Kura Clover Living Mulch: Spring Management Effects on Nitrogen
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description and Experimental Design
2.2. Soil N
2.3. Soil-Atmosphere Gas Exchange
2.4. Clover Sampling
2.5. Environmental Conditions
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Environmental Conditions
3.2. Short-Term Soil N Response to Residue Management
3.3. Zone Differentiated N Response to Residue Management and Row Establishment
3.4. Zone Weighted N Response to Residue and Row Management
3.5. Cumulative N Gas Emissions
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Treatment | Mowed | Residue | Row Management | Chemical Suppression |
---|---|---|---|---|
Date | 29 May | 31 May | 4 June | 22 June |
Control | No | - | None | No |
K/Rm | Yes | Removed | Band-kill | Yes |
T/Rm | Zone-till | |||
K/Rt | Returned | Band-kill | ||
T/Rt | Zone-till |
Factor | Time Integration | * EFs | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NO3–N | NH4–N | TIN | NO3–N | NH4–N | TIN | |
----g N m−2 * d---- | --------EF, %-------- | |||||
System | ||||||
‡ Control | 4.6b† | 3.1 | 7.7b | |||
§ Rt | 9.5a | 5.0 | 14.5a | 222 | 161 | 194 |
|| Rm | 7.3ab | 4.3 | 11.5a | 162 | 135 | 151 |
Significance | p-value | |||||
0.038 | 0.129 | 0.015 | 0.249 | 0.380 | 0.259 |
Fixed Effect | NO3–N | NH4–N | TIN | NH3–N |
---|---|---|---|---|
--------* EF, %-------- | ||||
Row management (Rw) | ||||
‡ K | 268b† | 125 | 218b | 146 |
§ T | 429a | 103 | 320a | 144 |
Residue management (Rs) | ||||
│ Rt | 357 | 98 | 270 | 151 |
|| Rm | 340 | 130 | 268 | 138 |
Zone (Z) | ||||
Interrow | 193b | 140 | 175b | 120b |
Row | 504a | 88 | 363a | 170a |
Significance | p-value | |||
Rw | 0.001 | 0.535 | 0.005 | 0.881 |
Rs | 0.578 | 0.377 | 0.954 | 0.369 |
Rw × Rs | 0.144 | 0.787 | 0.218 | 0.140 |
Z | <0.001 | 0.161 | <0.001 | 0.006 |
Rw × Z | <0.001 | 0.340 | <0.001 | 0.476 |
Rs × Z | 0.452 | 0.384 | 0.378 | 0.280 |
Rw × Rs × Z | 0.938 | 0.649 | 0.749 | 0.475 |
Fixed Effect | N2O–N | NH3–N | NO3–N | NH4–N | TIN | Biomass | Biomass-N |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
--------* EF, %-------- | Mg ha−1 | kg N ha−1 | |||||
Row management (Rw) | |||||||
‡ K | 423 | 144 | 220b† | 116 | 179b | 1.6 | 47.3 |
§ T | 376 | 151 | 304a | 110 | 229a | 1.9 | 45.3 |
Residue management (Rs) | |||||||
│ Rt | 349 | 156 | 268 | 105 | 205 | 1.9 | 47.7 |
|| Rm | 450 | 139 | 256 | 121 | 203 | 1.6 | 45.0 |
Significance | p-value | ||||||
Rw | 0.594 | 0.507 | 0.002 | 0.765 | 0.003 | 0.339 | 0.789 |
Rs | 0.272 | 0.149 | 0.495 | 0.486 | 0.850 | 0.305 | 0.724 |
Rw × Rs | 0.810 | 0.102 | 0.100 | 0.690 | 0.082 | 0.852 | 0.887 |
Fixed Effect | N2O–N | NH3–N |
---|---|---|
kg ha–1 | ||
System | ||
† Control | 0.65 | 0.64 |
‡ K/ │Rt | 2.12 | 0.81 |
K/ || Rm | 2.59 | 0.86 |
§ T/Rt | 1.76 | 0.97 |
T/Rm | 2.09 | 0.75 |
Significance | p-value | |
System | 0.060 | 0.274 |
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Alexander, J.R.; Venterea, R.T.; Baker, J.M.; Coulter, J.A. Kura Clover Living Mulch: Spring Management Effects on Nitrogen. Agronomy 2019, 9, 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9020069
Alexander JR, Venterea RT, Baker JM, Coulter JA. Kura Clover Living Mulch: Spring Management Effects on Nitrogen. Agronomy. 2019; 9(2):69. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9020069
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlexander, Jonathan R., Rodney T. Venterea, John M. Baker, and Jeffrey A. Coulter. 2019. "Kura Clover Living Mulch: Spring Management Effects on Nitrogen" Agronomy 9, no. 2: 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9020069