Trace Element and Sulfur Isotope Signatures of Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide (VMS) Mineralization: A Case Study from the Sunnhordland Area in SW Norway
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological Setting
2.1. Regional Geology
2.2. Geology of the Study Area
2.3. The VMS Mineralization in the Study Area
3. Samples and Methods
3.1. Samples
3.2. Analytical Methods
4. Results
4.1. Petrography of Host Rock and Ore Mineralization
4.1.1. The Alsvågen Gabbro-Hosted VMS Mineralization
4.1.2. The Lindøya Basalt-Hosted VMS Mineralization
4.1.3. The Litlabø Sediment-Hosted VMS Mineralization
4.2. Ore Grade Analysis
4.3. Trace Element Composition of Sulfide Minerals
4.4. Sulfur Isotopes
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Sample | Mineral | S | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ge | As | Se | Mo | Ag | Cd | In | Sb | Te | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(ppm) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
The Alsvågen gabbro-hosted VMS deposit | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
20ALS4F | Pyrrhotite | 425,296 | 3.69 | 0.017 | <0.195 | 0.88 | 2097.25 | 669.64 | 0.113 | <0.17 | 1.16 | 2.63 | 349.18 | 2.190 | 0.584 | 0.082 | 0.0063 | 0.133 | 0.964 | <0.001 | 0.320 | 0.009 | 1.236 | 0.149 |
20ALS4F | Pyrrhotite | 422,777 | 3.17 | 0.114 | 2.43 | 2.17 | 2276.11 | 674.51 | 1.671 | 0.93 | 0.15 | 3.15 | 335.35 | 1.679 | 0.730 | 0.101 | <0.0001 | 2.630 | 1.519 | <0.001 | 0.210 | 0.012 | 2.070 | 0.260 |
20ALS4F | Pyrrhotite | 417,103 | 3.82 | <0.007 | 1.58 | 2.64 | 2032.58 | 680.85 | 0.132 | 1.78 | <0.11 | 3.53 | 331.61 | 1.636 | 0.378 | 0.073 | <0.0010 | 0.340 | 0.730 | <0.001 | 0.410 | <0.00 | 0.268 | 0.046 |
20ALS4F | Pyrrhotite | 468,275 | 3.63 | <0.008 | 0.64 | 0.80 | 1662.66 | 648.78 | <0.115 | <0.23 | 0.29 | 2.02 | 389.42 | 1.910 | 0.154 | <0.025 | 0.0049 | 0.013 | 1.217 | <0.001 | 0.450 | <0.002 | 0.133 | 0.031 |
20ALS4F | Pyrrhotite | 442,520 | 4.60 | 0.049 | <0.225 | 0.85 | 1484.45 | 620.39 | <0.094 | <0.25 | <0.14 | 2.41 | 370.53 | 1.890 | 0.823 | <0.020 | <0.0016 | 0.780 | 1.630 | <0.001 | 0.260 | <0.001 | 0.981 | 0.300 |
20ALS4F | Pyrrhotite | 458,540 | 3.99 | <0.007 | 3.28 | 0.79 | 1617.11 | 657.11 | <0.102 | 0.81 | 1.31 | 3.58 | 367.53 | 1.970 | 0.577 | <0.022 | 0.0026 | 0.349 | 1.156 | <0.001 | 0.650 | <0.002 | 0.404 | 0.125 |
20ALS3S1 | Pyrrhotite | 398,144 | 4.47 | 0.046 | 2.34 | 0.99 | 8.45 | 376.40 | 0.487 | <0.20 | 0.16 | 1.97 | 255.79 | 1.230 | 0.078 | <0.018 | 0.0072 | <0.001 | 0.917 | <0.001 | 0.750 | 0.004 | 0.007 | <0.0018 |
20ALS3S1 | Pyrrhotite | 407,353 | 2.92 | <0.008 | 1.97 | 1.10 | 10.15 | 431.49 | 0.322 | 1.59 | 1.23 | 2.91 | 243.67 | 2.120 | 0.025 | 0.042 | 0.0156 | <0.001 | 1.055 | 0.004 | 0.670 | 0.003 | <0.002 | 0.026 |
20ALS3S1 | Pyrrhotite | 416,228 | 5.22 | <0.006 | 2.49 | 0.85 | 10.37 | 308.50 | <0.087 | <0.21 | 1.00 | 2.60 | 261.34 | 1.920 | 2.090 | <0.025 | 0.0023 | <0.004 | 1.840 | <0.001 | 1.310 | <0.001 | 4.470 | 0.550 |
20ALS3S1 | Pyrrhotite | 786,358 | 6.71 | 0.028 | <0.13 | 0.65 | 3616.34 | 0.87 | 0.477 | <0.15 | 0.84 | 7.07 | 128.44 | 1.512 | 0.011 | 0.034 | 0.0099 | <0.001 | <0.021 | <0.001 | <0.050 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.00 |
20ALS3S1 | Pyrrhotite | 819,632 | 9.38 | 0.158 | <0.14 | 0.95 | 3765.96 | 4.64 | 1.223 | <0.16 | 1.02 | 0.66 | 138.48 | 1.810 | 0.019 | 0.053 | <0.0005 | <0.003 | 0.510 | <0.001 | 0.200 | <0.001 | 0.010 | 0.560 |
