Next Article in Journal
Comparison of the Single Cell Immune Landscape between Subjects with High Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bacillary Loads during Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Household Members with Latent Tuberculosis Infection
Next Article in Special Issue
H3K27-Altered Diffuse Midline Glioma of the Brainstem: From Molecular Mechanisms to Targeted Interventions
Previous Article in Journal
Pharmacological Stimulation of Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Counteracts the Profibrotic Activation of Human Conjunctival Fibroblasts
Previous Article in Special Issue
Association between MGMT Enhancer Methylation and MGMT Promoter Methylation, MGMT Protein Expression, and Overall Survival in Glioblastoma
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Cells
Volume 13
Issue 4
10.3390/cells13040361
cells-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Review

Signaling Pathways of AXL Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Contribute to the Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Glioblastoma

by
Alberto Repici
1,
Alessio Ardizzone
1,
Fabiola De Luca
1,
Lorenzo Colarossi
2,
Angela Prestifilippo
2,
Gabriele Pizzino
2,
Irene Paterniti
1,
Emanuela Esposito
1,* and
Anna Paola Capra
1
1
Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
2
Istituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Via Penninazzo 7, 95029 Viagrande, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Cells 2024, 13(4), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13040361
Submission received: 16 January 2024 / Revised: 5 February 2024 / Accepted: 16 February 2024 / Published: 19 February 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Glioblastoma Cell: From Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms to Innovative Therapy)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

Brain tumors are a diverse collection of neoplasms affecting the brain with a high prevalence rate in people of all ages around the globe. In this pathological context, glioblastoma, a form of glioma that belongs to the IV-grade astrocytoma group, is the most common and most aggressive form of the primary brain tumors. Indeed, despite the best treatments available including surgery, radiotherapy or a pharmacological approach with Temozolomide, glioblastoma patients’ mortality is still high, within a few months of diagnosis. Therefore, to increase the chances of these patients surviving, it is critical to keep finding novel treatment opportunities. In the past, efforts to treat glioblastoma have mostly concentrated on customized treatment plans that target specific mutations such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, Neurotrophic Tyrosine Receptor Kinase (NTRK) fusions, or multiple receptors using multi-kinase inhibitors like Sunitinib and Regorafenib, with varying degrees of success. Here, we focused on the receptor tyrosine kinase AXL that has been identified as a mediator for tumor progression and therapy resistance in various cancer types, including squamous cell tumors, small cell lung cancer, and breast cancer. Activated AXL leads to a significant increase in tumor proliferation, tumor cell migration, and angiogenesis in different in vitro and in vivo models of cancer since this receptor regulates interplay with apoptotic, angiogenic and inflammatory pathways. Based on these premises, in this review we mainly focused on the role of AXL in the course of glioblastoma, considering its primary biological mechanisms and as a possible target for the application of the most recent treatments.
Keywords: neuro-oncology; Central Nervous System (CNS); glioblastoma; AXL receptor; neuroinflammation neuro-oncology; Central Nervous System (CNS); glioblastoma; AXL receptor; neuroinflammation

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Repici, A.; Ardizzone, A.; De Luca, F.; Colarossi, L.; Prestifilippo, A.; Pizzino, G.; Paterniti, I.; Esposito, E.; Capra, A.P. Signaling Pathways of AXL Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Contribute to the Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Glioblastoma. Cells 2024, 13, 361. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13040361

AMA Style

Repici A, Ardizzone A, De Luca F, Colarossi L, Prestifilippo A, Pizzino G, Paterniti I, Esposito E, Capra AP. Signaling Pathways of AXL Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Contribute to the Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Glioblastoma. Cells. 2024; 13(4):361. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13040361

Chicago/Turabian Style

Repici, Alberto, Alessio Ardizzone, Fabiola De Luca, Lorenzo Colarossi, Angela Prestifilippo, Gabriele Pizzino, Irene Paterniti, Emanuela Esposito, and Anna Paola Capra. 2024. "Signaling Pathways of AXL Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Contribute to the Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Glioblastoma" Cells 13, no. 4: 361. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13040361

APA Style

Repici, A., Ardizzone, A., De Luca, F., Colarossi, L., Prestifilippo, A., Pizzino, G., Paterniti, I., Esposito, E., & Capra, A. P. (2024). Signaling Pathways of AXL Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Contribute to the Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Glioblastoma. Cells, 13(4), 361. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13040361

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop