Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Studies Reveal Mechanisms of Effects of CPPU-Mediated Fruit-Setting on Attenuating Volatile Attributes of Melon Fruit
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Materials and Treatment for Fruit Set
2.2. Analysis of Fruit Quality
2.3. Identification of VOCs by GC–MS
2.4. RNA Extraction, Library Construction, and RNA Sequencing
2.5. Mapping of Reads to the Reference Genome and Differential Gene Expression Analysis
2.6. Validation of Gene Expression by qRT-PCR
3. Results
3.1. Effect of CPPU on the Sensorial Qualities of Different Treatments
3.2. CPPU Treatment of Ovaries Influences VOCs of Mature Melon Fruits
3.3. DEG Analysis between Different Treatments
3.4. GO Enrichment and KEGG Pathway Analysis of DEGs
3.5. Expression Pattern of DEGs Involved in Carotenoid Biosynthesis Pathways
3.6. Expression Pattern of DEGs Involved in Fatty Acid Metabolism Pathways
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Seeds/Fruit | TA (%) | SS (%) | SS/TA | Pulp Color Analysis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Null | Plump | Center | Edge | L* | a* | b* | |||
P | 53 a | 712 c | 0.023 b | 12.27 a | 6.83 a | 540.86 b | 67.79 a | 9.00 b | 22.42 b |
C10 | 550 c | 0 a | 0.026 b c | 12.00 a | 6.00 a | 475.47 a b | 67.77 a | 7.56 a | 19.78 a |
C20 | 685 d | 0 a | 0.030 c | 12.26 a | 6.27 a | 409.74 a | 68.03 a | 7.52 a | 19.89 a |
P-C10 | 243 b | 516 b | 0.015 a | 13.33 a | 5.51 a | 877.45 c | 68.17 a | 9.64 b | 23.37 b |
P-C20 | 307 b | 543 b | 0.015 a | 13.83 a | 7.17 a | 879.71 c | 68.12 a | 9.58 b | 23.99 b |
Types | P | C10 | C20 | P-C10 | P-C20 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
All volatiles | 67 | 68 | 73 | 61 | 65 |
Aldehydes | 12 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 |
Alcohols | 18 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 21 |
Alkanes | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 5 |
Esters | 10 | 13 | 13 | 5 | 6 |
Terpenes | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
Acids | 2 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
Ketones | 9 | 9 | 12 | 12 | 13 |
Others | 8 | 6 | 9 | 8 | 8 |
Type | P | C20 | P-C20 | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total clean reads | 47,417,428 | 46,854,420 | 46,704,089 | 140,975,937 |
Total mapped reads (%) | 40,730,142 (85.9%) | 42,789,550 (91.32%) | 43,752,495 (93.68%) | 127,272,187 |
Unique mapped reads (%) | 40,291,259 (84.97%) | 42,322,747 (90.33%) | 43,281,516 (92.67%) | 125,895,522 |
GO Domain | GO ID | Description | p-Value (<0.05) | Upregulated DEGs | Downregulated DEGs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C20 vs. P | |||||
CC | GO:0000502 | proteasome complex | 0.000373 | 15 | 0 |
CC | GO:1905369 | endopeptidase complex | 0.000373 | 15 | 0 |
CC | GO:0005839 | proteasome core complex | 0.001694 | 13 | 0 |
CC | GO:0098796 | membrane protein complex | 0.001752 | 46 | 17 |
CC | GO:0031090 | organelle membrane | 0.005092 | 24 | 4 |
CC | GO:0000148 | 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase complex | 0.005436 | 4 | 4 |
CC | GO:0016469 | proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex | 0.005773 | 14 | 3 |
CC | GO:0044433 | cytoplasmic vesicle part | 0.007137 | 11 | 0 |
CC | GO:0048475 | coated membrane | 0.008665 | 18 | 0 |
MF | GO:0046982 | protein heterodimerization activity | 1.64 × 10−6 | 31 | 7 |
P-C20 vs. P | |||||
BP | GO:0044262 | cellular carbohydrate metabolic process | 0.000112 | 27 | 25 |
CC | GO:0000502 | proteasome complex | 0.001535 | 13 | 1 |
CC | GO:1905369 | endopeptidase complex | 0.001535 | 13 | 1 |
CC | GO:0000148 | 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase complex | 0.004909 | 3 | 5 |
CC | GO:0005794 | Golgi apparatus | 0.005856 | 12 | 2 |
CC | GO:0005839 | proteasome core complex | 0.006268 | 11 | 1 |
CC | GO:0044433 | cytoplasmic vesicle part | 0.0063 | 10 | 1 |
CC | GO:0048475 | coated membrane | 0.007316 | 17 | 1 |
P-C20 vs. C20 | |||||
MF | GO:0046982 | protein heterodimerization activity | 0.00011 | 6 | 24 |
MF | GO:0016616 | oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor | 0.00014 | 8 | 27 |
Pathway ID | Description | p-Value | Up-DEGs | Down-DEGs |
---|---|---|---|---|
C20 vs. P | ||||
cmo01200 | Carbon metabolism | 3.79 × 10−7 | 80 | 48 |
cmo00010 | Glycolysis/gluconeogenesis | 4.57 × 10−5 | 45 | 17 |
cmo03050 | Proteasome | 0.000106 | 33 | 1 |
cmo00020 | Citrate cycle | 0.000438 | 24 | 6 |
cmo00710 | Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms | 0.000754 | 26 | 12 |
cmo04141 | Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum | 0.003614 | 62 | 26 |
