visualisation software to conduct bibliometric research to show the evolution process of a photovoltaic building system and predict its future development trend [8]. In order to deeply understand and foresee the research progress of the photovoltaic building system, the research hotspot of the relevant literature was analysed, the research group discovered, and the research frontier explored.
  • Creation of the evolution knowledge of photovoltaic architecture: First, we summarised the research groups of the topic through the analysis of author coupling network, publication distribution, and national map. Second, based on the analysis of keyword co-occurrence, keyword bursts, and time zone maps, the research focus of the topic was discussed; Third, through the time line chart of literature co-citation, the categories of literature co-citation, and cluster analysis of literature co-citation, the frontier of the research field is explored.
  • Building knowledge dynamics of photovoltaic buildings: Identify research hotspots through the co-occurrence of keywords such as “building integrated photovoltaic”, “photovoltaic generation system”, “photovoltaic roof”, “photovoltaic curtain wall”, and determine the possible research frontiers and trends in the future through keyword burst detection and time zone maps. Finally, we combined the bibliometric methods and system review, allowing researchers and practitioners to better understand the development status of photovoltaic building systems, more clearly understand the research trends and hotspots of photovoltaic buildings, and provide new directions for future research [9].

2.3. Data Collection

The data used in this research were mainly from the Web of Science database, WOS, which records the most influential academic research achievements and has been well-applied in some fields. The database is a text file including the number of variables such as title, author, year of publication, language, abstract, keywords, and references.
Based on the results of an advanced search of the WoS core database, data were collected from January 2012 to 10 August 2022, as shown in Figure 1. The number of publications per year is shown in Figure 1. As can be seen from the graph, the number of publications in the field of ‘building integrated photovoltaic’ is increasing exponentially, and the number of publications has increased annually from 2012 to 2022. Specifically, three phases can be identified based on the trajectory of the number of research papers published, namely, the emergence phase, the stable development phase, and the rapid development phase. The first phase (2012–2015) is the gradual emergence phase, where research on PV buildings is just starting and the number of published papers is relatively small, averaging at 54.25; and the second phase (2016–2019) is the stable development phase, where the research is developing rapidly. The amount of literature is increasing and many research results are emerging in this phase, with an average of 103.75 publications. The third phase (2020–2022) is a period of rapid development, with the number of publications peaking at 192 in 2021, and this phase is characterised by a wealth of research and maturity. The average number of articles published in this phase so far is 139.66. It is clear that there is growing interest in research on PV buildings, and it is predicted that the number of papers on PV buildings will increase rapidly in the near future, with new technologies and related strategies emerging.

2.4. Data Processing

This study used CiteSpace5.8R3 scientific visualisation software to conduct bibliometric research to show the evolution of photovoltaic building systems in the past decade and predict their future development trend [8]. Based on the time mapping Φ (t) from Research Frontier Ψ (t) to Basic Knowledge Ω (t) (i.e., Φ (t): Ψ (t) Ω (t)), CiteSpace is able to identify and display new trends and changes in research topics in ф (t). (t) is a set of terms related to the new trends and mutations of the moment T, which are called boundary terms.
Ω (t) contains articles that are cited in articles with cutting-edge terminology, and the relationship between them is summarised as [9].
Φ (t): Ψ (t) → Ω (t)
Ψ (t) = {term\term∈ STitle ∪ SAbstract ∪ SDescriptior ∪ SIndentifier ∧ IsHotTopic (term,t)}
Ω (t) = {term\term ∈ Ψ(t) ∧ term ∈ article0 ∧ article0 → article}
CiteSpace has three algorithms to calculate the strength of a network connection. Namely, cos, Jaccard, and Dice. In this article, we used the default cosine algorithm.
Cosine ( Cij, Sij, Sj = Cij ÷ √Si Sj)
The range of cosine is 0~1; Cij represents the number of times i and j co-occur; Si represents the frequency of i, and Sj represents the frequency of j.
In the Web of Science core collection, we created the search formula TS = (“building integrated photovoltaic”, “photovoltaic generation system”, or “photovoltaic roof” or “photovoltaic curtain” between “2012–2022” and “2012–2022”). For “photovoltaic generation system” or “photovoltaic roof” or “photovoltaic curtain wall”, a total of 1080 papers were obtained. Subsequently, the complete WoS-related research data records were downloaded and imported into CiteSpace 5.8R3 with the time span set to 2012–2022 and the time slice set to 1 year. The queue was selected as Top N and set to 50 (i.e., the top 50 high frequency nodes within a year were selected. To further ensure the rationality of the articles, first, the search results were carefully ranked and sorted, with some irrelevant sample data removed, and then the search was narrowed down manually, and irrelevant literature such as duplicates and proceedings papers were removed after CiteSpace screening. Second, some non-academic studies were removed and less representative types of records were filtered out. Our final sample included a total of 821 original research articles and review articles for further analysis and processing.

3. Results

3.1. Discovery of Research Groups

3.1.1. Authors’ Coupling Network

As shown in Figure 2, a scholar cooperation network with a density of 0.0057, 392 nodes, and 433 connections was formed for researchers of photovoltaic building systems. In general, the density of the cooperation network was relatively close, with most scholars establishing cooperative relations. From the perspective of author bursts, as shown in Table 1, the emergence intensity of Amin Shahsavar and Aritra Ghosh reached the highest from 2018 to 2021, which means that the number of their citations changed greatly in the given period, and also illustrates that their papers are highly popular and have attracted the attention of many scholars.
It can be seen from Table 2 that Shahsavar, Amin, Athienitis, Andreas, and Mallick, Tapas, and others have been active in the research of “building integrated photovoltaic” from 2012 to 2021, with the number of publications reaching 17, 15, and 13, respectively. At the same time, it can be seen from Table 2 that the paper “Efficiency and improvement potential of building integrated photovoltaic thermal (BIPVT) system” [10], written by Sopian, Kamaruzzaman, and others in 2014, has been cited 152 times in this research field, which is a high-quality paper in the field of photovoltaic architecture. For example, Shahsavar, Amin, Sopian, Kamaruzzaman, and others have cooperated and established a cooperation network. For instance, the research “Energy and exergy Analysis of Two Novel Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic Geothermal Energy Systems Integrating a Building Integrated Photovoltaic Thermal System and an Earth Air Heat Exchanger System” proposed two novel systems: building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV), and composite soil-air heat exchanger (EAHE) system. In the heating mode of configuration A, outdoor cold air is preheated twice through EAHE and BIPVT systems [11]. In the cooling mode of configuration A, hot outdoor air is precooled by flowing inside the EAHE system, and the PV module is cooled by building exhaust. The difference of heating mode B is that outdoor air enters the BIPVT collector first, and is then precooled by the EAHE system [12].
In their paper, Athienitis, Andreas and Yang, T.T., et al. explored a prototype open loop air based building integrated single inlet photovoltaic thermal BIPV/T system through a series of comprehensive experiments. A study was conducted of the design options for a building integrated photovoltaic/thermal (BIPV/T) system with a glazed air collector and multiple inlets. Finally, the developed model was applied to a BIPV/T solar roof with four simulated air inlets, and the thermal efficiency was improved by 7% [13].
In addition, there were some small cooperative groups. For example, Yang, Hongxing, Peng, Jinqing, and others in the article “Numerical Investment of the Energy Saving Potential of a Semi-Transparent Photovoltaic Double Skin Facade in a Cool-Summer Mediterranean Climate”, showed that the photovoltaic DSF also had good thermal performance and lighting performance through the simulation of the overall energy performance of the optimised photovoltaic DSF. Therefore, it was concluded that the improvement in the efficiency of translucent photovoltaic modules will further increase the energy saving potential of photovoltaic DSF, thus making this technology more promising [14].
Finally, with regard to Figure 2, in general, it can be seen from the co-occurrence of the authors that a small number of national scholars have gradually formed some cooperative groups in the field of photovoltaic architecture research. However, many authors in the map still have only one connection node, and their network has not been expanded, so their collaboration strength is relatively weak [15]. In the overall graph, we can see many isolated points including some influential authors. There was no network connection between groups, which to some extent indicates that the academic cooperation between authors in this field needs to be strengthened.

