Ultimate Frisbee Players: Characteristics according to Their Competitive Level and Spirit of the Game
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Instrumentation
2.2.1. Spirit of the Game Scoring System
2.2.2. Perception of Success Questionnaire
2.3. Procedures
2.4. Study Design
2.5. Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical Classification
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SOTG Level | χ2 | df | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
High | Regular | ||||
Sex: | |||||
Female | 30 (18.75%) | 24 (15.0%) | 3.196 | 1 | 0.074 |
Male | 74 (46.25%) | 32 (20.0%) | |||
Competitive Level: | |||||
Highest | 43 (26.88%) | 31 (19.38%) | 2.955 | 2 | 0.228 |
Intermediate | 29 (18.13%) | 11 (6.88%) | |||
Lowest | 32 (20.0%) | 14 (8.75%) | |||
Total | 104 (65.0%) | 56 (35.0%) |
Sex | Competitive Level | SOTG Level | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female (n = 54) | Male (n = 106) | Highest (n = 74) | Intermediate (n = 40) | Lowest (n = 46) | High (n = 104) | Regular (n = 56) | |
Chronological age, years | 29.3 ± 7.2 | 37.6 ± 9.7 | 26.2 ± 3.8 | 37.5 ± 4.4 | 45.9 ± 5.3 | 36.5 ± 9.7 | 32.7 ± 9.4 |
UF experience, years | 7.3 ± 3.0 | 8.5 ± 2.9 | 6.6 ± 2.8 | 9.8 ± 2.0 | 9.2 ± 2.8 | 8.0 ± 3.1 | 8.3 ± 2.9 |
National team experience, years | 3.3 ± 3.1 | 4.0 ± 3.6 | 2.6 ± 2.2 | 4.5 ± 3.7 | 4.8 ± 4.2 | 3.3 ± 3.1 | 4.5 ± 3.8 |
Weekly training sessions, # | 2.1 ± 0.8 | 2.0 ± 0.8 | 2.4 ± 0.8 | 1.7 ± 0.6 | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 1.9 ± 0.7 | 2.1 ± 0.8 |
Weekly training volume, min | 204 ± 87 | 187 ± 85 | 237 ± 82 | 160 ± 70 | 152 ± 70 | 186 ± 80 | 202 ± 94 |
Country world ranking, # | 14.1 ± 9.0 | 15.2 ± 9.2 | 14.9 ± 9.2 | 14.2 ± 8.8 | 15.2 ± 9.5 | 17.3 ± 9.3 | 11.1 ± 7.5 |
EBUC games played, # | 8.7 ± 1.0 | 8.5 ± 1.0 | 9.1 ± 0.9 | 8.6 ± 0.8 | 7.8 ± 0.7 | 8.4 ± 0.9 | 8.9 ± 1.0 |
EBUC classification, # | 6.5 ± 4.2 | 6.8 ± 3.4 | 7.5 ± 3.8 | 6.6 ± 3.8 | 5.6 ± 3.2 | 8.2 ± 3.3 | 4.6 ± 3.1 |
SOTG classification, # | 6.7 ± 5.2 | 5.8 ± 4.2 | 7.4 ± 5.5 | 5.7 ± 4.0 | 4.4 ± 2.4 | 3.5 ± 1.8 | 9.8 ± 4.7 |
Rules knowledge, † | 2.02 ± 0.09 | 1.99 ± 0.12 | 2.02 ± 0.09 | 2.04 ± 0.14 | 1.94 ± 0.11 | 2.01 ± 0.12 | 1.99 ± 0.11 |
Fouls and body contact, † | 1.95 ± 0.16 | 2.03 ± 0.21 | 1.97 ± 0.16 | 2.04 ± 0.31 | 2.04 ± 0.13 | 2.11 ± 0.16 | 1.87 ± 0.17 |
Fair-mindedness, † | 2.25 ± 0.19 | 2.33 ± 0.22 | 2.24 ± 0.22 | 2.33 ± 0.22 | 2.37 ± 0.19 | 2.41 ± 0.16 | 2.15 ± 0.20 |