20ALS3S1 | Pyrrhotite | 874,963 | 8.43 | 0.013 | <0.12 | 0.68 | 4650.96 | 5.64 | 0.255 | 1.15 | 0.61 | 1.05 | 169.81 | 2.140 | <0.004 | 0.089 | <0.0001 | <0.001 | <0.020 | <0.001 | 0.270 | 0.005 | <0.001 | <0.00 |
20ALS3S1 | Pyrrhotite | 432,864 | 2.92 | <0.009 | 0.60 | 0.65 | 9.98 | 405.21 | 1.092 | <0.24 | 0.66 | 2.79 | 287.39 | 1.930 | 0.675 | <0.023 | <0.0018 | 0.042 | 1.820 | <0.001 | 0.810 | 0.004 | 1.135 | 0.530 |
20ALS3S1 | Pyrrhotite | 410,557 | 2.08 | 0.041 | 2.66 | 1.26 | 9.46 | 537.51 | 0.425 | 0.43 | 1.86 | 2.72 | 260.94 | 1.470 | 0.033 | <0.0139 | 0.0016 | <0.001 | 1.730 | <0.001 | 0.480 | 0.003 | 0.015 | 0.005 |
20ALS3S1 | Pyrrhotite | 412,967 | 2.06 | 0.033 | 1.95 | 0.88 | 10.19 | 266.44 | 0.204 | 0.49 | 0.92 | 2.94 | 246.45 | 1.570 | 0.455 | <0.0129 | 0.0021 | <0.001 | 1.039 | <0.001 | 0.460 | <0.001 | 0.257 | 0.170 |
20ALS3S1 | Pyrrhotite | 417,885 | 3.05 | <0.005 | 4.56 | 0.81 | 10.14 | 361.24 | 0.548 | 1.16 | 1.22 | 1.87 | 243.42 | 1.680 | 1.430 | <0.015 | <0.0001 | <0.001 | 0.938 | <0.001 | 1.290 | 0.038 | 6.640 | 0.390 |
20ALS3S1 | Pyrrhotite | 452,905 | 4.11 | <0.010 | 2.46 | 0.59 | 10.42 | 441.11 | 0.464 | <0.31 | 0.75 | 2.54 | 244.58 | 1.770 | 0.425 | 0.075 | <0.0023 | <0.001 | 1.420 | <0.001 | 0.810 | <0.001 | 0.317 | 0.210 |
20ALS3S1 | Pyrrhotite | 445,247 | 3.36 | 0.029 | 0.89 | 0.91 | 9.83 | 402.16 | 0.516 | <0.25 | 1.24 | 2.77 | 247.57 | 1.540 | 0.893 | 0.025 | 0.0024 | 0.009 | 0.944 | <0.001 | 1.480 | 0.003 | 0.458 | 0.150 |
20ALS4E | Pyrrhotite | 347,574 | 4.19 | <0.010 | <0.28 | 1.43 | 1304.18 | 350.31 | <0.065 | 0.70 | 1.38 | 2.51 | 561.48 | <0.011 | 0.873 | 0.196 | 0.0089 | 0.046 | 1.400 | <0.001 | 0.500 | <0.001 | 3.780 | 0.118 |
20ALS4E | Pyrrhotite | 337,446 | 3.27 | <0.006 | 1.81 | 0.79 | 1245.77 | 333.94 | 0.075 | 0.54 | 0.80 | 1.07 | 698.23 | <0.012 | 0.753 | 0.030 | 0.0020 | 0.008 | 1.180 | <0.001 | 0.480 | 0.008 | 5.160 | 0.227 |
20ALS4E | Pyrrhotite | 337,265 | 3.67 | 0.009 | <0.26 | 0.57 | 1334.37 | 301.14 | 0.523 | 1.46 | 0.79 | 1.41 | 609.65 | <0.013 | 1.560 | 0.029 | 0.0034 | 0.035 | 2.130 | <0.001 | 0.840 | 0.007 | 8.660 | 1.040 |
20ALS4E | Pyrrhotite | 341,799 | 3.87 | 0.053 | 3.03 | 0.52 | 1337.99 | 415.51 | <0.056 | <0.23 | 0.78 | 1.22 | 441.96 | 0.072 | 1.640 | 0.015 | <0.0001 | <0.001 | 0.830 | <0.001 | <0.083 | 0.008 | 1.480 | 0.125 |
20ALS4E | Pyrrhotite | 324,296 | 5.23 | 0.074 | <0.27 | 0.98 | 1071.13 | 397.18 | <0.076 | <0.23 | 0.59 | 1.22 | 571.34 | <0.008 | 0.006 | <0.0124 | 0.0032 | <0.001 | 0.880 | <0.001 | 1.430 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.00 |
20ALS4E | Pyrrhotite | 347,078 | 4.45 | 0.015 | 3.58 | 1.11 | 1372.66 | 227.16 | 0.762 | <0.25 | 0.57 | 1.30 | 874.34 | <0.011 | 0.343 | <0.016 | <0.0009 | 0.440 | 18.920 | <0.001 | 0.430 | <0.001 | 29.960 | 0.750 |
20ALS4E | Pyrrhotite | 351,498 | 3.85 | 0.022 | <0.30 | 0.76 | 1290.67 | 191.36 | 0.252 | <0.26 | 1.29 | 1.60 | 793.44 | <0.017 | 0.035 | <0.00 | <0.0012 | 0.008 | 1.200 | <0.001 | 0.200 | <0.002 | <0.001 | 0.002 |
20ALS4E | Pyrrhotite | 330,721 | 4.12 | 0.059 | 1.27 | 0.78 | 1203.75 | 361.85 | 0.480 | <0.23 | 1.33 | 1.54 | 500.18 | <0.013 | 0.032 | 0.039 | <0.0008 | 0.021 | 0.730 | <0.001 | 0.460 | 0.004 | 0.009 | 0.003 |
20ALS4E | Pyrrhotite | 322,435 | 3.90 | <0.008 | 5.09 | 0.92 | 1142.70 | 345.13 | <0.079 | <0.24 | 0.82 | 1.74 | 706.50 | 0.044 | 0.064 | 0.021 | <0.0009 | <0.003 | 1.500 | <0.001 | 0.390 | <0.002 | 0.343 | 0.012 |