3.1.2. Publication Distribution

Through the operation analysis of the co-occurrence map of sources commanded in CiteSpace, we could see the distribution of journals published in the photovoltaic architecture field in the current decade, as shown in Figure 3. Among them, the literature source, namely, the publication network, had 610 nodes, 2987 links, and the overall density was 0.0161. At the same time, as shown in the top 10 journals in Table 3, the current distribution of publications in this field as well as the influence and preference of core journals, are easy to track in follow-up research in order to analyse the distribution of journals. The core regional journals accounted for 48.47% of the literature database of this article, with a total of 398 articles. From the index of publications, photovoltaic buildings are mainly authoritative journals in the fields of energy and architecture, sustainability, energy protection, and management. Periodicals with obvious overlaps such as Solar Energy, Energy and Buildings, and Applied Energy, ranked first. For example, in Solar Energy, 85 articles on the theme of “building integrated photovoltaic” were collected in this decade. Among the top ten magazines, Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews, which has the highest impact factor, has also collected 33 articles on related topics in the past decade. Therefore, the above journals are important knowledge dissemination platforms and knowledge carriers for photovoltaic architecture research.
From the perspective of time, as shown in Table 4, there were 25 words with the strongest citation bursts of the cited journals. During the four years from 2012 to 2015, the strength of the Energy Policy journal reached the highest at 7.71; in the five years from 2013 to 2017, the strength of Prog. Photovolt. reached 6.64; and from 2019 to 2021, the strength of the Nat. Energy journal was 5.18. This means that the number of citations of the papers published in the above three journals in given periods has changed greatly, which also shows that these articles are very popular and have attracted the attention of many scholars in specific years [16]. This reflects that the field of photovoltaic building is developing towards a more professional and thematic direction to further improve the technology, which is also a popular direction and cutting-edge trend for future research.
Meanwhile, with the keyword “building integrated photovoltaic”, and the publishing time from 1 January 2012 to 10 August 2021, an advanced retrieval was carried out on WoS core papers. Then, duplicates, proceedings papers, online papers and other types of articles are removed by WOS selection, and 695 samples are obtained for systematic analysis and quantification. Finally, as shown in Table 5, BIPV technology has been applied and studied more frequently in fields such as energy fuels, green sustainable science technology, construction building technology, and engineering electrical electronics in the past decade, and the overlap trend of research and development is also obvious. For example, in Table 5, energy fuels accounted for 68.489% of the total sample, while green sustainable science technology, and construction building technology accounted for 17.410% and 17.122% of the total samples, respectively.

3.1.3. National and Regional Diagrams

According to Figure 4, the national cooperation network diagram, the research cooperation on photovoltaic buildings between countries was relatively close. There were 78 nodes and 274 connections in the cooperative network, and the network density was 0.0912. In terms of the number of papers issued, the size of a node represents the number of papers. The larger the node, the more publications it represents The connection between nodes shows the cooperation between the two countries. The colour of the connection indicates the time of cooperation. The closer the colour is to a cool colour, the earlier the collaboration between countries took place [17]. From the perspective of time, many countries established cooperation networks at an early stage including China, South Korea, India, England, Italy, USA, and Spain, while some countries have gradually established collaborations in recent years such as Poland, Vietnam, Portugal, and Belgium.
Centrality reveals the important position of this research field. A higher centrality represents more significance and a greater contribution of a country [18]. The pink node circle is marked as a key node with a centrality of greater than 0.1. According to Table 6, although some countries had the largest number of publications, their centrality was very low such as South Korea and Italy, revealing that although there are many papers in the field of photovoltaic architecture research in these countries, their influence needs to be further improved. The red node represents a sudden increase in the number of documents in a short period of time such as China, England, and Spain. In 2012, their centrality was 0.33, 0.26, and 0.24, respectively, ranking the top three globally.
Based on the literature analysis, photovoltaic building systems in different countries have various focuses and research directions. Table 7 summarises the research topics and directions of the top three countries in terms of national distribution and co-occurrence centrality in the field of photovoltaic buildings.
In China, the majority of research has focused on case studies against the background of ecological and low-carbon urban development strategy to explore the application and expansion of the BIPV novel photovoltaic building construction mode in multiple dimensions and fields [19]. For example, in the paper “Potential of Residential Building Integrated Photovoltaic Systems in Different Regions of China”, the research evaluated the solar radiation resources and BIPV potential of residential buildings in different climatic regions of China based on the established mathematical model considering the mismatch between partial shading and load [20]. In “A Comparative Study of Feasibility and Application of Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) Systems in Regions with High Solar Irradiance”, the feasibility and applicability of BIPV in regions with high solar irradiance were explored from multiple perspectives. The article highlighted an ideal coordination mode to promote the development of a BIPV system and provides a valuable reference for the development of a BIPV system in high solar irradiance regions [21].
Spain is currently challenged by the cost of energy storage systems and the lack of incentives. The growth in the installed capacity of renewable energy (especially wind power and photovoltaic power generation) will lead to a higher demand for energy storage systems. As the new strategy of energy storage deployment includes energy storage systems of various scales, its investment or funding is expected to promote its installation in all fields and create new opportunities for the Spanish energy storage market [22]. For example, the paper “Transformation of a University Picture Hall in Valladolid (Spain) into a NZEB: LCA of a BIPV System Integrated in Its Façade” introduced the university lecture hall case of Valladulid Football Club. First, the hall was renovated into NZEB through the integration of renewable energy (RES). At the same time, a building integrated solar photovoltaic (BIPV) system was installed to meet the power demand in a cost-effective way and reduce the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of the building. Finally, the environmental profile of this BIPV system was investigated by using the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA), and it was concluded that significant environmental benefits could be obtained by using this system [23].
The photovoltaic industry in the UK is developing rapidly, and the demand for photovoltaic energy is also growing at the same rate all over the world. The United Kingdom, as one of many countries and regions, has greatly promoted this demand, and is certainly faced with the challenge of a limited supply of photovoltaic modules [24]. For example, the paper “Numerical Studies of Thermal Comfort for Semi-Transparent Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV)-Vacuum Glazing System” used BIPV-vacuum glazing in a furniture free room with numerical thermal comfort to evaluate the climate of Britain. After setting the parameters needed for thermal comfort, a one-dimensional heat transfer model was developed and validated for the BIPV-vacuum glazing system, and the results were compared with those of the BIPV double glass system. It was concluded that the temperature difference between two photovoltaic cells in two types of glass was 24 °C. For the climate of Britain, on a sunny day, the room temperature provided by BIPV-vacuum glass was 26% higher than that of the BIPV double glass. Therefore, a BIPV-vacuum glazing system would provide comfortable thermal comfort for sunny days under mild climate conditions [25].