cmo01230 | Biosynthesis of amino acids | 0.004817 | 64 | 36 |
cmo00270 | Cysteine and methionine metabolism | 0.005417 | 26 | 22 |
cmo00620 | Pyruvate metabolism | 0.019647 | 28 | 13 |
cmo00410 | Beta-alanine metabolism | 0.025858 | 12 | 10 |
cmo01210 | 2-Oxocarboxylic acid metabolism | 0.025864 | 15 | 8 |
cmo00520 | Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism | 0.027494 | 36 | 19 |
cmo00630 | Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism | 0.030972 | 18 | 15 |
cmo00100 | Steroid biosynthesis | 0.036458 | 12 | 3 |
cmo00906 | Carotenoid biosynthesis | 0.055387 | 8 | 10 |
cmo00071 | Fatty acid degradation | 0.244985 | 8 | 12 |
cmo01212 | Fatty acid metabolism | 0.364423 | 15 | 10 |
cmo00999 | Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites | 0.462116 | 6 | 1 |
cmo00061 | Fatty acid biosynthesis | 0.741792 | 11 | 2 |
cmo00592 | Alpha-linolenic acid metabolism | 0.969227 | 5 | 6 |
P-C20 vs. P | ||||
cmo00410 | Beta-alanine metabolism | 0.00065 | 5 | 20 |
cmo01200 | Carbon metabolism | 0.000949 | 47 | 60 |
cmo04144 | Endocytosis | 0.001829 | 62 | 13 |
cmo00280 | Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation | 0.001919 | 5 | 22 |
cmo03050 | Proteasome | 0.002888 | 27 | 2 |
cmo00960 | Tropane, piperidine and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis | 0.003568 | 3 | 9 |
cmo03030 | DNA replication | 0.00469 | 21 | 6 |
cmo00270 | Cysteine and methionine metabolism | 0.005184 | 20 | 25 |
cmo01230 | Biosynthesis of amino acids | 0.012349 | 39 | 53 |
cmo00020 | Citrate cycle | 0.034884 | 16 | 7 |
cmo00710 | Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms | 0.049507 | 15 | 15 |
cmo00071 | Fatty acid degradation | 0.153584 | 5 | 15 |
cmo00592 | Alpha-linolenic acid metabolism | 0.177497 | 6 | 12 |
cmo01212 | Fatty acid metabolism | 0.188288 | 9 | 16 |
cmo00906 | Carotenoid biosynthesis | 0.571574 | 3 | 9 |
cmo00061 | Fatty acid biosynthesis | 0.828661 | 6 | 5 |
cmo00591 | Linoleic acid metabolism | 0.864514 | 1 | 2 |
P-C20 vs. C20 | ||||
cmo01230 | Biosynthesis of amino acids | 9.25 × 10−6 | 27 | 66 |
cmo00710 | Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms | 1.07 × 10−5 | 11 | 25 |
cmo00280 | Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation | 2.22 × 10−5 | 2 | 26 |
cmo01212 | Fatty acid metabolism | 7.77 × 10−5 | 8 | 24 |
cmo01200 | Carbon metabolism | 0.000115 | 22 | 75 |
cmo00250 | Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism | 0.00033 | 7 | 21 |
cmo00630 | Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism | 0.0004 | 8 | 25 |
cmo00640 | Propanoate metabolism | 0.000946 | 1 | 18 |
cmo00400 | Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis | 0.000996 | 6 | 17 |
cmo00270 | Cysteine and methionine metabolism | 0.001372 | 13 | 28 |
cmo00071 | Fatty acid degradation | 0.002424 | 5 | 18 |
cmo00010 | Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis | 0.007568 | 9 | 36 |
cmo00410 | beta-Alanine metabolism | 0.008243 | 4 | 16 |
cmo00480 | Glutathione metabolism | 0.009575 | 5 | 30 |
cmo00620 | Pyruvate metabolism | 0.014003 | 5 | 29 |
cmo00900 | Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis | 0.022365 | 3 | 19 |
cmo00592 | Alpha-linolenic acid metabolism | 0.026348 | 4 | 15 |
cmo00520 | Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism | 0.032696 | 22 | 22 |
cmo00999 | Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites | 0.043666 | 1 | 8 |
cmo00061 | Fatty acid biosynthesis | 0.055871 | 4 | 12 |
cmo00906 | Carotenoid biosynthesis | 0.248993 | 5 | 7 |
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Li, J.; Lin, T.; Ren, D.; Wang, T.; Tang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Xu, L.; Zhu, P.; Ma, G. Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Studies Reveal Mechanisms of Effects of CPPU-Mediated Fruit-Setting on Attenuating Volatile Attributes of Melon Fruit. Agronomy 2021, 11, 1007. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11051007
Li J, Lin T, Ren D, Wang T, Tang Y, Wang Y, Xu L, Zhu P, Ma G. Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Studies Reveal Mechanisms of Effects of CPPU-Mediated Fruit-Setting on Attenuating Volatile Attributes of Melon Fruit. Agronomy. 2021; 11(5):1007. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11051007
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Jufen, Tao Lin, Dandan Ren, Tan Wang, Ying Tang, Yiwen Wang, Ling Xu, Pinkuan Zhu, and Guobin Ma. 2021. "Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Studies Reveal Mechanisms of Effects of CPPU-Mediated Fruit-Setting on Attenuating Volatile Attributes of Melon Fruit" Agronomy 11, no. 5: 1007. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11051007