20ALS4E | Pyrrhotite | 334,975 | 5.59 | 1.230 | 3.03 | 3.40 | 1291.24 | 396.96 | 0.334 | 0.48 | 0.42 | 0.85 | 478.60 | <0.014 | 0.237 | 0.060 | 0.0044 | <0.001 | 1.200 | <0.001 | 0.610 | 0.008 | 1.950 | 0.032 |
20ALS4E | Chalcopyrite | 304,609 | 3.99 | <0.008 | 0.26 | 0.07 | 9.93 | 5.43 | 251,939.440 | 487.70 | 1.24 | 0.75 | 639.29 | <0.009 | 8.490 | 4.930 | 2.4600 | 0.226 | 8.550 | <0.001 | 0.820 | 0.025 | 2.540 | 0.108 |
20ALS4E | Chalcopyrite | 297,739 | 4.63 | 0.010 | 2.45 | 0.59 | 7.71 | 2.92 | 237,609.660 | 788.17 | 0.60 | 0.68 | 579.53 | 0.029 | 8.800 | 9.380 | 2.5800 | 0.320 | 10.060 | <0.001 | 0.560 | 0.009 | 3.150 | 0.234 |
20ALS4E | Chalcopyrite | 296,910 | 3.75 | 0.052 | 2.46 | 0.57 | 5.00 | 3.33 | 263,605.380 | 442.48 | 0.43 | 1.29 | 537.98 | 0.117 | 8.510 | 3.310 | 2.3800 | 0.410 | 12.220 | <0.001 | 0.620 | 0.019 | 1.960 | 0.120 |
20ALS4E | Chalcopyrite | 296,795 | 3.06 | 0.057 | 3.33 | 0.26 | 3.21 | 3.05 | 256,279.840 | 651.45 | 0.36 | 1.32 | 493.13 | <0.008 | 7.240 | 5.890 | 2.6500 | 0.260 | 12.500 | <0.001 | 0.170 | <0.001 | 0.810 | 0.092 |
20ALS4E | Chalcopyrite | 312,468 | 4.45 | 0.047 | 2.41 | 0.45 | 7.69 | 4.77 | 280,534.630 | 618.09 | 0.96 | 0.66 | 836.32 | 0.072 | 7.380 | 7.190 | 2.7800 | 0.340 | 13.610 | 0.004 | <0.084 | 0.005 | 0.850 | 0.104 |
20ALS4E | Chalcopyrite | 319,662 | 4.29 | <0.007 | 0.60 | 0.66 | 4.74 | 4.27 | 264,177.060 | 720.11 | 0.63 | 0.45 | 769.43 | <0.010 | 7.910 | 8.390 | 2.7400 | 0.189 | 11.170 | <0.001 | 0.970 | <0.001 | 0.755 | 0.095 |
20ALS4E | Chalcopyrite | 310,958 | 4.09 | 0.029 | <0.23 | 0.72 | 5.60 | 4.25 | 260,726.250 | 809.55 | 0.91 | 0.51 | 676.36 | <0.013 | 7.360 | 8.000 | 2.7900 | 0.340 | 14.980 | <0.001 | 0.380 | <0.001 | 0.940 | 0.093 |
20ALS4E | Chalcopyrite | 296,761 | 4.37 | <0.007 | 1.29 | 1.56 | 4.54 | 3.84 | 253,637.610 | 542.39 | 0.30 | 1.34 | 651.84 | 0.022 | 7.350 | 6.690 | 2.5900 | 0.340 | 13.020 | <0.0019 | 0.730 | 0.011 | 1.750 | 0.105 |
20ALS4E | Chalcopyrite | 301,785 | 2.51 | <0.007 | 1.18 | 0.60 | 6.29 | 4.16 | 254,776.270 | 644.74 | 0.13 | 0.96 | 655.89 | <0.012 | 6.970 | 7.150 | 2.9200 | 0.166 | 10.690 | <0.001 | 0.830 | <0.001 | 1.140 | 0.095 |
20ALS4E | Chalcopyrite | 305,909 | 3.60 | 0.013 | 1.87 | 0.62 | 7.10 | 4.48 | 258,245.770 | 1049.00 | 1.21 | 0.80 | 646.76 | 0.036 | 15.390 | 9.280 | 2.7600 | 0.410 | 17.650 | <0.001 | 0.810 | 0.005 | 11.630 | 0.259 |
20ALS3S1 | Chalcopyrite | 410,396 | 4.19 | 0.037 | 2.07 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 14.17 | 330,386.130 | 520.62 | 0.89 | 2.10 | 280.24 | 0.718 | 21.020 | 8.930 | 23.2000 | 0.310 | 12.810 | <0.001 | 0.530 | 0.004 | 1.118 | 0.230 |
20ALS3S1 | Chalcopyrite | 393,338 | 3.19 | 0.031 | 0.71 | 0.68 | 0.10 | 14.78 | 311,331.380 | 649.03 | <0.17 | 2.19 | 259.54 | 0.627 | 21.220 | 9.930 | 23.2200 | 0.340 | 15.260 | <0.001 | 1.620 | <0.001 | 1.043 | 0.260 |
20ALS3S1 | Chalcopyrite | 418,722 | 5.01 | <0.008 | 2.28 | 1.08 | 0.10 | 13.07 | 328,668.000 | 503.12 | 0.23 | 2.95 | 267.21 | 0.857 | 19.350 | 10.380 | 22.9800 | 0.510 | 18.920 | <0.001 | 0.660 | <0.001 | 0.428 | 0.120 |
20ALS3S1 | Chalcopyrite | 407,357 | 36.37 | 2.850 | 18.36 | 9.71 | 0.13 | 16.07 | 315,585.440 | 1062.20 | 0.91 | 1.31 | 278.47 | 0.495 | 22.340 | 15.930 | 20.0800 | 0.318 | 13.750 | <0.001 | 1.000 | 0.012 | 1.530 | 0.300 |
