Slumming on Social Media? E-Mediated Tourist Gaze and Social Representations of Indian, South African, and Brazilian Slum Tourism Destinations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background
2.1. Slum Tourism and Its Controversies
2.2. Social Media Tourists, Gazing at the Destination
2.3. Constructing the ‘Others’: Social Representation Processes
3. Aims
- -
- What are the shared meanings attached to different slum tourism destinations?
- -
- How is the slum tourism experience mediated by the ‘others’ in interactional contexts?
- -
- How do social media gaze and social representation processes contribute to the digital mediation of intercultural processes involved in slum tourism?
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Site Selection and Data Collection
4.2. Data Analysis
5. Results
5.1. Contents Overview
5.2. Descending Hierarchical Classification: Typologies of Discourse
5.2.1. Shared Themes among Destinations
5.2.2. Destination-Specific Themes
5.3. A Cross-Country Comparison
6. Discussion
6.1. Shared Meanings and Variability of Slum Tourism’s Representations
6.2. Types of E-Mediated Gaze
6.3. The Role of Mediators in Shaping the Tourist Gaze and Experience
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Illustrative Variable | South Africa (n. 3455) | Brazil (n. 2290) | India (n. 2381) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Review City | Johannesburg | 2405 | Rio de Janeiro | 2286 | Mumbai | 2015 |
Cape Town | 937 | Salvador | 3 | New Delhi | 360 | |
Durban | 68 | San Paulo | 1 | Bengaluru | 5 | |
Port Elisabeth | 44 | Varanasi | 1 | |||
Pretoria | 1 | |||||
Review Slum | Township generic | 572 | Favela generic | 1538 | Slum generic | 1173 |
Multiple | 107 | Multiple | 26 | |||
Soweto | 2249 | Rocinha | 386 | Dharavi | 1198 | |
Langa | 394 | Vidigal | 219 | Kathputli slum | 10 | |
Alexandra | 61 | Babilônia | 53 | |||
Gugulethu | 35 | Santa Marta | 43 | |||
Khayelitsha | 16 | Alemão | 14 | |||
Masiphumele | 13 | Cantagalo | 11 | |||
Inanda | 8 | |||||
Kwamashu | 5 | |||||
Umlazi | 4 | |||||
New Brighton | 3 | |||||
Author Age group | Unspecified | 2165 | Unspecified | 1684 | Unspecified | 1655 |
12 and under | 0 | 12 and under | 0 | 12 and under | 0 | |
13–17 | 0 | 13–17 | 1 | 13–17 | 0 | |
18–24 | 48 | 18–24 | 35 | 18–24 | 67 | |
25–34 | 254 | 25–34 | 275 | 25–34 | 227 | |
35–49 | 432 | 35–49 | 168 | 35–49 | 231 | |
50–64 | 400 | 50–64 | 97 | 50–64 | 165 | |
65+ | 156 | 65+ | 30 | 65+ | 36 | |
Author Gender | Male | 761 | Male | 386 | Male | 453 |
Female | 765 | Female | 354 | Female | 408 | |
Unspecified | 1929 | Unspecified | 1550 | Unspecified | 1520 | |
Author Continent of origin | Africa | 620 | Africa | 11 | Africa | 34 |
Asia | 126 | Asia | 56 | Asia | 455 | |
Australia/Oceania | 298 | Australia/Oceania | 165 | Australia/Oceania | 235 | |
Europe | 916 | Europe | 809 | Europe | 835 | |
North America | 1068 | North America | 420 | North America | 443 | |
South America | 27 | South America | 139 | South America | 12 | |
Undefined | 400 | Undefined | 690 | Undefined | 367 |
Corpus | Sub-Corpus | ||
---|---|---|---|
South Africa | Brazil | India | |
Messages N = 8126 | Messages N = 3455 | Messages N = 2290 | Messages N = 2381 |
N = 945,005 | N = 379,392 | N = 286,171 | N = 279,442 |
V = 18,225 | V = 10,998 | V = 8665 | V = 8585 |
(V/N)*100 = 1.93% | (V/N)*100= 2.89% | (V/N)*100 = 3.03% | (V/N)*100 = 3.07% |
(V1/V)*100 = 49.85% | (V1/V)*100= 47.36% | (V1/V)*100 = 48.15% | (V1/V)*100 = 46.77% |
Shared Themes | Partially Shared Themes | Destination Specific Themes | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
