Remote Sensing of Local Warming Trend in Alberta, Canada during 2001–2020, and Its Relationship with Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area and Data Used
2.1. Description of the Study Area
2.2. Data Used and Their Preprocessing
3. Methods
3.1. Mapping Local Warming Trend
3.1.1. Mann–Kendall Test
3.1.2. Sen’s Slope Estimator
3.2. Correlating Atmospheric Oscillations
4. Results
4.1. Analysis of Local Warming Trend at the Natural Subregion Scale
4.2. Correlation Analysis of LST Anomalies with the Atmospheric Oscillations
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Natural Region | Natural Subregion | Month | Annual | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |||
Rocky Mountain | Alpine | −0.018 | −0.162 | 0.020 | −0.025 | 0.163 ^ | −0.025 | −0.023 | 0.011 | 0.047 | −0.047 | −0.009 | 0.036 | −0.008 |
Subalpine | −0.005 | −0.163 | −0.008 | −0.020 | 0.162 | −0.046 | −0.020 | 0.035 | 0.024 | −0.067 | −0.048 | 0.038 | −0.018 | |
Montane | −0.074 | −0.107 | −0.199 | −0.111 | 0.054 | −0.064 | −0.081 | 0.028 | −0.012 | −0.130 | −0.192 | 0.033 | −0.066 * | |
Foothills | Upper Foothills | −0.020 | −0.222 | −0.044 | −0.062 | 0.166 * | −0.023 | −0.038 | 0.029 | 0.045 | −0.049 | −0.185 | 0.070 | −0.023 |
Lower Foothills | −0.010 | −0.172 | −0.020 | −0.129 | 0.189 * | −0.031 | −0.060 | −0.010 | 0.044 | 0.008 | −0.260 | 0.113 | −0.037 | |
Grassland | Dry Mixedgrass | −0.081 | −0.119 | −0.023 | −0.271 | 0.045 | 0.046 | −0.226 ^ | 0.050 | 0.025 | −0.127 | −0.311 ^ | −0.007 | −0.088 |
Mixedgrass | −0.085 | −0.173 | −0.084 | −0.186 | 0.027 | −0.040 | −0.190 | 0.061 | 0.092 | −0.179 | −0.344 ^ | −0.003 | −0.111 ^ | |
Northern Fescue | −0.043 | −0.094 | −0.007 | −0.308 * | 0.007 | −0.064 | −0.341 * | −0.157 | −0.082 | −0.046 | −0.310 | 0.007 * | −0.142 ** | |
Foothills Fescue | −0.085 | −0.130 | −0.128 | −0.167 | 0.090 | −0.057 | −0.142 ** | 0.020 | 0.031 | −0.149 | −0.360 * | −0.065 | −0.120 * | |
Parkland | Foothills Parkland | −0.183 | −0.122 | −0.143 | −0.066 | 0.089 | −0.046 | −0.108 ^ | −0.009 | −0.013 | −0.146 | −0.258 | −0.017 | −0.093 ^ |
Central Parkland | −0.004 | −0.108 | 0.030 | −0.246 | 0.003 | −0.066 | −0.198 * | −0.204 * | −0.077 | −0.044 | −0.278 | 0.034 | −0.126 * | |
Peace River Parkland | 0.059 | −0.015 | 0.001 | −0.037 | 0.245 * | −0.117 | −0.126 | −0.097 | 0.008 | −0.012 | −0.368 * | 0.186 | −0.023 | |
Boreal Forest | Dry Mixedwood | 0.068 | −0.092 | −0.016 | −0.153 | 0.163 * | −0.025 | −0.128 | −0.038 | −0.011 | −0.058 | −0.273 ^ | 0.151 | −0.052 |
Central Mixedwood | 0.056 | −0.147 | 0.044 | −0.117 | 0.154 * | 0.024 | −0.046 | 0.051 | 0.001 | −0.109 | −0.202 | 0.052 | 0.001 | |
Lower Boreal Highlands | 0.017 | −0.203 | 0.058 | −0.138 | 0.214 * | 0.010 | −0.019 | 0.043 | −0.084 | −0.068 | −0.154 | 0.047 | 0.005 | |
Upper Boreal Highlands | 0.099 | −0.133 | 0.031 | −0.087 | 0.189 * | 0.024 | 0.007 | 0.064 | 0.019 | −0.112 | −0.230 | 0.015 | 0.000 | |
Athabasca Plain | 0.029 | −0.208 | −0.009 | 0.035 | 0.320 * | 0.108 | 0.030 | 0.199 * | −0.032 | −0.155 | −0.219 | −0.134 | −0.006 | |
Peace–Athabasca Delta | 0.003 | −0.128 | 0.037 | 0.051 | 0.240 * | 0.000 | −0.026 | 0.107 | 0.000 | −0.170 | −0.212 | −0.123 | −0.017 | |
Northern Mixedwood | 0.028 | −0.162 | 0.057 | −0.013 | 0.248 * | 0.080 * | 0.039 | 0.106 | 0.014 | −0.097 | −0.128 | −0.004 | 0.026 | |