20ALS3S1 | Chalcopyrite | 383,288 | 3.15 | <0.006 | 1.09 | 0.71 | 0.07 | 16.53 | 319,104.090 | 634.99 | 0.89 | 2.29 | 255.81 | 0.681 | 19.940 | 11.300 | 18.6900 | 0.410 | 19.210 | <0.001 | 0.900 | <0.002 | 0.742 | 0.210 |
20ALS3S1 | Chalcopyrite | 381,877 | 3.47 | 0.036 | 1.64 | 0.58 | 0.05 | 12.17 | 325,434.590 | 551.32 | <0.13 | 1.93 | 264.56 | 0.834 | 31.000 | 11.670 | 18.7500 | 0.380 | 15.240 | <0.001 | 0.230 | 0.007 | 1.900 | 0.290 |
20ALS4F | Chalcopyrite | 412,434 | 3.59 | <0.008 | 1.52 | 0.76 | 7.20 | 16.56 | 322,072.470 | 674.34 | <0.13 | 1.66 | 425.09 | 0.508 | 15.800 | 8.570 | 3.2000 | 0.280 | 13.360 | <0.001 | 1.250 | <0.001 | 1.137 | 0.410 |
20ALS4F | Chalcopyrite | 375,728 | 3.42 | <0.006 | 1.51 | 0.65 | 7.18 | 17.65 | 305,306.130 | 512.15 | <0.10 | 2.23 | 367.45 | 0.740 | 14.370 | 6.030 | 3.0300 | 0.312 | 13.700 | <0.001 | 1.360 | 0.004 | 0.560 | 0.260 |
20ALS4F | Chalcopyrite | 422,622 | 2.40 | 0.066 | 2.23 | 0.19 | 6.95 | 17.95 | 321,485.440 | 539.14 | 0.35 | 2.73 | 398.63 | 0.643 | 12.470 | 7.220 | 3.7600 | 0.450 | 19.830 | <0.001 | 1.060 | <0.001 | 0.948 | 0.680 |
20ALS4F | Chalcopyrite | 423,474 | 3.25 | <0.007 | 1.49 | 0.52 | 11.66 | 19.62 | 335,244.590 | 575.54 | 1.59 | 1.70 | 408.71 | 0.780 | 12.820 | 7.540 | 3.8700 | 0.510 | 18.560 | 0.004 | 1.010 | 0.003 | 1.327 | 1.340 |
20ALS4F | Chalcopyrite | 429,318 | 3.86 | 0.012 | 2.51 | 0.36 | 6.65 | 19.36 | 312,942.530 | 538.85 | 0.94 | 1.78 | 433.69 | 0.692 | 12.050 | 7.250 | 3.8900 | 0.500 | 18.800 | <0.001 | 1.190 | 0.005 | 0.769 | 2.720 |
20ALS4F | Pyrite | 373,918 | 2.40 | 0.012 | 2.44 | 0.66 | 6.97 | 17.29 | 8.110 | 439.64 | 0.71 | 2.57 | 352.49 | 0.687 | 14.250 | 5.260 | 3.0100 | 0.275 | 10.740 | <0.001 | 0.640 | 0.005 | 0.752 | 0.200 |
20ALS4F | Pyrite | 598,686 | 4.92 | 0.027 | <0.10 | 0.52 | 464.26 | 4.42 | 3.770 | <0.09 | 0.84 | 51.42 | 617.47 | 1.293 | 0.044 | <0.0065 | 0.0007 | 2.220 | 17.120 | <0.001 | 0.290 | <0.001 | 1.680 | 1.440 |
20ALS4F | Pyrite | 627,569 | 6.31 | 0.041 | <0.11 | 0.59 | 330.71 | 2.81 | 49.510 | 56.13 | 0.51 | 151.43 | 723.19 | 2.200 | 0.509 | 0.530 | 0.0246 | 1.700 | 36.380 | 0.006 | 0.730 | <0.001 | 1.234 | 0.670 |
20ALS4F | Pyrite | 546,416 | 5.19 | 0.005 | <0.10 | 0.47 | 188.01 | 1.43 | 1.515 | 0.66 | 0.71 | 239.18 | 544.39 | 1.473 | 0.044 | <0.008 | <0.0005 | 1.020 | 25.590 | 0.004 | 0.250 | <0.001 | 0.658 | 0.420 |
20ALS4F | Pyrite | 560,038 | 5.55 | <0.003 | <0.09 | 0.43 | 17.15 | 1.63 | 0.357 | <0.10 | 0.81 | 1.66 | 264.71 | 1.730 | 0.002 | <0.0056 | <0.0001 | 0.073 | 1.199 | <0.001 | <0.03 | 0.002 | 0.118 | 0.050 |
20ALS3S1 | Pyrite | 655,913 | 5.97 | <0.004 | <0.11 | 0.44 | 4866.86 | 4.91 | 0.446 | 0.62 | 1.25 | 257.17 | 156.21 | 1.520 | 0.024 | 0.014 | <0.0007 | <0.002 | <0.016 | <0.001 | 0.074 | 0.003 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
20ALS3S1 | Pyrite | 608,411 | 5.62 | 0.016 | <0.108 | 0.57 | 123.61 | 20.47 | 0.324 | <0.10 | 1.11 | 104.22 | 159.12 | 1.363 | <0.003 | <0.014 | <0.0001 | 0.005 | 0.175 | <0.001 | 0.530 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
20ALS3S1 | Pyrite | 568,996 | 5.56 | 0.039 | <0.11 | 0.62 | 3302.34 | 2.41 | 0.625 | <0.10 | 0.86 | 0.60 | 79.76 | 1.440 | <0.005 | <0.011 | 0.0037 | 0.088 | 1.800 | <0.001 | 0.080 | <0.001 | 0.076 | 1.980 |
20ALS4E | Pyrite | 174,297 | 2.35 | 0.021 | 1.33 | 0.44 | 645.50 | 216.37 | 0.273 | <0.12 | 0.36 | 0.73 | 208.74 | 0.050 | 0.036 | 0.074 | 0.0016 | 0.015 | 0.486 | <0.001 | <0.05 | <0.001 | 0.145 | 0.003 |