Positive attitude, † | 2.58 ± 0.22 | 2.54 ± 0.20 | 2.48 ± 0.22 | 2.65 ± 0.18 | 2.57 ± 0.16 | 2.66 ± 0.14 | 2.39 ± 0.17 |
Communication, † | 2.19 ± 0.14 | 2.23 ± 0.19 | 2.27 ± 0.20 | 2.23 ± 0.19 | 2.13 ± 0.18 | 2.27 ± 0.18 | 2.13 ± 0.14 |
Total SOTG Score, ‡ | 10.98 ± 0.53 | 11.11 ± 0.57 | 10.97 ± 0.60 | 11.28 ± 0.63 | 11.06 ± 0.40 | 11.45 ± 0.32 | 10.53 ± 0.35 |
Task orientation, § | 4.46 ± 0.47 | 4.28 ± 0.67 | 4.52 ± 0.38 | 4.30 ± 0.64 | 4.08 ± 0.79 | 4.31 ± 0.64 | 4.36 ± 0.60 |
Ego orientation, § | 3.05 ± 0.74 | 3.09 ± 0.88 | 3.17 ± 0.85 | 3.22 ± 0.67 | 2.83 ± 0.87 | 3.01 ± 0.79 | 3.16 ± 0.88 |
Effect of Sex | Effect of Competitive Level | Effect of SOTG Level | Interaction SOTG Level x Sex | Interaction SOTG Level x Competitive Level | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | p | ES-r | F | p | ES-r | F | p | ES-r | F | p | ES-r | F | p | ES-r | |
Chronological age | 25.42 | <0.001 | 0.40 | 256.86 | <0.001 a | 0.89 | 5.27 | 0.02 | 0.19 | 9.34 | <0.001 | 0.42 | 102.07 | <0.001 | 0.14 |
UF experience | 5.63 | 0.02 | 0.20 | 20.02 | <0.001 b | 0.48 | 0.35 | 0.56 | 0.05 | 2.44 | 0.07 | 0.23 | 9.75 | <0.001 | 0.05 |
National team experience | 1.08 | 0.30 | 0.09 | 6.92 | 0.001 b | 0.31 | 3.99 | 0.05 | 0.17 | 2.68 | 0.05 | 0.24 | 5.39 | <0.001 | 0.14 |
Weekly training sessions | 1.03 | 0.31 | 0.09 | 20.10 | <0.001 c | 0.48 | 2.05 | 0.16 | 0.12 | 2.11 | 0.10 | 0.21 | 9.05 | <0.001 | 0.19 |
Weekly training volume | 1.25 | 0.27 | 0.10 | 19.49 | <0.001 c | 0.47 | 1.11 | 0.29 | 0.09 | 2.05 | 0.11 | 0.21 | 9.03 | <0.001 | 0.17 |
Country world ranking | 0.44 | 0.51 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.89 | 0.04 | 17.37 | <0.001 | 0.34 | 7.13 | <0.001 | 0.37 | 4.27 | 0.001 | 0.21 |
EBUC games played | 1.02 | 0.31 | 0.09 | 28.21 | <0.001 d | 0.54 | 10.48 | 0.002 | 0.27 | 3.80 | 0.01 | 0.28 | 13.53 | <0.001 | 0.23 |
EBUC classification | 0.18 | 0.67 | 0.04 | 3.66 | 0.03 e | 0.23 | 41.76 | <0.001 | 0.49 | 14.04 | <0.001 | 0.49 | 13.28 | <0.001 | 0.48 |
SOTG classification | 1.11 | 0.29 | 0.09 | 5.97 | 0.003 e | 0.29 | 118.63 | <0.001 | 0.68 | 39.45 | <0.001 | 0.69 | 28.53 | <0.001 | 0.66 |
Rules knowledge | 1.63 | 0.20 | 0.11 | 8.51 | <0.001 f | 0.34 | 1.29 | 0.26 | 0.10 | 1.40 | 0.25 | 0.17 | 6.02 | <0.001 | 0.16 |
Fouls and body contact | 4.96 | 0.03 | 0.19 | 2.15 | 0.12 | 0.18 | 74.91 | <0.001 | 0.60 | 25.98 | <0.001 | 0.61 | 23.15 | <0.001 | 0.69 |
Fair-mindedness | 3.62 | 0.06 | 0.16 | 5.45 | 0.005 e | 0.27 | 67.02 | <0.001 | 0.58 | 22.88 | <0.001 | 0.58 | 22.30 | <0.001 | 0.80 |