3.2. Analysis of Research Hotspots

3.2.1. Keyword Co-Occurrence Analysis

Figure 5 shows the 379 nodes and 2497 links of the keyword co-occurrence network generated by the core database, and its overall density was 0.0349. Nodes represent keywords. The size of the keywords is proportional to the frequency of keyword co-occurrence. Because of the close relationship between keywords and the core of the literature, the analysis of similar keywords can help determine the core content of photovoltaic building research [26]. These words are grouped below. According to the different ways of combining photovoltaic arrays with buildings, BIPV can be divided into the combination of photovoltaic arrays with buildings and the integration of photovoltaic arrays with buildings [27].
The common combination of a PV array and buildings is to attach a PV array to the building, and the building acts as the support of the PV array [28]. For example, in the construction of China’s 2008 Olympic Games sports venues, China’s National Stadium, the National Swimming Centre, and other Olympic venues, the combination of PV arrays and buildings was used for solar PV grid integrated power generation. According to the actual application statistics, it can generate 700,000 kW/h of electricity every year, equivalent to saving 170 tonnes of coal, and can reduce about 570 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions. The integration of photovoltaic arrays and buildings forms a photovoltaic module, which appears in the form of a building material. The photovoltaic array becomes an integral part of the building [29] such as a photoelectric curtain wall, photoelectric daylighting roof, and photoelectric sun visor, etc.
Table 8 lists the top 20 keywords related to photovoltaic buildings according to their co- occurrence frequency. The high-frequency keywords were “bipv”, “heat transfer”, “performance”, “system”, “energy”, etc. However, not all high-frequency keywords have a high centrality, and the use of high-frequency keywords cannot accurately identify research hotspots. In CiteSpace software, the keywords with high centrality (Centrality ≥0.1) are easily regarded as the inflection point of the keyword frequency knowledge map, to a certain extent representing the research hotspot in this field. From the perspective of centrality, the centrality of “bipv” was 0.11, which plays an effective role in supporting the network. The centrality of “heat transfer” and “thermal performance” was 0.10 and 0.09 respectively, which are the support points of the network and lay the foundation for the stability of the whole network. These were the main research hotspots, and the subsequent research hotspot was “generation”.

3.2.2. Keyword Burst and Time Zone Map Analysis

In order to have an in-depth understanding of the changes in photovoltaic building research in different periods, keyword burst analysis provides a useful analysis method for finding keywords that attract special attention from the relevant scientific community at a particular time. The keyword surge index can detect the keywords with a high frequency change rate, which is of great value in the analysis of research frontiers, predicting research trends, explore hotspots, etc. [30]. Keyword burst analysis was employed to obtain the burst keywords in recent years (2012–2022) and analyse the distribution of burst strength and duration. The materials were mainly from the WoS core database, with a total of 821 articles. Table 9 shows the themes that have emerged and become active in recent years. In this paper, the top 13 surge keywords in the research field of photovoltaic building system were obtained through keyword surge analysis, as shown in Table 9. In the figure, the bold red part indicates the time period of keyword burst, and the specific beginning and end year of keyword burst can be known from the “Begin” and “End” columns. The higher the degree of the sudden appearance of burst terms, the more prominent the academic attention of the keywords [31]. Therefore, we can better find the change trend of the topic in this research field at different periods by tracking the changes in the burst terms. According to the burst results, the keywords that lasted for more than 3 years included “cell”, “building”, “Hong Kong”, “PV module”, and “collector”, demonstrating their important role in the field of photovoltaic building research.
In terms of time, as shown in Table 9, the burst keywords before 2016 reflected that photovoltaic buildings were mainly applied to urban building construction through three different forms (namely, “photovoltaic generation system”, “photovoltaic roof”, “photovoltaic curtain wall”), which collect and store solar energy, and then convert it into clean electric energy through the BIPV mode to provide energy for cities and buildings [32]. The “photovoltaic generation system” played an important role from 2013 to 2015, with the burst strength reaching 4.32. From 2015 to 2018, and the burst strength of the burst keyword “collector” reached the highest of 4.48 in 10 years, showing that the photovoltaic building system, as a green energy supply system, can promote the development of carbon neutrality in cities by converting the solar energy collected into clean energy (electric energy), especially in summer [33].
“Solar photovoltaic system”, “photovoltaic roof”, “validation”, and other high-strength burst terms mainly reflect the combination of solar photovoltaic generation technology and building, which can not only become the building envelope, but also convert sunlight into electricity to supply the buildings, while the rest of the energy can be transmitted to the urban grid and other aspects [34]. After 2019, the application of photovoltaic curtain walls became a major concern of a photovoltaic building system. The photovoltaic building is a “passive system”, and green and clean energy regeneration has become a research focus at home and abroad, especially in the context of global outbreak. In addition to the continuous attention to the improvement in environmental problems, more attention has also been paid to its “multiobjective optimisation” and “impact”, suggesting that the photovoltaic building field is developing towards a more sustainable and humanised direction and the further improvement of technology, which is also the focus direction and frontier trend of future research [35].
The time zone view focuses on representing knowledge evolution from the time dimension, and can clearly show the update and mutual influence of the literature. Therefore, based on the keyword co-occurrence map, the time zone map of BIPV keywords was counted according to the time order, as shown in Figure 6, which shows the evolution process of this field more intuitively and helps to predict the development trend in the next few years. As shown in the figure, building integrated photovoltaic systems, energy storage, smart grid communication, BIPV facade system, zero-energy cities, and thermal (pv/t) hybrid collector technology have been the consistent topics in the field of photovoltaic buildings in the past ten years. The following three stages were mainly covered:
The first stage (2012–2016) is the initial stage of photovoltaic building systems, during which related knowledge and research in the field are gradually expanded. Against the background of urbanisation development and global climate change, solar energy, as a new renewable energy, will surely become a significant component of future energy construction [36].
In the second stage (2017–2019), renewable energy power generation is intermittent and random, and a building integrated photovoltaic system can effectively reduce conventional power consumption and improve the efficiency of electric energy utilisation. Reasonable arrangement of a photovoltaic roof can increase the power generation per unit area to make full use of renewable new energies such as wind, photovoltaics, and biomass [37]. This technology can also alleviate the energy crisis to some extent, and is beneficial to energy conservation and emissions reduction. Land is increasingly scarce due to the acceleration of the construction of modern urbanisation projects in China, while the combination of photovoltaic systems and buildings can maximise development and utilisation [38], so it is particularly suitable for popularisation and application in large- and medium-sized cities.
In the third stage (2019–present), in the context of the COVID-19 epidemic, people have entered the user-centred mobile Internet era. Photovoltaic building technology (photovoltaic generation) has the characteristics of intermittency and randomness, so it can be adjusted according to the power demand to enhance the efficiency of electric energy utilisation; it can also effectively reduce the phenomenon of abandoning wind and light, which is conducive to environmental protection and energy conservation [39]. In addition, it can also reduce the electricity cost for power consumers. The temperature in summer is high, and the heat island effect is serious in cities. Therefore, the introduction of photovoltaic technology in an urban building system can not only reduce the urban heat island effect, but also supplement the urban power grid [40].