The Lindøya basalt-hosted VMS deposit | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
20LIND4B | Pyrite | 419,160 | 5.95 | 0.203 | <0.08 | 3.52 | 1.57 | 20.11 | 1.750 | <0.07 | 0.46 | 729.49 | <0.37 | <0.006 | <0.001 | <0.003 | 0.0035 | 0.029 | <0.008 | <0.001 | 0.130 | 0.023 | 0.109 | <0.001 |
20LIND4B | Pyrite | 402,121 | 6.34 | 1.630 | <0.09 | 21.66 | 0.14 | 17.28 | 14.660 | 1.69 | 0.73 | 1907.67 | <0.40 | 0.015 | 0.018 | 0.042 | 0.0026 | 0.310 | <0.010 | 0.002 | 0.230 | 0.267 | 0.450 | 0.001 |
20LIND4B | Pyrite | 386,882 | 6.92 | 1.320 | <0.08 | 10.40 | 0.03 | 3.83 | 0.514 | 0.12 | 0.73 | 655.35 | 4.66 | 0.058 | 0.005 | <0.005 | <0.0003 | 0.030 | <0.007 | <0.001 | 0.200 | 0.015 | 0.071 | <0.001 |
20LIND4B | Pyrite | 374,520 | 104.49 | 23.770 | 4.73 | 169.44 | 8.48 | 32.73 | 238.420 | 25.22 | 1.21 | 783.17 | <0.48 | 12.730 | 1.670 | 0.530 | 0.0105 | 50.460 | 0.249 | 0.016 | 12.960 | 3.310 | 120.160 | 0.151 |
20LIND4B | Pyrite | 393,781 | 91.88 | 42.550 | 6.64 | 139.63 | 8.51 | 36.14 | 241.460 | 28.71 | 1.00 | 786.08 | <0.51 | 12.940 | 1.620 | 0.240 | 0.0108 | 51.420 | 0.264 | 0.019 | 13.630 | 3.310 | 125.200 | 0.157 |
20LIND4B | Pyrite | 425,634 | 200.89 | 47.960 | 10.31 | 150.51 | 9.48 | 34.98 | 252.110 | 28.03 | 0.83 | 891.97 | <0.65 | 12.950 | 1.810 | 0.520 | 0.0097 | 56.900 | <0.017 | 0.018 | 14.710 | 3.750 | 135.020 | 0.169 |
20LIND4B | Pyrite | 431,081 | 13.40 | 4.000 | <0.095 | 19.42 | 7.03 | 15.09 | 25.240 | 11,692.87 | 1.13 | 854.40 | <0.45 | 4.830 | 0.198 | 24.890 | 0.3410 | 1.160 | 0.015 | <0.001 | 6.710 | 0.480 | 2.670 | 0.002 |
20LIND4B | Pyrite | 450,316 | 8.01 | 1.650 | 0.68 | 12.63 | 10.71 | 18.65 | 49.680 | 3082.57 | 0.84 | 839.24 | 0.89 | 11.720 | 0.111 | 9.000 | 0.1350 | 2.630 | <0.010 | 0.002 | 2.400 | 0.232 | 5.940 | 0.006 |
20LIND4B | Pyrite | 418,035 | 5.75 | 0.333 | <0.08 | 4.34 | 4.37 | 15.18 | 8.230 | 542.40 | 0.74 | 563.45 | <0.39 | 0.189 | 0.028 | 2.150 | 0.0190 | 1.020 | <0.009 | <0.001 | 0.670 | 0.073 | 2.810 | <0.001 |
20LIND4B | Pyrite | 396,140 | 83.12 | 27.310 | 6.90 | 124.16 | 10.43 | 26.44 | 220.970 | 23.85 | 0.59 | 799.63 | <0.51 | 15.420 | 1.540 | 0.390 | 0.0016 | 45.940 | 0.076 | 0.019 | 11.950 | 2.740 | 126.900 | 0.181 |
20LIND4B | Pyrite | 379,951 | 79.59 | 22.540 | 8.04 | 82.45 | 10.10 | 27.48 | 200.210 | 22.48 | 0.90 | 719.34 | <0.50 | 14.280 | 1.280 | 0.370 | 0.0037 | 40.510 | 0.274 | 0.022 | 9.950 | 2.330 | 104.110 | 0.180 |
20LIND4B | Pyrite | 418,002 | 60.85 | 30.760 | 8.18 | 124.84 | 10.76 | 28.21 | 257.940 | 24.53 | 1.18 | 840.28 | <0.54 | 15.730 | 1.640 | 0.470 | 0.0013 | 47.380 | 0.253 | 0.017 | 12.740 | 2.660 | 131.160 | 0.220 |
20LIND4B | Pyrite | 429,217 | 5.43 | 0.004 | 0.24 | 0.49 | 0.13 | 39.95 | 5.300 | 1.97 | 0.94 | 450.16 | <0.38 | <0.007 | 0.018 | 0.012 | <0.0004 | 0.250 | 0.048 | <0.001 | 0.057 | 0.147 | 0.540 | <0.001 |
20LIND4B | Pyrite | 410,436 | 6.10 | 0.024 | <0.09 | 0.47 | 0.05 | 1.66 | 7.850 | <0.07 | 0.95 | 1173.57 | <0.43 | <0.006 | 0.020 | 0.032 | 0.0024 | 0.310 | 0.041 | <0.001 | 0.150 | 0.090 | 0.446 | <0.001 |
20LIND4B | Pyrite | 395,000 | 8.55 | 0.380 | 0.41 | 0.69 | 2.23 | 14.25 | 1.200 | <0.07 | 0.79 | 646.76 | 1.63 | 0.081 | <0.001 | 0.054 | <0.0004 | 0.055 | 0.099 | <0.001 | 0.340 | 0.072 | 0.156 | 0.001 |
20LIND4B | Pyrite | 367,116 | 94.72 | 26.750 | 5.51 | 140.70 | 9.47 | 39.07 | 214.420 | 28.09 | 6.06 | 771.31 | <0.48 | 12.590 | 1.460 | 0.270 | 0.0122 | 42.210 | 0.201 | 0.030 | 11.580 | 3.170 | 104.790 | 0.113 |