Positive attitude | 1.06 | 0.31 | 0.09 | 9.01 | <0.001 b | 0.34 | 103.36 | <0.001 | 0.66 | 41.90 | <0.001 | 0.70 | 26.21 | <0.001 | 0.57 |
Communication | 1.25 | 0.27 | 0.10 | 9.35 | <0.001 f | 0.35 | 21.48 | <0.001 | 0.37 | 7.15 | <0.001 | 0.37 | 17.80 | <0.001 | 0.68 |
Total SOTG Score | 1.53 | 0.22 | 0.11 | 3.45 | 0.04 e | 0.22 | 258.02 | <0.001 | 0.81 | 86.19 | <0.001 | 0.81 | 71.46 | <0.001 | 0.88 |
Task orientation | 2.54 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 6.78 | 0.002 f | 0.30 | 0.22 | 0.64 | 0.04 | 0.90 | 0.44 | 0.14 | 2.95 | 0.02 | 0.16 |
Ego orientation | 0.06 | 0.81 | 0.02 | 2.87 | 0.06 | 0.20 | 1.07 | 0.30 | 0.09 | 0.95 | 0.42 | 0.14 | 3.16 | 0.01 | 0.19 |
Competitive Level | Highest (n = 74) | t | p | d | Intermediate (n = 40) | t | p | d | Lowest (n = 46) | t | p | d | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SOTG Level | High (n = 43) | Regular (n = 31) | High (n = 29) | Regular (n = 11) | High (n = 32) | Regular (n = 14) | |||||||||
Chronological age, years | 26.3 ± 3.5 | 25.6 ± 3.7 | 0.75 | 0.45 | 0.18 | 37.7 ± 4.5 | 37.1 ± 3.5 | 0.40 | 0.69 | 0.14 | 46.8 ± 5.3 | 45.1 ± 5.4 | 1.04 | 0.31 | 0.32 |
UF experience, years | 6.3 ± 3.0 | 6.7 ± 2.8 | −0.71 | 0.48 | 0.16 | 9.8 ± 2.0 | 9.7 ± 1.8 | 0.05 | 0.96 | 0.02 | 8.7 ± 3.1 | 10.7 ± 1.1 | −3.32 | 0.002 | 0.76 |
National team experience, years | 2.0 ± 1.6 | 2.9 ± 2.6 | −1.74 | 0.08 | 0.43 | 3.7 ± 3.1 | 5.4 ± 4.3 | −1.37 | 0.18 | 0.47 | 4.0 ± 3.9 | 7.1 ± 4.0 | −2.47 | 0.02 | 0.78 |
Weekly training sessions, # | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 2.6 ± 0.8 | −1.81 | 0.07 | 0.43 | 1.7 ± 0.6 | 1.7 ± 0.5 | −0.35 | 0.73 | 0.12 | 1.7 ± 0.6 | 1.4 ± 0.6 | 1.51 | 0.14 | 0.47 |
Weekly training volume, min | 221 ± 76 | 251 ± 82 | −1.63 | 0.11 | 0.38 | 157 ± 71 | 165 ± 60 | −0.33 | 0.74 | 0.11 | 165 ± 64 | 122 ± 72 | 2.04 | 0.04 | 0.64 |
Country world ranking, # | 16.9 ± 9.6 | 13.0 ± 8.4 | 1.71 | 0.09 | 0.42 | 16.6 ± 9.3 | 9.5 ± 5.7 | 2.66 | 0.01 | 0.82 | 18.5 ± 9.2 | 8.4 ± 5.6 | 4.44 | <0.001 | 1.19 |
EBUC games played, # | 8.8 ± 0.8 | 9.3 ± 1.0 | −2.19 | 0.03 | 0.53 | 8.8 ± 0.8 | 8.6 ± 1.2 | 0.58 | 0.56 | 0.20 | 7.7 ± 0.7 | 8.2 ± 0.4 | −3.21 | 0.003 | 0.82 |
EBUC classification, # | 11.1 ± 4.5 | 5.7 ± 3.4 | 5.73 | <0.001 | 1.28 | 8.4 ± 3.7 | 4.0 ± 1.0 | 5.84 | <0.001 | 1.34 | 7.2 ± 2.4 | 2.4 ± 2.0 | 6.55 | <0.001 | 2.06 |
