Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection and Its Impact on Male Infertility
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patients and Sample Collection
2.2. DNA Extraction
2.3. Detection and Type Identification of HPVs
2.4. Sperm DNA Fragmentation Analysis by SCD Test
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Seminal Parameters: HPV-Negative vs. HPV-Positive Samples
3.2. Seminal Sample’s Parameter Compared with Lower Reference Limits (Fifth Centiles WHO 2010)
3.3. Seminal Parameters of HPV-Positive Patients Stratified in Low and High Risk
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Total | HPV Negative | HPV Positive | HPV-Negative vs. Positive p-Value (Test) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Patients | 117 | 70 | 47 | |
DFI% | 28.7 ± 12.9 | 28.5 ± 14.3 | 28.9 ± 10.6 | |
27.5 (20–35) | 25.1 (19–33.75) | 28.5 (23.65–35.5) | p = 0.32 (MW) | |
Sperm concentration/mL | 45.0 ± 47.6 | 49.6 ± 51.9 | 38.3 ± 40.0 | |
30 (13–58) | 30 (8.5–70) | 29 (14.5–52) | p = 0.41 (MW) | |
Total sperm number | 120.7 ± 137.1 | 123.5 ± 144.9 | 116.5 ± 125.9 | |
73.6 (26–153) | 75 (23.5–149.8) | 68.2 (30.85–157.5) | p = 0.95(MW) | |
Semen volume (mL) | 2.9 ± 1.6 | 2.8 ± 1.6 | 3.0 ± 1.7 | |
2.7 (1.8–3.5) | 2.5 (1.7–3.2) | 3 (2–4) | p = 0.36 (MW) | |
Progressive motility% | 28.8 ± 15.3 | 29.6 ± 15.0 | 27.7 ± 15.8 | |
30 (20–40) | 35 (20–40) | 25 (20–36.5) | p = 0.21 (MW) | |
Non-progressive% | 16.2 ± 9.4 | 16.4 ± 10.4 | 16.0 ± 7.6 | |
15 (10–20) | 13.5 (10–20) | 15 (10–20) | p = 0.68 (MW) | |
Total motility% | 45.0 ± 16.4 | 46.0 ± 16.8 | 43.7 ± 15.9 | |
50 (40–55) | 50 (40.75–55) | 45 (40–50) | p = 0.13 (MW) | |
Immotile% | 54.2 ± 16.7 | 52.7 ± 17.2 | 56.3 ± 15.9 | |
50 (45–60) | 50 (45–56.5) | 55 (50–60) | p = 0.08 (MW) | |
Normal forms% | 6.8 ± 5.1 | 8.5 ± 5.4 | 4.4 ± 3.4 | |
6 (2–10) | 8 (4–12) | 3 (2–6.5) | p < 0.0001 * (MW) | |
Head defects% | 67.8 ± 16.9 | 64.1 ± 16.2 | 73.1 ± 16.7 | p = 0.0047 * (T) |
67 (56–80) | 65 (55–74) | 71 (59.5–90) | ||
Neck and midpiece defects% | 11.8 ± 8.5 | 9.2 ± 7.0 | 15.5 ± 9.1 | |
10 (5–17) | 8 (3–15) | 15 (8.5–20) | p = 0.0002 * (MW) | |
Tail defects% | 8.2 ± 8.5 | 6.1 ± 6.1 | 11.2 ± 10.5 | |
5 (2–13.25) | 4 (1–10) | 10 (3.5–16) | p = 0.0033 * (MW) | |
Amorphous% | 15.7 ± 8.0 | 15.4 ± 7.8 | 16.2 ± 8.2 | |
15 (10–20) | 15 (10–21) | 15 (10–20) | p = 0.83 (MW) | |
HPV | 40.2% (47) | — | — | — |
Parameters | Low Risk | High Risk | p-Value (Test) |
---|---|---|---|
Patients | 11 | 36 | |
DFI% | 22.9 ± 8.7 | 30.8 ± 10.5 | p = 0.0283 * (T) |
25 (16–28) | 31 (25–37.5) | ||
Sperm concentration/mL | 34.6 ± 26.0 | 39.4 ± 43.6 | |
32 (18–53.5) | 27 (13.75–50.5) | p = 0.78 (MW) | |
Total sperm number | 114.1 ± 106.6 | 117.3 ± 132.6 | |
68.2 (46.3–178.7) | 69 (27.1–146.8) | p = 0.78 (MW) | |
Semen volume (mL) | 3.0 ± 1.2 | 3.0 ± 1.8 | |
3.1 (2.2–4) | 2.7 (1.95–3.85) | p = 0.59 (MW) | |
Progressive motility% | 29.6 ± 18.9 | 27.1 ± 15.0 | p = 0.66 (T) |
35 (20–40) | 25 (20–31.25) | ||
Non-progressive% | 13.2 ± 9.3 | 16.9 ± 7.0 | p = 0.16 (T) |
10 (10–15) | 20 (10–20) | ||
Total motility% | 42.7 ± 22.7 | 43.9 ± 13.6 | |
50 (35–55) | 45 (40–50) | p = 0.57 (MW) | |
Immotile% | 57.3 ± 22.7 | 56.1 ± 13.6 | |
50 (45–65) | 55 (50–60) | p = 0.57 (MW) | |
Normal forms% | 4.6 ± 3.3 | 4.4 ± 3.5 | |
3 (2.5–6.5) | 3.5 (2–6.3) | p = 0.75 (MW) | |
Head defects% | 70.0 ± 16.1 | 74.0 ± 17.0 | |
62 (59–80.5) | 76 (61.3–90) | p = 0.55 (MW) | |
Neck and midpiece defects% | 16.6 ± 6.7 | 15.2 ± 9.8 | p = 0.68 (T) |
20 (12.5–20) | 15 (7–20.5) | ||
Tail defects% | 10.7 ± 9.8 | 11.3 ± 10.9 | |
5 (4.5–17) | 10 (3–15) | p = 0.92 (MW) | |
Amorphous% | 16.2 ± 8.3 | 16.3 ± 8.3 | |
15 (10–20) | 15 (10.75–20) | p = 0.89 (MW) |
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Capra, G.; Notari, T.; Buttà, M.; Serra, N.; Rizzo, G.; Bosco, L. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection and Its Impact on Male Infertility. Life 2022, 12, 1919. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12111919
Capra G, Notari T, Buttà M, Serra N, Rizzo G, Bosco L. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection and Its Impact on Male Infertility. Life. 2022; 12(11):1919. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12111919
Chicago/Turabian StyleCapra, Giuseppina, Tiziana Notari, Michela Buttà, Nicola Serra, Giovanni Rizzo, and Liana Bosco. 2022. "Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection and Its Impact on Male Infertility" Life 12, no. 11: 1919. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12111919