3.3. Research Frontier Detection

3.3.1. Literature Co-Citation Timeline

In the timeline view, the same literature clustering is placed on the same horizontal line and the clusters are arranged vertically in descending order of size. The more the timeline goes to the right, the closer the time is. The timeline shows the number of articles written in each cluster. It also clearly shows the time span of each clustering literature, the rise, prosperity, and decline process of a particular clustering research as well as the temporal characteristics of this field. Large nodes or nodes with red tree rings are of great concern, which means that they are highly cited, have citation bursts, or both [41]. Figure 7 shows a timeline visualisation of how the network is divided into different co-citation clusters. Apparently, clusters #0 and #1 citations had highly concentrated burst nodes and a large number of citation bursts from 2016 to 2019. The clusters lasted for a long time, and new alternative research directions were gradually found in the future research. Clusters #7 and #9 did not seem to have many high-profile publications, but they lasted a relatively long time. In addition, clusters #0, #1, #2, and #4 also appeared to have the latest publications with citation burst, which lasted the longest until 2020, and were the focus of researchers. In contrast, clusters #7 and #9 were relatively transitory and had no notable publications. Through analysis, it was found that the current research fields of photovoltaic buildings mainly covered “bipv/t”, “building envelope materials” as well as “building-integrated photovoltaic blind” and “visual comfort”.

3.3.2. Analysis of Literature Co-Citation

Based on the visual analysis of 821 literature in the WoS core database through CiteSpace, we obtained a co-citation network composed of 589 nodes and 2532 links, as shown in Figure 8. Literature co-citation can reveal information behind the evolution of knowledge associations through the relevant knowledge base and research fronts. The co-cited literature is the knowledge base, and the citing literature in the co-cited literature is of high value [42]. In this network, the node represents the cited status of the literature in the core database; the link represents the co-citation relationship between one node with the other node [43]. The size of the node indicates the citation frequency of the literature. The larger size indicates that the literature has higher significance in the field of photovoltaic building system.
The timeline from 2012 to 2022 was cut into a series of time slices by CiteSpace, 821 pieces of literature were selected for co-citation analysis, and then a co-citation knowledge network graph was generated. According to the topic of the representative literature selected in Table 10, it can be seen that the silhouette value represents the homogeneity level of the cluster. Among them, the silhouette value of each study with the top five silhouette values was greater than 0.5 and close to 1, indicating that the co-cited cluster results of the literature are highly reliable and reasonable. Meanwhile, further analysis was conducted for the top 10 high co-cited studies in the network. Then, this paper summarised the literature conditions of the top 10 studies based on the analysis results, and provided frontier summary and exploration on the subject study, the details of which are in Table 11.
  • Shukla, A.K. applied BIPV technology to the building envelope, providing people with aesthetics and a modern feeling. For net zero emission buildings, BIPV is characterised by strong practicability, high innovation, broad prospect, etc. It is beneficial to introduce the best BIPV products and their performance, international guidelines, and test standards. In Europe, BIPV products have been widely used in building rooves, exterior walls, and indoor areas, and have achieved significant economic returns. Their major target markets at present are commercial buildings and residential buildings. BIPV products for rooves, facades, and windows will also be discussed. BIPV products have solar photovoltaic efficiency, Voc, Isc, Pmax, fill factor (FF), and other properties. Finally, the study concludes that the life cycle sustainability evaluation of BIPV modules can be examined by the energy recovery time, GHG emissions, and other indicators [44].
  • The research results of Biyik, E. showed that although the initial investment for BIPV products is relatively high, customers, end users, and the whole society will gain great long-term benefits. In addition, it was found that the cost of BIPV has been reduced, which requires the government to provide policy support and encouragement, thereby promoting the wider application of BIPV. Furthermore, BIPV has low operating costs, and its use can reduce carbon emissions. Thus, BIPV is a sustainable infrastructure. In addition, this study found that the lack of analysis methods on cost data (including the cost of single component) and cost-benefit for BIPV could bring risks and obstacles in the application of BIPV. The study concluded that the Biyik, E. study also provides a strategic framework for BIPV supply chain integration and collaboration with industry stakeholders, with a view to driving the cost reduction in BIPV applications [45].
  • Yang, T.T. comprehensively reviewed BIPV/T technology including its main progress, tests and numerical studies of BIPV/TT technology as well as the application of BIPV/T technology in building performance. The BIPV/T systems reviewed included air-based, water-based, concentrated, and phase-change working fluid related systems (e.g., evaporators with heat pipes or heat pumps). This paper discussed the characteristics and development trends of these systems. Finally, the study concluded that the needs and opportunities of the study were clarified, and since BIPV/P systems are an emerging and efficient way to supply thermal fluids, it will become one of the important thermal management measures in the future [46].
  • Peng, J.Q., through simulation, used the typical meteorological year (TMY) weather data to evaluate the overall energy performance (including heat, power, and daylighting) of optimised photovoltaic DSF. It was found that the per area of photovoltaic DSF could generate power of about 65 kW/h each year. The annual power generation could even be doubled if high-efficient cadmium telluride (CdTe) semi-transparent photovoltaic modules have been applied. The photovoltaic DSF could effectively block solar radiation while providing considerable daylighting illumination. Due to its superior overall energy performance, the Berkeley photovoltaic DSF can reduce an approximately 100 million net power consumption compared to other common glass systems. Compared with ordinary glass batteries, the thermal life of DSSC-S transparent thin-film batteries can be extended to more than one year. In addition, under the same conditions, semi-transparent photovoltaic modules have more economic benefit than traditional glass batteries. The efficiency improvement in semi-transparent photovoltaic modules (DSF) will further improve the energy-saving potential of photovoltaic DSF, making this technology more promising [14].