SOTG classification, # | 3.6 ± 2.1 | 11.0 ± 5.5 | −7.04 | <0.001 | 1.85 | 3.0 ± 1.9 | 9.6 ± 4.1 | −5.25 | <0.001 | 2.44 | 2.9 ± 1.7 | 7.1 ± 0.4 | −13.21 | <0.001 | 2.85 |
Rules knowledge, † | 2.00 ± 0.08 | 2.03 ± 0.08 | −1.52 | 0.13 | 0.35 | 2.04 ± 0.13 | 1.97 ± 0.12 | 1.56 | 0.13 | 0.54 | 1.96 ± 0.10 | 1.89 ± 0.11 | 1.89 | 0.06 | 0.59 |
Fouls and body contact, † | 2.11 ± 0.15 | 1.86 ± 0.08 | 9.23 | <0.001 | 1.97 | 2.16 ± 0.19 | 1.73 ± 0.25 | 5.79 | <0.001 | 1.99 | 2.09 ± 0.11 | 1.98 ± 0.16 | 2.76 | 0.008 | 0.86 |
Fair-mindedness, † | 2.36 ± 0.15 | 2.07 ± 0.11 | 9.77 | <0.001 | 2.17 | 2.49 ± 0.19 | 2.14 ± 0.16 | 5.39 | <0.001 | 1.86 | 2.41 ± 0.18 | 2.35 ± 0.25 | 0.97 | 0.34 | 0.30 |
Positive attitude, † | 2.74 ± 0.33 | 2.35 ± 0.21 | 5.88 | <0.001 | 1.37 | 2.81 ± 0.13 | 2.46 ± 0.13 | 7.43 | <0.001 | 2.57 | 2.69 ± 0.15 | 2.40 ± 0.10 | 6.56 | <0.001 | 2.06 |
Communication, † | 2.36 ± 0.19 | 2.13 ± 0.13 | 5.76 | <0.001 | 1.34 | 2.26 ± 0.17 | 2.22 ± 0.20 | 0.55 | 0.58 | 0.19 | 2.16 ± 0.06 | 2.07 ± 0.06 | 4.77 | <0.001 | 1.50 |
Total SOTG Score, ‡ | 11.58 ± 0.42 | 10.45 ± 0.32 | 12.49 | <0.001 | 2.90 | 11.76 ± 0.30 | 10.53 ± 0.29 | 11.64 | <0.001 | 4.02 | 11.31 ± 0.37 | 10.70 ± 0.39 | 5.06 | <0.001 | 1.59 |
Task orientation, § | 4.52 ± 0.47 | 4.46 ± 0.42 | 0.55 | 0.58 | 0.13 | 4.25 ± 0.48 | 4.42 ± 0.83 | −0.81 | 0.42 | 0.28 | 4.04 ± 0.91 | 4.11 ± 0.68 | −0.24 | 0.81 | 0.08 |
Ego orientation, § | 3.21 ± 0.89 | 3.01 ± 0.89 | 0.95 | 0.35 | 0.22 | 3.11 ± 0.70 | 3.52 ± 0.52 | −1.72 | 0.09 | 0.60 | 2.66 ± 0.69 | 3.23 ± 1.05 | −2.16 | 0.03 | 0.68 |
High SOTG Level † | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Competitive Level | ||||
All Players (n = 160) r (95%CI) | Highest (n = 74) r (95%CI) | Intermediate (n = 40) r (95%CI) | Lowest (n = 46) r (95%CI) | |
Chronological age | 0.15 (−0.01; 0.30) | 0.06 (−0.18; 0.29) | 0.04 (−0.28; 0.36) | 0.16 (−0.14; 0.44) |
UF experience | −0.06 (−0.21; 0.11) | −0.09 (−0.32; 0.15) | 0.00 (−0.32; 0.32) | −0.36 * (−0.60; −0.07) |
National team experience | −0.18 * (−0.33; −0.02) | −0.19 (−0.40; 0.05) | −0.18 (−0.47; 0.15) | −0.35 * (−0.59; −0.05) |
Weekly training sessions | −0.12 (−0.27; 0.04) | 0.23 * (−0.45; 0.001) ‡ | −0.08 (−0.39; 0.25) | 0.25 (−0.06; 0.51) |
Weekly training volume | −0.10 (−0.26; 0.06) | 0.23 * (−0.44; 0.01) ‡ | −0.09 (−0.40; 0.24) | 0.33 * (0.03; 0.57) |
Country world ranking | 0.31 ** (0.14; 0.46) | 0.20 (−0.06; 0.43) | 0.40 * (0.05; 0.67) | 0.54 ** (0.27; 0.73) |
EBUC games played | −0.19 * (−0.34; −0.04) | −0.30 ** (−0.50; −0.07) | 0.05 (−0.28; 0.36) | −0.39 ** (−0.62; −0.11) |
