Phosphogypsum Stack Reclamation Using Soil Amendments and Short-Rotational Woody Species
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Location
2.2. Experimental Design and Treatments
2.3. Soil Analyses
2.4. Plant Stock and Management
2.5. Vegetation Assessment
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Amendments on Planted Species
3.2. Effect of Competing Vegetation on Planted Species
3.3. Effect of Amendments on Soil Parameters
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil Parameter | Black Earth | Manure | Compost | Compost + MYKE | MYKE | Control |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nitrate (ugg−1) | 3.3 (1.5) b | 12 (4.4) ab | 19.7 (5.0) a | 18 (2.6) a | 3.3 (0.6) b | 3.3 (2.1) b |
Phosphorus (ugg−1) | 40.7 (6.0) bc | 53.3 (6.1) ab | 61.3 (1.2) a | 64 (7.8) a | 35.7 (2.5) c | 36 (6.1) c |
Potassium (ugg−1) | 88.3 (6.5) b | 216 (67.9) a | 128.3 (5.5) b | 128 (16.5) b | 87 (3.0) b | 85 (1.0) b |
Ammonium (ugg−1) | 1 (0.9) | 0.4 (0.0) | 1.2 (0.6) | 2.9 (2.3) | 0.8 (0.6) | 0.7 (0.5) |
C:N Ratio | 12.3 (0.1) ab | 12 (0.2) ab | 11.7 (0.0) b | 12 (0.1) ab | 12.5 (0.1) a | 12.3 (0.2) ab |
Total nitrogen (%) | 0.2 (0.0) | 0.2 (0.0) | 0.2 (0.0) | 0.2 (0.0) | 0.2 (0.0) | 0.2 (0.0) |
Organic matter (%) | 4 (0.4) | 4.1 (0.4) | 4.4 (0.2) | 4.4 (0.3) | 4.1 (0.3) | 4 (0.7) |
Inorganic carbon (%) | 0.1 (0.0) | 0.1 (0.0) | 0.1 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | 0.1 (0.0) | 0.1 (0.0) |
Organic carbon (%) | 2 (0.2) | 2 (0.2) | 2.2 (0.1) | 2.2 (0.2) | 2 (0.1) | 2 (0.4) |
Soil pH | 7.4 (0.1) | 7.5 (0.1) | 7.4 (0.1) | 7.4 (0.1) | 7.4 (0.1) | 7.5 (0.2) |
Electrical conductivity (ds m−1) | 2.4 (0.1) | 2.2 (0.7) | 2.3 (0.7) | 2.4 (0.4) | 2.3 (0.1) | 1.8 (1.0) |
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Robinson, M.J.C.; Dhar, A.; Naeth, M.A.; Nichol, C.K. Phosphogypsum Stack Reclamation Using Soil Amendments and Short-Rotational Woody Species. Land 2022, 11, 2003. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11112003
Robinson MJC, Dhar A, Naeth MA, Nichol CK. Phosphogypsum Stack Reclamation Using Soil Amendments and Short-Rotational Woody Species. Land. 2022; 11(11):2003. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11112003
Chicago/Turabian StyleRobinson, Martin J. C., Amalesh Dhar, M. Anne Naeth, and Connie K. Nichol. 2022. "Phosphogypsum Stack Reclamation Using Soil Amendments and Short-Rotational Woody Species" Land 11, no. 11: 2003. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11112003