3.3.3. Literature Co-Citation Cluster

Based on the co-citation clustering analysis of retrieval data in WoS, this paper clearly introduced the trend, orientation, and hot topics of photovoltaic building systems at each stage in the WoS database, which was then employed to objectively and accurately explore and analyse the study situation in the subject field. Follow-up analysis was conducted using the cited emergent literature as the data source to comprehensively judge and detect emerging trends [47]. In the network in Figure 9, the co-citation degree of the literature on slices for each period were integrated and clustered. The integrated network consisted of 821 literatures and 2332 links to form a co-citation network cluster. A co-citation network diagram based on a photovoltaic building system was constructed by co-word analysis, and a network structure graph was drawn using visual tools [48].
As shown in Figure 9 and Table 12, there were 13 types of co-citation clusters in the network, and the silhouette mean of the top 10 clusters reached 0.8936. These represent the clarity of cluster division and the high quality of clusters [49]. In this paper, we focused on clusters with large silhouette values. The largest sub-network of the co-citation network (size) was the most significant knowledge link in the field, and its largest cluster size was 86, accounting for 19.9% that of the top 10 clusters. The overall colour change indicates the evolution of research [50]. The Cluster Label Graph 8 in each cluster noun phrase was selected. These noun phrases were all derived from document titles, keywords, abstracts, etc., and phrases ranked at the top were likely to be selected as cluster labels. Then, the literature co-citation network clusters were named using the automatic tag addition technology in CiteSpace clustering [51].
Each cluster involved the cited article and the cited reference. Among these 13 clusters, we selected the top 10 clusters as the analysis objects, in which the largest cluster number was 0 and the smallest was 12. In accordance with these results, it was found that there were two most significant clusters: the size of one cluster was related to the subject it belonged to, and the size of the other cluster was independent of its specialty. Finally, this paper briefly explained the significance of cluster analysis. The size of one cluster determined the total number of published papers included in this cluster. The cluster number increased from 0. The smaller the number, the more studies were included in the corresponding cluster, which reflected its significance in this study. Among them, the red nodes indicated that the literature had been cited for multiple times in a short period [52].
The analysis results of the clusters were taken from CiteSpace. As shown in Table 12, the silhouette values of the clusters were above 0.8, and the literature in the same cluster were highly homogenised. Furthermore, from certain perspectives, the findings were robust and reasonable [53]. Further combining the time characteristics of the co-citation relationship and the mean time of various studies, it can be concluded that current studies of photovoltaic building system were mainly distributed in clusters 0, 1, 2, and 3 [54]. Finally, this paper summarised the basic literature conditions of cluster 0 “bipv/t”, cluster 1 “building integrated photovoltaic thermal (bipvt) system”, cluster 3 “building envelope materials”, and cluster 6 “luminescent solar concentrators” based on the literature co-citation cluster co-occurrence analysis. Furthermore, it provided a frontier summary and exploration on the subject study.
  • Environmental benefits
For cluster 0 “bipv/t”, a multi-objective approach was employed to optimise the mass flow of cooling air and the size of the air ducts under the photovoltaic panels in the BIPV/T system [55]. Both glazed and unglazed BIPV/T systems were studied for the climatic conditions in Kermanshah, Iran. In the system, the cooling potential of ventilation and exhaust air was used to cool the PV panels in the building, and heat released by the PV panels was also used to heat the ventilation air. The annual average first and second law efficiencies were the target functions considered in the optimisation process. The study also analysed the performance of optimised glazed and unglazed BIPV/T systems and compared it with the performance of unoptimised systems in terms of the heat and (fire) gain of ventilation air in the cold months, and the cooling effect of ventilation and exhaust on the electrical energy rate generated by the PV panels [56]. The comparison concluded that the annual average first and second law efficiencies of the optimised system were 39.27% and 10.75%, respectively, which were higher than the annual average first and second law efficiencies of the unoptimised system (33.68% 10.51%, respectively) [11].
For cluster 1, “building integrated photovoltaic thermal (bipvt) system”, in “The Recent Advancements in the Building Integrated Photovoltaic/Thermal (BIPV/T) Systems: An Updated Review”, the authors provided a comprehensive update of the latest advances in BIPV/T systems from a numerical and experimental perspective. Finally, the results of this study argue: (1) BIPV/T systems have great dependence on local climatic conditions in terms of inclination angle, configuration arrangement, flow rate, and other factors [57]; (2) heat concentrators offer several advantages over conventional collectors; (3) integrating BIPV/T with HVAC, heat recovery systems, and other different systems increases utilisation benefits and improves technical and economic performance; (4) compared to other BIPV/T systems using water or air, hybrid BIP/T-PCM and BIPV/T with concentrators show excellent performance in system performance [58]; (5) monocrystalline silicon is the most widely used photovoltaic material; (6) the thermal performance of the water-cooled BIPV/T system is somewhat improved than that of the air-cooled system, but the manufacturing cost is higher; and (7) hybrid BIPV/T-PCM systems are very useful in reducing the building energy consumption and carbon emissions in addition to providing excellent thermal and electrical properties [59].
2.
Social benefits
For cluster 3, “building envelope materials”, this clustering reviewed the main energy-related characteristics in BIPV modules and systems, divided into thermal and solar, optical and electrical. The results showed that in terms of PV materials and electrical properties, parameters such as cell technology, transparency, and module colour are important factors influencing the operational efficiency of BIPV modules [60]. In addition, the configuration of the modules has an impact on temperature and therefore on efficiency, but not by much, and BIPV systems should be adapted to regional environmental differences in order to increase the conversion rate by increasing the distribution of uniform irradiance, while observing the usual specifications in PV design and application. Where required, BIPV systems can be split into sub-systems to achieve higher conversion rates by accurately predicting irradiance through indirect accurate power prediction and simulation methods. All of these methods and tools are being developed rapidly, but there is still room for further expansion. At the same time, the software tools available have opened up another possible avenue for BIPV simulation in buildings [61].
For cluster 6, “luminescent solar concentrators”, areas with low population density are transitioning to fully energy sustainable buildings by achieving so-called net zero energy consumption buildings. However, this is not yet true in cities where the cost of land for installing ground-level photovoltaic (PV) is extremely high, and the roof space is too scarce to accommodate the photovoltaic modules necessary to satisfy the electricity demands of high-rise buildings [62]. Therefore, new technologies are being researched to integrate solar collectors into building facades in the form of photovoltaic windows or envelopes. Luminescent solar concentrators (LSC) are the most promising technology for translucent and electrodeless photovoltaic glass systems, which can be integrated “invisibly” into the building environment without adversely affecting the aesthetics of the building or the quality of life of the occupants. After 40 years of research, recent breakthroughs in realising re-absorption-free transmitters with broadband absorption have boosted the performance of LSCs to the point where they may be commercialised in the near future. From this perspective, scholars in this cluster have explored successful strategies to allow for this change in speed, examined and compared different types of chromophores and waveguide materials, and discussed issues for further research. Therefore, this also means that the research trends of future researchers in this field will be highly focused on the energy-efficient retrofitting of existing residential buildings around the world, which also predicts that more and more renewable energy sources will be applied to residential buildings in the future, which will also accelerate the process of carbon neutrality [63].