EBUC classification | 0.53 ** (0.40; 0.64) | 0.58 ** (0.39; 0.71) | 0.48 ** (0.19; 0.70) | 0.65 ** (0.43; 0.79) |
Task orientation | −0.05 (−0.21; 0.11) | 0.09 (−0.15; 0.32) | −0.29 (−0.56; 0.04) | 0.03 (−0.28; 0.32) |
Ego orientation | −0.11 (−0.26; 0.05) | 0.10 (−0.14; 0.33) | −0.27 (−0.54; 0.05) | −0.32 * (−0.57; −0.03) |
Step | Entered | WilLambda | df1 | df2 | df3 | Exact F | df1 | df2 | Sig. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All players | 1 | EBUC classification | 0.748 | 1 | 1 | 158 | 53.354 | 1 | 158 | <0.001 |
(n = 160) | 2 | EBUC games played | 0.679 | 2 | 1 | 158 | 37.042 | 2 | 157 | <0.001 |
3 | Weekly training sessions | 0.653 | 3 | 1 | 158 | 27.576 | 3 | 156 | <0.001 | |
Competitive Level | ||||||||||
Highest | 1 | EBUC classification | 0.705 | 1 | 1 | 72 | 30.115 | 1 | 72 | <0.001 |
(n = 74) | 2 | EBUC games played | 0.606 | 2 | 1 | 72 | 23.059 | 2 | 71 | <0.001 |
Intermediate | 1 | EBUC classification | 0.720 | 1 | 1 | 38 | 14.795 | 1 | 38 | <0.001 |
(n = 40) | ||||||||||
Lowest | 1 | EBUC classification | 0.506 | 1 | 1 | 44 | 42.957 | 1 | 44 | <0.001 |
(n = 46) |
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Amoroso, J.P.; Valente-dos-Santos, J.; Furtado, G.E.; Rebelo-Gonçalves, R.; Antunes, R.; Calmeiro, L. Ultimate Frisbee Players: Characteristics according to Their Competitive Level and Spirit of the Game. Sports 2022, 10, 197. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports10120197
Amoroso JP, Valente-dos-Santos J, Furtado GE, Rebelo-Gonçalves R, Antunes R, Calmeiro L. Ultimate Frisbee Players: Characteristics according to Their Competitive Level and Spirit of the Game. Sports. 2022; 10(12):197. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports10120197
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmoroso, José Pedro, João Valente-dos-Santos, Guilherme Eustáquio Furtado, Ricardo Rebelo-Gonçalves, Raul Antunes, and Luís Calmeiro. 2022. "Ultimate Frisbee Players: Characteristics according to Their Competitive Level and Spirit of the Game" Sports 10, no. 12: 197. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports10120197
APA StyleAmoroso, J. P., Valente-dos-Santos, J., Furtado, G. E., Rebelo-Gonçalves, R., Antunes, R., & Calmeiro, L. (2022). Ultimate Frisbee Players: Characteristics according to Their Competitive Level and Spirit of the Game. Sports, 10(12), 197. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports10120197