20LIND4B | Pyrite | 378,458 | 194.41 | 34.070 | 5.37 | 148.29 | 7.03 | 38.02 | 230.050 | 23.68 | 1.02 | 713.20 | 1.48 | 9.400 | 1.610 | 0.420 | 0.0076 | 45.330 | 0.137 | 0.038 | 12.380 | 3.100 | 121.040 | 0.158 |
20LIND4B | Pyrite | 417,445 | 128.75 | 23.630 | 4.40 | 170.52 | 8.30 | 38.88 | 245.300 | 27.98 | 0.60 | 776.90 | 2.81 | 7.650 | 1.890 | 0.340 | 0.0130 | 51.670 | 0.205 | 0.028 | 14.510 | 3.470 | 131.350 | 0.167 |
The Litlabø sediment-hosted VMS deposit | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
19LIT2 | Pyrite-1 | 602,687 | 7.90 | 1.340 | <0.10 | 16.87 | 1.85 | 13.88 | 3.340 | 15.43 | 1.74 | 643.88 | 3.53 | 2.190 | 0.802 | 0.160 | <0.0006 | 5.060 | 0.110 | 0.057 | 0.320 | 0.126 | 18.530 | 0.130 |
19LIT2 | Pyrite-1 | 537,316 | 10.68 | 11.850 | 8.63 | 29.83 | 1.13 | 7.41 | 1.290 | 2.12 | 0.91 | 423.21 | 6.22 | 2.660 | 0.090 | <0.014 | <0.0009 | 0.930 | 0.093 | <0.001 | 0.420 | 0.101 | 3.530 | 0.006 |
19LIT2 | Pyrite-1 | 546,070 | 78.33 | 13.150 | 3.91 | 26.78 | 2.16 | 13.34 | 1.880 | 3.87 | 1.06 | 739.96 | 6.28 | 1.630 | 0.638 | <0.011 | 0.0106 | 3.540 | 0.057 | <0.001 | 0.220 | 0.970 | 12.440 | 0.084 |
19LIT2 | Pyrite-1 | 542,973 | 77.94 | 43.430 | 4.96 | 21.50 | 9.13 | 88.87 | 18.120 | 46.57 | 1.12 | 1104.23 | <0.68 | 30.560 | 1.290 | 0.570 | 0.0304 | 18.670 | 0.262 | 0.022 | 0.550 | 0.940 | 64.280 | 0.280 |
19LIT2 | Pyrite-1 | 460,554 | 11.18 | 1.520 | 0.59 | 4.75 | 7.04 | 64.95 | 8.090 | 36.60 | 0.84 | 938.06 | 5.06 | 5.830 | 0.622 | 0.340 | 0.0040 | 12.160 | 0.156 | 0.038 | 0.420 | 0.460 | 37.740 | 0.180 |
19LIT2 | Pyrite-2 | 564,288 | 66.82 | 9.190 | 1.11 | 13.41 | 8.21 | 23.36 | 6.000 | 29.39 | 1.43 | 718.63 | <0.59 | 17.550 | 0.553 | 0.043 | <0.0014 | 9.730 | 0.202 | <0.00 | 0.510 | 0.870 | 29.340 | 0.140 |
19LIT2 | Pyrite-2 | 563,554 | 14.72 | 52.330 | 33.38 | 82.09 | 6.12 | 8.95 | 2.050 | 8.58 | 1.38 | 626.72 | 5.04 | 1.300 | 0.260 | 0.080 | <0.0012 | 0.690 | 0.116 | 0.004 | 0.880 | 0.343 | 5.730 | 0.017 |
19LIT2 | Pyrite-2 | 530,704 | 6.78 | 1.630 | 0.39 | 14.56 | 8.69 | 21.37 | 1.470 | 0.31 | 1.62 | 558.28 | 4.99 | 13.400 | 0.080 | <0.011 | 0.0020 | 1.610 | <0.015 | 0.002 | 0.290 | 0.121 | 4.830 | 0.026 |
19LIT2 | Pyrite-2 | 555,489 | 29.93 | 8.030 | 2.01 | 6.82 | 3.23 | 21.04 | 4.700 | 13.38 | 1.11 | 902.36 | 7.89 | 5.970 | 0.980 | 0.096 | 0.0045 | 7.520 | 0.098 | 0.049 | 0.610 | 0.291 | 23.070 | 0.150 |
19LIT2 | Pyrite-2 | 610,325 | 13.67 | 6.940 | 2.55 | 14.99 | 2.50 | 16.94 | 10.790 | 11.20 | 1.57 | 919.01 | 1.96 | 6.740 | 0.629 | 0.150 | 0.0141 | 3.380 | 0.026 | 0.038 | 0.300 | 0.560 | 18.110 | 0.058 |
19LIT2 | Pyrite-2 | 607,653 | 7.15 | 1.250 | <0.10 | 27.82 | 2.08 | 10.07 | 1.380 | 1.09 | 1.15 | 553.04 | 6.25 | 2.380 | 0.164 | 0.230 | <0.0015 | 1.580 | 0.175 | 0.012 | <0.040 | 0.113 | 4.760 | 0.040 |
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Method | FA330 | MA370 | MA370 | MA370 | MA370 | MA370 | MA370 | MA370 | MA370 | MA370 | MA370 | MA370 | MA370 | MA370 | MA370 | MA370 | MA370 | MA370 | MA370 | MA370 | MA370 | MA370 | MA370 | MA370 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Element | Au | Ag | Mo | Cu | Pb | Zn | Ni | Co | Mn | Fe | As | Sr | Cd | Sb | Bi | Ca | P | Cr | Mg | Al | Na | K | W | S | |
Unit | ppb | ppm | wt.% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Sample | d.l. * | 2 | 2 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.001 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.001 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.05 |