South Africa | Tour Guides 19.00% | Eye Opening 19.75% | Community Projects 21.80% | Historical Sites 20.88% | Food 18.57% | |
Day; Agnes; Felleng; Tour; Johannesburg; Email; Recommend; Book; Rudie; Highly; Review; Contact; Trip; Knowledgeable Company; Safari; Promptly; Lion; TripAdvisor; Ekala; | Feel; Bike; Safe; Poor; Person; Tourist; Like; Township; Question; Know; Uncomfortable; Condition; Think; Alexandra; Dangerous; Zwai; Masiphumelele; Expect; Unsafe; | Township; Langa; Project; Life; Uthando; Community; Cape Town; Siviwe; Support; Experience; Person; Grow; Knowledge; Gladstone; James; Insight; Inspire; Xolani; Work; | Museum; Mand House; Apartheid; N_Mandela; H Pieterson; Memorial; House; Street; D Tutu; Memorial; Tower; Vilakazi; Uprising; Student; H Pieterson; Orlando; Event; Struggle; Freedom; Constitution; | Food; Room; Restaurant; Music; Delicious; Night; Staff; Atmosphere; Stay; Cook; Buffet; Drink; Lunch; Meal; Eat; Meat; Lebo; Dinner; Vibe; Breakfast; | ||
Brazil | Tour Guides 28.53% | Eye Opening 29.58% | Practicalities 15.11% | Sleeping in Favela 26.78% | ||
Guide; Tour; Recommend; Highly; Rio; Favela tour; Knowledgeable Thank; Highlight; Experience; Trip; Interest; Great; Patrick; Informative; Thiago; Pedro; City; Knowledge; Olivia; | Person; Live; Life; Community; Favela; Favelas; Resident; Rocinha; Drug; Social; Government; Alley; Street; Grow; Like; Feel; Poverty; Narrow; Inside; Eye; Open; | Pick; Christ; Book; Hotel; Redeemer; Email; Day; Tour; Loaf; Sugar; Drop; Marcelo; Review; Drive; Corcovado; Luiz; Favela tour; Arrange; Read; Santa Teresa; | Hostel; Stay; Room; Clean; Night; Staff; Breakfast; View; Place; Owner; Location; Beach; Bed; Terrace; Tip; Fernanda; Bar; Vidigal; Bruno; Copacabana; | |||
India | Tour Guides 17.92% | Eye Opening 20.76% | Community Projects 18.4% | Practicalities 17.33% | Memorable Experience 19.80% | |
Guide; Question; Answer; Friendly; Information; English; Informative; Excellent; Speak; Knowledge; Helpful; Knowledgeable Great; Good; Funny; Interest; History; Professional; | Eye; Open; Slum; Live; Real; Like; Expect; Life; Slumdog Millionaire; Change; Idea; Poverty; Perception; Think; Dharavi; Concern; Movie; Feel; Person; Tourist; View; Voyeuristic; | Child; School; Kid; Smile; Pete; Education; Community; Person; Photo; Condition; Play; Puppet; Work; Dance; Laxmi; Face; Greet; Hope; Hand; Shake; | Hotel; Station; Train; Pick; Food; Market; Driver; Taxi; Ride; Book; Laundry; Temple; Car; Ghat; Lunch; Dhobi; Drive; Day; Stop; Eat; | Recommend; Mumbai; Highly; Trip; India; Memorable; Experience; Friend; Forever; Highlight; Wont; Travel; Thank; Visit; Week; Time; Spend; Miss; Forget; Travelling; Reality; |
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Sarrica, M.; Rega, I.; Inversini, A.; Norton, L.S. Slumming on Social Media? E-Mediated Tourist Gaze and Social Representations of Indian, South African, and Brazilian Slum Tourism Destinations. Societies 2021, 11, 106. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc11030106
Sarrica M, Rega I, Inversini A, Norton LS. Slumming on Social Media? E-Mediated Tourist Gaze and Social Representations of Indian, South African, and Brazilian Slum Tourism Destinations. Societies. 2021; 11(3):106. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc11030106
Chicago/Turabian StyleSarrica, Mauro, Isabella Rega, Alessandro Inversini, and Laura Soledad Norton. 2021. "Slumming on Social Media? E-Mediated Tourist Gaze and Social Representations of Indian, South African, and Brazilian Slum Tourism Destinations" Societies 11, no. 3: 106. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc11030106