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Symmetry, Volume 3, Issue 1 (March 2011) – 6 articles , Pages 1-125

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457 KiB  
Review
Asymmetric Organocatalytic Reactions of α,β-Unsaturated Cyclic Ketones
by Renato Dalpozzo, Giuseppe Bartoli and Giorgio Bencivenni
Symmetry 2011, 3(1), 84-125; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym3010084 - 22 Mar 2011
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 9829
Abstract
The 1,4-conjugate addition of nucleophiles to α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds represents one fundamental bond-forming reaction in organic synthesis. The development of effective organocatalysts for the enantioselective conjugate addition of malonate, nitroalkane and other carbon and heteroatom nucleophiles to cycloenones constitutes an important research field [...] Read more.
The 1,4-conjugate addition of nucleophiles to α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds represents one fundamental bond-forming reaction in organic synthesis. The development of effective organocatalysts for the enantioselective conjugate addition of malonate, nitroalkane and other carbon and heteroatom nucleophiles to cycloenones constitutes an important research field and has been explored in recent years. At the same time, asymmetric Diels-Alder reactions have been developed and often a mechanism has been demonstrated to be a double addition rather than synchronous. This review aims to cover literature up to the end of 2010, describing all the different organocatalytic asymmetric 1,4-conjugate additions even if they are listed as transfer hydrogenation, cycloadditions or desymmetrization of aromatic compounds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Asymmetric Organocatalysis)
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232 KiB  
Article
Long Time Behaviour on a Path Group of the Heat Semi-group Associated to a Bilaplacian
by Remi Leandre
Symmetry 2011, 3(1), 72-83; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym3010072 - 21 Mar 2011
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4736
Abstract
We show that in long-time the heat semi-group on a path group associated to a Bilaplacian on the group tends to the Haar distribution on a path group. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry Measures on Complex Networks)
258 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Perception on the Distribution of Multiple Symmetries in Nature and Art
by Peter A. Van der Helm
Symmetry 2011, 3(1), 54-71; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym3010054 - 21 Mar 2011
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6583
Abstract
Much is already known about single mirror symmetry, but multiple mirror symmetry is still understood poorly. In particular, perceptually, multiple symmetry does not seem to behave as suggested by the number of symmetry axes alone. Here, theoretical ideas on single symmetry perception and [...] Read more.
Much is already known about single mirror symmetry, but multiple mirror symmetry is still understood poorly. In particular, perceptually, multiple symmetry does not seem to behave as suggested by the number of symmetry axes alone. Here, theoretical ideas on single symmetry perception and their extensions to multiple symmetry are discussed alongside empirical findings on multiple symmetry perception. The evidence suggests that, apart from the number of axes, also their relative orientation is perceptually relevant. This, in turn, suggests that perception is responsible for the preponderance of 3-fold and 5-fold symmetries in flowers as well as for their absence in decorative art. Full article
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596 KiB  
Review
The First Appearance of Symmetry in the Human Lineage: Where Perception Meets Art
by Derek Hodgson
Symmetry 2011, 3(1), 37-53; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym3010037 - 01 Mar 2011
Cited by 41 | Viewed by 11368
Abstract
Although symmetry may be important for understanding the selection of form in art over the historical period, this preference may have originally stemmed from certain basic perceptual mechanism that initially arose during prehistory. The first signs of an awareness to symmetry can be [...] Read more.
Although symmetry may be important for understanding the selection of form in art over the historical period, this preference may have originally stemmed from certain basic perceptual mechanism that initially arose during prehistory. The first signs of an awareness to symmetry can be found in the archaeological record with the arrival of Acheulean handaxes, especially those dating from 500,000 years ago onwards, which are typified by a prodigious bilateral symmetry. As handaxes represent the earliest material record of an interest in symmetry by the human lineage, they provide a privileged means of understanding why this kind of form came to be valued by later human groups, particularly in relation to “art”. Although still controversial, the preference for symmetry at such an early date has been linked to various aspects of perception relating to enduring evolutionary factors. In this regard, it will be demonstrated how the preference for symmetrical Acheulean tools arose out of long standing perceptual correlates relating to ecological factors that predated the arrival of hominins. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry Processing in Perception and Art)
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251 KiB  
Review
Lorentz Harmonics, Squeeze Harmonics and Their Physical Applications
by Young S. Kim and Marilyn E. Noz
Symmetry 2011, 3(1), 16-36; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym3010016 - 14 Feb 2011
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5630
Abstract
Among the symmetries in physics, the rotation symmetry is most familiar to us. It is known that the spherical harmonics serve useful purposes when the world is rotated. Squeeze transformations are also becoming more prominent in physics, particularly in optical sciences and in [...] Read more.
Among the symmetries in physics, the rotation symmetry is most familiar to us. It is known that the spherical harmonics serve useful purposes when the world is rotated. Squeeze transformations are also becoming more prominent in physics, particularly in optical sciences and in high-energy physics. As can be seen from Dirac’s light-cone coordinate system, Lorentz boosts are squeeze transformations. Thus the squeeze transformation is one of the fundamental transformations in Einstein’s Lorentz-covariant world. It is possible to define a complete set of orthonormal functions defined for one Lorentz frame. It is shown that the same set can be used for other Lorentz frames. Transformation properties are discussed. Physical applications are discussed in both optics and high-energy physics. It is shown that the Lorentz harmonics provide the mathematical basis for squeezed states of light. It is shown also that the same set of harmonics can be used for understanding Lorentz-boosted hadrons in high-energy physics. It is thus possible to transmit physics from one branch of physics to the other branch using the mathematical basis common to them. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Symmetry)
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224 KiB  
Article
Symmetry in Complex Networks
by Angel Garrido
Symmetry 2011, 3(1), 1-15; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym3010001 - 10 Jan 2011
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 8017
Abstract
In this paper, we analyze a few interrelated concepts about graphs, such as their degree, entropy, or their symmetry/asymmetry levels. These concepts prove useful in the study of different types of Systems, and particularly, in the analysis of Complex Networks. A System can [...] Read more.
In this paper, we analyze a few interrelated concepts about graphs, such as their degree, entropy, or their symmetry/asymmetry levels. These concepts prove useful in the study of different types of Systems, and particularly, in the analysis of Complex Networks. A System can be defined as any set of components functioning together as a whole. A systemic point of view allows us to isolate a part of the world, and so, we can focus on those aspects that interact more closely than others. Network Science analyzes the interconnections among diverse networks from different domains: physics, engineering, biology, semantics, and so on. Current developments in the quantitative analysis of Complex Networks, based on graph theory, have been rapidly translated to studies of brain network organization. The brain's systems have complex network features—such as the small-world topology, highly connected hubs and modularity. These networks are not random. The topology of many different networks shows striking similarities, such as the scale-free structure, with the degree distribution following a Power Law. How can very different systems have the same underlying topological features? Modeling and characterizing these networks, looking for their governing laws, are the current lines of research. So, we will dedicate this Special Issue paper to show measures of symmetry in Complex Networks, and highlight their close relation with measures of information and entropy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry Measures on Complex Networks)
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