The Alsvågen gabbro-hosted VMS deposit | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
20ALS7S1 | 40 | 3 | <0.001 | 3339 | <0.02 | 0.01 | <0.001 | 0.004 | 0.09 | 9.04 | <0.02 | 0.02 | <0.001 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 2.18 | 0.18 | <0.001 | 1.55 | 8.50 | 4.39 | 0.21 | <0.01 | 2.90 | |
20ALS7S3 | 85 | 12 | <0.001 | >10.000 | <0.02 | 0.04 | 0.006 | 0.029 | 0.02 | 15.02 | <0.02 | <0.01 | <0.001 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 1.00 | 0.04 | <0.001 | 0.90 | 1.58 | 0.17 | 0.03 | <0.01 | 10.18 | |
20ALS6D1 | 70 | 5 | <0.001 | 5427 | <0.02 | 0.03 | 0.010 | 0.036 | 0.04 | 19.47 | <0.02 | <0.01 | <0.001 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.71 | 0.01 | 0.001 | 1.37 | 2.13 | 0.69 | 0.02 | <0.01 | 7.86 | |
20ALS3S1 | 45 | 3 | <0.001 | 1196 | <0.02 | 0.03 | 0.005 | 0.011 | 0.02 | 9.63 | <0.02 | <0.01 | <0.001 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.13 | <0.01 | 0.012 | 0.38 | 0.57 | 0.11 | 0.02 | <0.01 | 5.76 | |
The Lindøya basalt-hosted VMS deposit | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
20LIND4B | 67 | <2 | 0.004 | 0.008 | <0.02 | 0.02 | 0.003 | <0.001 | 0.03 | 30.61 | 0.03 | <0.01 | <0.001 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.16 | <0.01 | 0.001 | 0.60 | 1.14 | 0.13 | 0.30 | <0.01 | >30.00 | |
20LINDH | 14 | <2 | <0.001 | 0.006 | <0.02 | 0.01 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.09 | 7.28 | <0.02 | <0.01 | <0.001 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.96 | 0.07 | <0.001 | 3.04 | 9.12 | 4.83 | 0.11 | <0.01 | 4.19 | |
The Litlabø sediment-hosted VMS deposit | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
19LIT3 | 201 | <2 | 0.002 | 0.056 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 0.021 | 0.005 | 0.15 | 51.84 | 0.04 | <0.01 | <0.001 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.15 | 0.07 | <0.001 | 0.17 | 0.36 | 0.03 | 0.12 | <0.01 | 24.87 | |
19LIT2 | 39 | 2 | <0.001 | 0.035 | <0.02 | 0.04 | 0.006 | <0.001 | 0.07 | 38.40 | 0.05 | <0.01 | <0.001 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.70 | <0.01 | <0.001 | 0.17 | 0.69 | <0.01 | 0.23 | <0.01 | >30.00 |
Sample | Element | Cu | Zn | Fe | Mn | S | Pb | Mo | As | Ni | Se | Tl | Ag | Au |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unit | wt.% | ppm | ppb | |||||||||||
The Alsvågen gabbro-hosted VMS deposit | ||||||||||||||
Alsvåg 01 | 3.77 | 0.04 | 20.10 | 8.52 | 2 | 7.72 | 3 | 74 | 118 | <d.l. ** | 3.3 | 35 | ||
Alsvåg 02 | 2.94 | 0.02 | 11.56 | 3.57 | 4 | 4.00 | 3 | 13 | 45 | <d.l. | 2.6 | 46 | ||
The Lindøya basalt-hosted VMS deposit | ||||||||||||||
Lindøya 01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 39.5 | - | 12 | 41.3 | 233 | 76 | 16 | 1 | 0.5 | 9 | ||
Lindøya 02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 31.8 | - | 15 | 26.3 | 42 | 52 | 6 | <d.l. | 0.5 | 16 | ||
Lindøya 03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 33.9 | - | 5 | 43.5 | 12 | 60 | 13 | 2 | 0.5 | 4 | ||
Lindøya 04 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 30.9 | - | 24 | 30.6 | 506 | 35 | 9 | <d.l. | 0.5 | 25 | ||
The Litlabø sediment-hosted VMS deposit | ||||||||||||||
HO0065.01 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 47.83 | 0.24 | 34.14 | 371 | 22 | 1412 | 341 | - | - | 0.8 | 284 | |