4. Conclusions and Prospect

4.1. Conclusions

In this study, a systematic review of existing BIPV systems was analysed using CiteSpace through a sample of the literature in the core database of WoS, and the following results were obtained:
  • The country and institution co-existence network diagram showed that during the period 2012–2022, a total of 274 collaborations were carried out in 78 countries, many of which established cooperation networks in the early years including China, South Korea, India, England, and Italy, as well as the USA and Spain. Some countries have gradually established some links in recent years such as Poland, Vietnam, Portugal, and Belgium. Among them, China, England, and Spain, in 2012, were among the top three countries in the world in terms of centrality. However, South Korea and Italy have a large but significant presence in the PV building research literature.
  • A collaborative network of authors showed that Shahsavar, Amin, Athienitis, Andreas and Mallick, Tapas were the main contributors to the BIPV studies during the decade, with Shahsavar, Amin and Sopian, Kamaruzzaman, and Athienitis, Andreas and Yang, TT being the main contributors. A collaborative network has been established between Sopian, Kamaruzzaman, and Athienitis, Andreas and Yang, TT, and others. However, many of the current authors still have a single line of nodes and isolated points on the map, and their networks have not really been developed, with weak collaborative forces and no network linkages between groups, suggesting that academic collaboration between authors in this field needs to be strengthened.
  • By examining the indexed co-occurrence network of publications, it can be seen that in the period 2012–2022, photovoltaic buildings were mainly found in leading journals in the fields of energy and buildings, sustainability, and energy conservation and management. Cross-cutting trends were evident in journals such as Solar Energy, Energy and Buildings, and Applied Energy. Applied Energy was at the top of the list. The journal Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews, which had the highest impact factor among the top ten journals, also collected 33 articles on related topics during this decade, making all of these journals important knowledge dissemination platforms and knowledge carriers for PV building research.
  • By studying the keyword co-occurrence network diagram, it can be seen that the top five keywords with the highest co-occurrence frequency and centrality in the BIPV field during the decade were “bipv”, “heat transfer”, “performance”, “system”, “energy”, etc. In terms of centrality, “bipv” had a centrality of 0.11, which effectively supported the network, while the centrality of “heat transfer” and “thermal performance” was 0.10 and 0.09, respectively, which were the support points of the network and laid the foundation for the stability of the whole network, and were the main research hotspots. This also implies that BIPV is a key concern for researchers regarding efficiency transformation in terms of energy, which also proves that green buildings are an important way to reduce emissions in the construction industry [64], and that studying energy efficiency and emissions reduction in terms of the whole life cycle of residential buildings is also a major trend to promote the world towards carbon neutrality [65].
  • The analysis of the keyword emergence table and the time zone map showed that “photovoltaic generation system” and “collector” played an important role in the period 2013–2018, with a mutation intensity of 4.32 and 4.48, respectively. This reflects the fact that PV building systems, as a green energy supply system, can contribute to the carbon neutral development of cities, especially in summer and low-latitude regions. In “passive systems”, especially in the context of the global new crown epidemic and the carbon neutral strategy, green and clean energy regeneration related directions have become a hot spot of more attention at home and abroad. At the same time “multobjective optimisation” is also receiving more attention, which reflects that the field of BIPV is moving towards a more interdisciplinary, high-performance and low-carbon direction and further technical improvement, which are also the hot direction and cutting-edge trend for future research.
  • The literature co-citation timeline graph and co-citation clustering revealed that cluster #0 and #1 citations were highly concentrated and had a large number of citation outbreaks at the 2016–2019 outbreak node, with a longer duration of the cluster gradually evolving into new research directions in future studies. In addition, clusters #0, #1, #2, and #4 also had the most recent publications with citation bursts, which had the longest duration until 2022, and have been the most recent focus of researcher attention. It is also apparent that as the years increase and the world environment and economy change, the disciplinary centres of the co-citation clusters in this research area will shift from economics, environmental sciences, chemistry, physics, and materials to political science, computing, mathematics, systems, animals, science, and emerging disciplines including AI, medicine, education, and health, meaning that the BIPV is evolving to a multidisciplinary state of renewal.

4.2. Prospects

Through the literature review, the future outlook and possible research directions of BIPV are presented:
  • In the future, the BIPV system construction model will be applied and expanded in multi-dimensional areas. The further development of building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems will focus on reducing the cost of energy storage systems and diversifying the incentives to promote them, based on carbon neutral policies and the development of low carbon cities. Currently, in many countries around the world, the cost of energy storage systems is too high, and incentives are lacking. This means that future research in this area will focus heavily on incentive schemes for retrofitting existing residential buildings around the world, and that more and more renewable energy sources will be used in residential buildings and in commercial building energy efficiency regimes and platforms in the future [66].
  • In future BIPV research and applications, researchers in various countries can combine environmental, economic, and social aspects to maximise the benefits of clean energy conversion in buildings. This is the main challenge for the further development of building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems. Previous analyses have focused on the cost and energy benefits of building upgrades and material installations, while neglecting the co-benefits and social benefits of zero energy retrofitting of buildings. In fact, in addition to reducing the operating costs and energy efficiency, building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems can also contribute to carbon neutral development processes, a high quality of life, low carbon green development, clean energy promotion, climate change, employment, and the health of the population on a large scale. Therefore, the environmental, economic, and social aspects need to be integrated in order to reflect and maximsise the benefits of building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems in the global development process of carbon neutrality.
  • In the future research and application of BIPV, all countries need to stimulate multiple collaborations between authors and countries to carry out multidisciplinary cross-sectional research. Based on the analysis above, we found a deficit in collaboration. However, the resources and ecology of different countries vary greatly, and by collaborating with each other, institutions can achieve targeted research across multiple regions, which can break the geographical and climatic constraints and allow for a more comprehensive scale-up of building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) applications and feedback. Collaboration between authors also facilitates knowledge exchange and multi-dimensional research integration. At the same time, the full-scale diffusion of PV systems is closely related to the process of carbon neutrality, which is a systemic and complex socio-economic and ecological issue that requires the participation of various fields to achieve this goal. Finally, increased multi-disciplinary collaborative research can help other clean energy technologies and industries to accelerate industrial reform, reduce carbon emissions in their production processes, implement low-carbon production methods, and achieve the goal of carbon neutrality more quickly.
In conclusion, through CiteSpace 5.8R3, the above WoS-derived sample of the literature on PV building systems was visualised and analysed in this review, and new future perspectives and possible research directions for BIPV were proposed, enabling researchers in the fields of clean energy, carbon neutrality, and green buildings to gain a deeper understanding of the current state of development of PV building systems, to have a better understanding of research trends and hotspots, and provide new directions for future research. However, from a self-critical point of view, CiteSpace 5.8R3, a review research method, also suffers from a lack of diverse and rich data collection paths; there are also limited articles in the literature base and other problems. Therefore, in the next step of the BIPV literature review research, we plan to try other more diverse and innovative review research methods, and also focus more on analysing the BIPV effectiveness conversion rate optimisation methods, with BIPV diverse environmental adaptation strategies and the help of more systematic bibliometric software and programs, to improve the scientific nature of the research.

