Nanoscale Extracellular Vesicle-Enabled Liquid Biopsy: Advances and Challenges for Lung Cancer Detection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Liquid Biopsy Approach
3. Extracellular Vesicles (EVs)
4. Current State of EV-Based Liquid Biopsy for Lung Cancer
5. Two Critical Factors for EV-Based Liquid Biopsies
5.1. Isolation Techniques for EVs
Isolation Technique | Strengths | Weaknesses |
---|---|---|
Ultracentrifugation |
|
|
Density Gradient Centrifugation |
|
|
Size Exclusion Chromatography |
|
|
Ultrafiltration |
|
|
Precipitation |
|
|
Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation |
|
|
Tangential Flow Filtration |
|
|
Anion Exchange Chromatography |
|
|
Immunoaffinity |
|
|
Microfluidic Platform |
|
|
5.2. Analysis Techniques for EVs
Technique | Strengths | Weaknesses |
---|---|---|
TEM |
|
|
SEM |
|
|
AFM |
|
|
NTA |
|
|
DLS |
|
|
TRPS |
|
|
WB |
|
|
ELISA |
|
|
MS |
|
|
PCR |
|
|
TIRF |
|
|
FC |
|
|
SPR |
|
|
SERS |
|
|
6. Challenges
7. Future Prospects
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Subtype | Size | Origination | Markers | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Exosomes | 30–150 nm | Late endosomal through MVBs | CD9, CD63, Tsg101, CD81, ALIX, HSP70 | [31] |
Microvesicles | 100–1000 nm | Directly through plasma membrane budding | Integrins, Selectins, CD40, tissue factor | [32] |
Apoptotic bodies | 100–5000 nm | Through programmed cell death | Annexin V, C3b, thrombospondin, Annexin A1, histone coagulation factor | [33] |
Exomeres | ≤50 nm | Through cleavage of cytoplasmic extension | TGFBI, ENO1 and GPC1 | [34] |
Migrasomes | 500–3000 | Through bifurcation of retraction fibers during cell migration | Tspan4, CD63, Annexin A1 | [35] |
Oncosomes | 1000–10,000 | Through cancer cell amoeboid movement | Cav-1 or ADP ribosylation factor 6 | [36] |
Supermeres | 35–50 | Not explored | TGFBI, ACE2, PCSK9, miR-1246, MET, GPC1 and AGO2. | [37] |
Source | EV-Based Biomarker | Utility | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Plasma | NY-ESO-1 | Prognostic | [44] |
Serum | PD-L1 | Diagnosis | [45] |
Urine | LRG1 | Diagnosis | [46] |
Serum | PD-L1 | Prognosis | [47] |
Plasma | EpCam | Diagnosis and prognosis | [48] |
Serum | EGFR | Diagnosis | [49] |
plasma | CD151, CD171, and tetraspanin 8 | Diagnosis | [44] |
Plasma | CD63, CD9, CD81 | Diagnosis and prognosis | [50] |
Plasma | miR-19-3p, miR-221-3p, and miR-21-5p | Diagnosis | [51] |
Plasma | miR-21 and miR-4257 | Prognosis | [52] |
Pleural effusion | miR-200 | Diagnosis | [53] |
Saliva | miR-92b-5p | Diagnosis | [54] |
Urine and saliva | miRNA-205 | Diagnosis | [55] |
Serum | miR-125b-5p | Diagnosis | [56] |
Plasma | miR-30b/30c | Diagnosis | [57] |
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Khan, A.; Raza, F.; He, N. Nanoscale Extracellular Vesicle-Enabled Liquid Biopsy: Advances and Challenges for Lung Cancer Detection. Micromachines 2024, 15, 1181. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15101181
Khan A, Raza F, He N. Nanoscale Extracellular Vesicle-Enabled Liquid Biopsy: Advances and Challenges for Lung Cancer Detection. Micromachines. 2024; 15(10):1181. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15101181
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhan, Adeel, Faisal Raza, and Nongyue He. 2024. "Nanoscale Extracellular Vesicle-Enabled Liquid Biopsy: Advances and Challenges for Lung Cancer Detection" Micromachines 15, no. 10: 1181. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15101181