HO0065.02 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 31.18 | 0.88 | 34.39 | 203 | 9 | 1027 | 142 | - | - | 1.2 | 160 | |
HO0065.03 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 33.03 | 0.77 | 27.63 | 78 | 13 | 470 | 103 | - | - | 0.3 | 27 | |
HO0065.04 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 27.73 | 0.61 | 35.21 | 40 | 5 | 571 | 74 | - | - | 0.3 | 22 | |
HO0065.05 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 24.71 | 1.76 | 11.19 | 25 | 10 | 430 | 41 | - | - | 1.4 | 7 | |
HO0065.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 47.11 | 0.08 | 33.72 | 130 | 24 | 729 | 129 | - | - | <d.l. | 25 | |
HO0065.07 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 27.83 | 0.10 | 40.75 | 62 | 4 | 684 | 81 | - | - | 0.4 | 26 | |
HO0065.08 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 44.11 | 0.08 | 34.70 | 152 | 18 | 744 | 130 | - | - | <d.l. | 39 | |
HO0065.09 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 26.39 | 0.40 | 33.89 | 76 | 9 | 843 | 110 | - | - | 0.3 | 32 |
Sample | Mineralogy | δ34S (VCDT, ‰) |
---|---|---|
The Alsvågen gabbro-hosted VMS deposit | ||
20ALS3S1 | Pyrite | 0.5 |
20ALS3S2-po1 | Pyrite | 3.9 |
20ALS3S2-po2 | Pyrite | 0.4 |
20ALS4E | Pyrite | 1.8 |
20ALS4F | Pyrite | 3.0 |
20ALS7S1-po2 | Pyrite | 2.4 |
20ALS7S3-po1 | Pyrite | 1.4 |
20ALS7S3-po2 | Pyrite | 1.6 |
20ALS6D1-po1 | Pyrite | 1.5 |
20ALS6D1-po2 | Pyrite | 0.6 |
20ALS6D2 | Pyrite | 1.8 |
20ALS10B | Chalcopyrite | 0.9 |
The Lindøya basalt-hosted VMS deposit | ||
20LIND-H | Pyrite | 4.9 |
20LIND4B-po1 | Pyrite | 5.9 |
20LIND4B-po2 | Pyrite | 5.7 |
20LIND4B-po3 | Pyrrhotite | 5.9 |
20LIND4B-po4 | Pyrrhotite | 5.7 |
The Litlabø sediment-hosted VMS deposit | ||
19LIT2-po1 | Pyrite | −19.3 |
19LIT2-po2 | Pyrite | −19.7 |
19LIT3-po1 | Pyrrhotite | −15.8 |
19LIT3-po2 | Pyrrhotite | −15.7 |
19LIT3-po2 | Pyrrhotite | −15.7 |
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Strmic Palinkas, S.; Fjellet, T.; Stubseid, H.H.; Liu, X.; Spangenberg, J.E.; Čobić, A.; Pedersen, R.B. Trace Element and Sulfur Isotope Signatures of Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide (VMS) Mineralization: A Case Study from the Sunnhordland Area in SW Norway. Minerals 2024, 14, 384. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14040384
Strmic Palinkas S, Fjellet T, Stubseid HH, Liu X, Spangenberg JE, Čobić A, Pedersen RB. Trace Element and Sulfur Isotope Signatures of Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide (VMS) Mineralization: A Case Study from the Sunnhordland Area in SW Norway. Minerals. 2024; 14(4):384. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14040384
Chicago/Turabian StyleStrmic Palinkas, Sabina, Trond Fjellet, Håvard Hallås Stubseid, Xuan Liu, Jorge Enrique Spangenberg, Andrea Čobić, and Rolf Birger Pedersen. 2024. "Trace Element and Sulfur Isotope Signatures of Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide (VMS) Mineralization: A Case Study from the Sunnhordland Area in SW Norway" Minerals 14, no. 4: 384. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14040384
APA StyleStrmic Palinkas, S., Fjellet, T., Stubseid, H. H., Liu, X., Spangenberg, J. E., Čobić, A., & Pedersen, R. B. (2024). Trace Element and Sulfur Isotope Signatures of Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide (VMS) Mineralization: A Case Study from the Sunnhordland Area in SW Norway. Minerals, 14(4), 384. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14040384