Author Contributions

Conceptualisation, Y.L. and L.L.; Methodology, Y.L.; Software, Y.L. and L.L.; Validation, Y.L.; Formal analysis, L.L.; Investigation, Y.L. and L.L.; Resources, W.D.; Data curation, Y.L.; Writing—original draft preparation, Y.L. and L.L.; Writing—review and editing, W.D.; Visualisation, D.Z.; Supervision, Y.L.; Project administration, D.Z. and L.H.; Funding acquisition, Y.L. and L.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The experimental data used to support the findings of this study are included in the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Buildings 13 00389 g001 550
Figure 1. Annual number of publications during 2012–2022.
Figure 1. Annual number of publications during 2012–2022.
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Buildings 13 00389 g002 550
Figure 2. Co-occurrence map of the authors’ collaboration.
Figure 2. Co-occurrence map of the authors’ collaboration.
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Buildings 13 00389 g003 550
Figure 3. Co-occurrence map of sources.
Figure 3. Co-occurrence map of sources.
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Buildings 13 00389 g004 550
Figure 4. National cooperation network diagram.
Figure 4. National cooperation network diagram.
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Buildings 13 00389 g005 550
Figure 5. Keyword co-occurrence.
Figure 5. Keyword co-occurrence.
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Buildings 13 00389 g006 550
Figure 6. Keyword time zone map.
Figure 6. Keyword time zone map.
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Buildings 13 00389 g007 550
Figure 7. Literature co-citation timeline.
Figure 7. Literature co-citation timeline.
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Buildings 13 00389 g008 550
Figure 8. Co-citations and co-occurrences of documents.
Figure 8. Co-citations and co-occurrences of documents.
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Buildings 13 00389 g009 550
Figure 9. Literature co-citation cluster.
Figure 9. Literature co-citation cluster.
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Table
Table 1. The top two authors with the strongest citation bursts.
Table 1. The top two authors with the strongest citation bursts.
AuthorsYearStrengthBeginEnd2012–2021
Amin Shahsavar20123.5620182021▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▃▃
Aritra Ghosh20123.1820192021▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▃
Table
Table 2. The top 10 authors in the number of publications and their top five cited articles.
Table 2. The top 10 authors in the number of publications and their top five cited articles.
AuthorsNumber of PublicationsTitleCited Counts
Shahsavar, A.17Prediction of Energetic Performance of a Building Integrated Photovoltaic/Thermal System through Artificial Neural Network and Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimisation Models (2019)78
Athienitis, A.15A review of Research and Developments of Building-Integrated Photovoltaic/Thermal (BIPV/T) Systems (2016)125
Mallick, T.13Optical Efficiency Study of PV Crossed Compound Parabolic Concentrator (2013)93
Tiwari, G.N.9Energy and Exergy Analysis of a Building Integrated Semi-Transparent Photovoltaic Thermal (BISPVT) System (2012)97
Yang, H.9Numerical Investigation of the Energy Saving Potential of a Semi-Transparent Photovoltaic Double-Skin Facade in a Cool-Summer Mediterranean Climate (2016)136
Chemisana, D.8Life Cycle Assessment of a Building Integrated Concentrated Photovoltaic Scheme (2013)77
Abu-Bakar, S.H.8Mirror Symmetrical Dielectric Totally Internally Reflecting Concentrator for Building Integrated Photovoltaic Systems (2014)65
Shin, M.8Highly Transparent Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells Fabricated Using Thin Absorber and High-Bandgap-Energy n/i-Interface Layers (2014)32
Sopian, K.8Efficiencies and Improvement Potential of Building Integrated Photovoltaic Thermal (BIPVT) System (2014)152
Khanmohammadi, S.8Energy and Exergy Analysis and Multiobjective Optimisation of an Air Based Building Integrated Photovoltaic/Thermal (BIPV/T) System (2017)35
Table
Table 3. The co-occurrence of the top ten journals.
Table 3. The co-occurrence of the top ten journals.
NumberJournalTPPercentageIF
1Sol. Energy8511.643%7.188
2Energy Build.669.041%7.201
3Appl. Energy567.671%11.446
4Energies425.753%3.252
5Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.334.520%16.799
6Renew. Energy324.383%8.634
7Sustainability263.561%3.889
8Energy253.424%8.857
9Energy Convers. Manag.172.328%11.533
10Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells162.191%7.305
Note: TP = the number of publications, IF = impact factor.
Table
Table 4. The top 25 cited journals with the strongest citation bursts.
Table 4. The top 25 cited journals with the strongest citation bursts.
Cited JournalsYearStrengthBeginEnd2012–2021
Energy Policy20127.7120122015▃▃▃▃▂▂▂▂▂▂
IEEE T. Ind. Electron20127.6320122015▃▃▃▃▂▂▂▂▂▂
IEEE T. Power Electr.20126.3320122015▃▃▃▃▂▂▂▂▂▂
Build. Environ.20125.1420122016▃▃▃▃▃ ▂▂▂▂▂
IEEE T Energy Conver.20124.120122013▃▃▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂
Adv. Mater. Res.20123.9520122016▃▃▃▃▃ ▂▂▂▂▂
Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci.20123.6820122014▃▃▃▂▂▂▂▂▂▂
Build. Integr.20122.7620122014▃▃▃▂▂▂▂▂▂▂
Prog. Photovolt. 20126.6420132017▂▃▃▃▃▃▂▂▂▂
Int. J. Therm. Sci.20124.2920132016▂▃▃▃▃▂▂▂▂▂
Appl. Phys. Lett.20124.1220132015▂▃▃▃▂▂▂▂▂▂
Nature20123.120132016▂▃▃▃▃▂▂▂▂▂
Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.20124.520142019▂▂▃▃▃▃▃▃▂▂
Electr. Power Syst. Res.20123.120142016▂▂▃▃▃▂▂▂▂▂
Int. J. Photoenergy20123.0320142015▂▂▃▃▂▂▂▂▂▂
Ashrae Tran.20122.9620142015▂▂▃▃▂▂▂▂▂▂
Nat. Mater.20123.2520152016▂▂▂▃▃▂▂▂▂▂
Solar Eng. Thermal. Pr.20125.1320162018▂▂▂▂▃▃▃▂▂▂
Thesis20125.0420172021▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▃▃▃
Green20123.5120172018▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▂▂▂
Buildings20122.820182019▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▂▂
Nat. Energy20125.1820192021▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▃
Appl. Sci.20125.1220192021▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▃
ACS Energy Lett.20123.1220192021▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▃
Mater. Lett.20122.9620192021▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▃
Table
Table 5. The top 58 categories by the “building integrated photovoltaic” volume.
Table 5. The top 58 categories by the “building integrated photovoltaic” volume.
Topics of Web of ScienceRecordRatio Out of 695
Energy fuels47668.489
Green sustainable science technology12117.410
Construction building technology11917.122
Materials science multidisciplinary11316.259
Engineering civil9513.669
Physics applied8512.230
Thermodynamics669.496
Engineering chemical628.921
Environmental sciences486.906
Chemistry physical334.748
Environmental studies304.317
Engineering electrical electronic243.453
Engineering environmental243.453
Chemistry multidisciplinary223.165
Mechanics223.165
Nanoscience nanotechnology202.878
Optics192.734
Engineering mechanical182.590
Engineering multidisciplinary152.158
Physics condensed matter152.158
Physics atomic molecular chemical91.295
Nuclear science technology71.007
Metallurgy metallurgical engineering60.863
Public environmental occupational health60.863
Telecommunications50.719
Table
Table 6. The top 15 countries by centrality.
Table 6. The top 15 countries by centrality.
No.CountCentralityYearCountry
11720.332012China
2620.262012England
3490.242012Spain
4710.202012India
5920.132012South Korea
6210.112013The Netherlands
750.102016Chile
8580.092012Italy
9160.072013Turkey
10540.062012USA
11420.062012Malaysia
12370.052012Australia
13130.052012Japan
1450.052016Pakistan
1550.052012Serbia
Table
Table 7. The top three countries in the centrality and their top five cited articles.
Table 7. The top three countries in the centrality and their top five cited articles.
CountryAuthorYearTitleSourceCited Counts
ChinaBiyik, E.2017A Key Review of Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) SystemsEng. Sci. Technol. Int. J. JESTECH189
Abu-Rub, H.2013Quasi-Z-Source Inverter-Based Photovoltaic Generation System with Maximum Power Tracking Control Using ANFISIEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy162
Peng, J.2016Numerical Investigation of the Energy Saving Potential of a Semi-Transparent Photovoltaic Double-Skin Facade in a Cool-Summer Mediterranean ClimateAppl. Energy136
Cai, W.2014An Active Low-Frequency Ripple Control Method Based on the Virtual Capacitor Concept for BIPV SystemsIEEE Trans. Power Electron.86
Zhijian, L.2021A Comprehensive Study of Feasibility and Applicability of Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) Systems in Regions with High Solar IrradianceJ. Clean. Prod.16
SpainBiyik, E.2017A Key Review of Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) SystemsEng. Sci. Technol. Int. J. JESTECH189
Abu-Rub, H.2013Quasi-Z-Source Inverter-Based Photovoltaic Generation System with Maximum Power Tracking Control Using ANFISIEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy162
Wang, F.2018Multiobjective Optimisation Model of Source-Load-Storage Synergetic Dispatch for a Building Energy Management System Based on TOU Price Demand ResponseIEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.133
Perez, M., Jr.2012Facade-Integrated Photovoltaics: A Life Cycle and Performance Assessment Case StudyProg. Photovolt.41
Palacios-Jaimes, G.Y.2017Transformation of a University Lecture Hall in Valladolid (Spain) into a NZEB: LCA of a BIPV System Integrated in Its FaçadeInt. J. Photoenergy12
EnglandBaghaee, H.R.2017Multiobjective Optimal Power Management and Sizing of a Reliable Wind/PV Microgrid with Hydrogen Energy Storage Using MopsoJ. Intell. Fuzzy Syst.92
Cai, W.2014An Active Low-Frequency Ripple Control Method Based On The Virtual Capacitor Concept for BIPV SystemsIEEE Trans. Power Electron.86
Alnaqi, A.A.2019Prediction of Energetic Performance of a Building Integrated Photovoltaic/Thermal System through Artificial Neural Network and Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimisation ModelsEnergy Convers. Manag.78
Noroozian, R.2013An Investigation on Combined Operation of Active Power Filter with Photovoltaic ArraysInt. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst.61
Aritra, G.2019Numerical Studies of Thermal Comfort for Semi-Transparent Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV)-Vacuum Glazing SystemSol. Energy56
Table
Table 8. The co-occurrence centrality of the top 20 keywords.
Table 8. The co-occurrence centrality of the top 20 keywords.
No.FreCentralityYearKeywords
1370.112012BIPV
2260.102012heat transfer
3490.092012thermal performance
4470.092012building integrated photovoltaic
5830.082012efficiency
6300.082012building-integrated photovoltaic
7260.082015window
8600.072012PV
9530.072012module
10390.072012building
11350.072012renewable energy
12310.072012generation
131650.062012performance
141160.062012energy
151110.062012design
16690.062013optimisation
17610.062012simulation
18560.062012solar energy
19400.062013solar cell
20280.062015double skin facade
Table
Table 9. The top 13 keywords with the strongest citation bursts.
Table 9. The top 13 keywords with the strongest citation bursts.
KeywordsYearStrengthBeginEnd2012–2021
building integrated20122.7320122014▃▃▃▂▂▂▂▂▂▂
air flow20122.4520122016▃▃▃▃▃▂▂▂▂▂
photovoltaic generation system20124.3220132015▂▃▃▃▂▂▂▂▂▂
Hong Kong20122.5320132017▂▃▃▃▃▃▂▂▂▂
PV module20123.5520142018▂▂▃▃▃▃▃▂▂▂
collector20124.4820152018▂▂▂▃▃▃▃▂▂▂
solar photovoltaic20122.7520152016▂▂▂▃▃▂▂▂▂▂
roof20123.7820162018▂▂▂▂▃▃▃▂▂▂
photovoltaics20123.3520162017▂▂▂▂▃▃▂▂▂▂
validation20123.7620172018▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▂▂▂
film20122.8220182021▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▃▃
multiobjective optimisation20122.5320182021▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▃▃
impact20123.1820192021▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▃
Table
Table 10. Top 5 most silhouette articles.
Table 10. Top 5 most silhouette articles.
YearTitleAuthorSilhouetteSource
2022Building Integration of Active Solar Energy Systems: A Review of Geometrical and Architectural Characteristics Vassiliades, C.0.806Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.
2020Perovskite Solar Cells for BIPV Application: A Review Roy, A.0.792Buildings
2016A Review of Research and Developments of Building-Integrated Photovoltaic/Thermal (BIPV/T) Systems Yang, T.0.809Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.
2014Performance Evaluations and Applications of Photovoltaic-Thermal Collectors and Systems Shan, F.0.885Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.
2020Perovskite Solar Cells for BIPV Application: A Review Roy, A.0.908Buildings
Note: The silhouette value indicates the homogeneity level of clusters, taken between 0 and 1. The closer the silhouette value is to 1, the higher the homogeneity of the cluster; if the silhouette value exceeds 0.5, the cluster result is considered to be highly reliable and reasonable.
Table
Table 11. The top 10 most co-citations and co-occurrences of articles.
Table 11. The top 10 most co-citations and co-occurrences of articles.
YearTitleAuthorFreSource
2017Recent Advancement in BIPV Product Technologies: A Review (268 cited)Shukla, A.K.55Energ. Build.
2016Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV): Costs, Benefits, Risks, Barriers, and Improvement Strategy (106 cited)Biyik, E.52Eng. Sci. Technol.
2016A Review of Research and Developments of Building-Integrated Photovoltaic/Thermal (BIPV/T) Systems (175 cited)Yang, T.T.43Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev.
2016Numerical Investigation of the Energy Saving Potential of a Semi-Transparent Photovoltaic Double-Skin Facade in a Cool-Summer Mediterranean Climate (179 cited)Peng, J.Q.30Appl. Energ.
2016A Critical Review on Building Integrated Photovoltaic Products and Their ApplicationsTripathy, M.26Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev.
2014Building Energy Performance Evaluation of Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) Window with Semi-Transparent Solar CellsChae, Y.T.25Appl. Energ.
2018Assessing Active and Passive Effects of Façade Building Integrated Photovoltaics/Thermal Systems: Dynamic Modelling and SimulationAthienitis, A.K.25Appl. Energ.
2016Double Skin Facades (DSF) and Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV): A Review of Configurations and Heat Transfer CharacteristicsAgathokleous, R.A.24Renew. Energ.
2017Thermal Modelling, Energy Analysis, Performance of BIPV and BIPVT: A ReviewDebbarma, M.23Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev.
2017Comparison of Energy Performance between PV Double Skin Facades and PV Insulating Glass UnitsWang, M.23Appl. Energ.
Table
Table 12. Literature cluster labels.
Table 12. Literature cluster labels.
Cluster IDSizeSilhouetteMean (Year)Label (LLR)
#0860.8182016BIPV/T (13.36, 0.001)
#1660.8722010Building integrated photovoltaic thermal (BIPVT) system (17.4, 1.0 × 10−4)
#2570.8522014Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) (11.01, 0.001)
#3570.8622017Building envelope materials (13.38, 0.001)
#4420.8922016Visual comfort (9.9, 0.005)
#5380.9342010State-of-the-art (10.82, 0.005)
#6260.9412016Luminescent solar concentrators (24.98, 1.0 × 10−4)
#7250.9572011Building-integrated photovoltaic-thermal systems (22.32, 1.0 × 10−4)
#8250.8892013Building-integrated photovoltaic blind (18, 1.0 × 10−4)
#9210.9192011Building envelope (5.6, 0.05)
Note: The silhouette value indicates the homogeneity level of clusters, taken between 0 and 1. The closer the silhouette value is to 1, the higher the homogeneity of the cluster; if the silhouette value exceeds 0.5, the cluster result is considered to be highly reliable and reasonable (Sun et al., 2019).
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Li, Y.; Li, L.; Deng, W.; Zhu, D.; Hong, L. Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) Development Knowledge Map: A Review of Visual Analysis Using CiteSpace. Buildings 2023, 13, 389. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020389

AMA Style

Li Y, Li L, Deng W, Zhu D, Hong L. Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) Development Knowledge Map: A Review of Visual Analysis Using CiteSpace. Buildings. 2023; 13(2):389. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020389

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li, Yunlong, Linna Li, Wenxin Deng, Dian Zhu, and Luo Hong. 2023. "Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) Development Knowledge Map: A Review of Visual Analysis Using CiteSpace" Buildings 13, no. 2: 389. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020389

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