Boreal Subarctic | 0.109 | −0.154 | 0.052 | 0.046 | 0.225 * | 0.036 | −0.035 | 0.051 | 0.043 | −0.086 | −0.103 | −0.032 | 0.022 | |
Canadian Shield | Kazan Upland | 0.011 | −0.097 | −0.017 | −0.016 | 0.230 * | −0.015 | −0.005 | 0.116 | −0.024 | −0.185 | −0.110 | −0.029 | −0.013 |
Alberta (Study area) | −0.026 | −0.127 | 0.038 | −0.131 | 0.141 * | 0.004 | −0.079 | 0.002 | −0.004 | −0.047 | −0.219 | 0.044 | −0.032 |
Natural Region | Natural Subregion | Month | Annual | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |||
Rocky Mountain | Alpine | 0.053 | −0.117 | 0.027 | −0.013 | 0.190 * | 0.019 | 0.013 | 0.060 | 0.013 | −0.050 | −0.023 | −0.003 | 0.013 |
Subalpine | 0.029 | −0.120 | 0.019 | −0.003 | 0.172 * | −0.008 | −0.013 | 0.085 | 0.023 | −0.049 | −0.026 | −0.011 | 0.008 | |
Montane | 0.022 | −0.072 | −0.104 | −0.067 | 0.049 | 0.042 | −0.044 | 0.095 ^ | 0.020 | −0.047 | −0.103 | 0.056 | 0.002 | |
Foothills | Upper Foothills | −0.022 | −0.255 | −0.064 | −0.074 | 0.136 * | 0.027 | −0.017 | 0.059 | 0.030 | −0.075 | −0.139 | 0.047 | −0.027 |
Lower Foothills | 0.018 | −0.211 | −0.045 | −0.097 | 0.118 * | 0.033 | −0.004 | 0.056 | 0.006 | −0.070 | −0.193 | 0.023 | −0.021 | |
Grassland | Dry Mixedgrass | −0.089 | −0.050 | −0.134 | −0.136 | −0.013 | 0.027 | −0.058 | 0.075 | 0.007 | −0.150 ^ | −0.188 * | −0.005 | −0.041 |
Mixedgrass | −0.024 | −0.073 | −0.140 | −0.075 | 0.000 | 0.042 | −0.038 | 0.089 ^ | 0.026 | −0.108 | −0.102 | 0.032 | −0.017 | |
Northern Fescue | 0.037 | −0.155 | −0.069 | −0.143 | 0.014 | 0.030 | −0.014 | 0.063 | −0.007 | −0.074 | −0.252 ^ | 0.013 | −0.056 | |
Foothills Fescue | −0.018 | −0.124 | −0.124 | −0.095 | −0.007 | 0.034 | −0.032 | 0.082 * | 0.043 | −0.092 | −0.105 | 0.074 | −0.022 | |
Parkland | Foothills Parkland | −0.029 | −0.118 | −0.094 | −0.091 | 0.010 | 0.051 | −0.019 | 0.091 * | 0.062 | −0.070 | −0.100 | 0.034 | −0.020 |
Central Parkland | 0.042 | −0.176 | −0.022 | −0.107 | 0.093 | 0.073 | 0.007 | 0.071 * | 0.053 | −0.052 | −0.253 | 0.098 | −0.040 | |
Peace River Parkland | 0.032 | −0.130 | −0.053 | −0.031 | 0.182 * | 0.018 | −0.022 | 0.078 | 0.026 | −0.084 | −0.197 | 0.037 | −0.007 | |
Boreal Forest | Dry Mixedwood | 0.007 | −0.232 | −0.007 | −0.145 | 0.149 * | 0.051 | −0.001 | 0.060 | −0.040 | −0.082 | −0.200 | 0.107 | −0.041 |
Central Mixedwood | 0.062 | −0.053 | 0.045 | −0.111 | 0.139 ^ | 0.038 | 0.012 | 0.105 | 0.039 | −0.065 | −0.210 | 0.040 | −0.021 | |
Lower Boreal Highlands | 0.125 | −0.098 | 0.049 | −0.072 | 0.188 ** | 0.031 | 0.018 | 0.099 | 0.034 | −0.079 | −0.244 | 0.078 | −0.013 | |
Upper Boreal Highlands | 0.109 | −0.085 | 0.004 | −0.060 | 0.186 * | 0.053 | 0.021 | 0.079 | 0.036 | −0.077 | −0.244 | 0.049 | −0.012 | |
Athabasca Plain | −0.006 | −0.108 | 0.001 | −0.109 | 0.151 | 0.069 | 0.016 | 0.059 | 0.049 | −0.097 | −0.189 | −0.113 | −0.031 | |
Peace–Athabasca Delta | 0.088 | −0.082 | 0.009 | −0.086 | 0.164 ^ | 0.094 | 0.033 | 0.137 ^ | 0.075 | −0.101 | −0.199 | −0.089 | 0.001 | |
Northern Mixedwood | 0.058 | −0.101 | 0.043 | −0.123 | 0.134 * | 0.038 | −0.022 | 0.119 | 0.030 | −0.064 | −0.200 ^ | 0.047 | −0.009 | |
Boreal Subarctic | 0.095 | −0.089 | 0.106 | −0.100 | 0.157 * | 0.040 | −0.014 | 0.095 | 0.036 | −0.034 | −0.219 | 0.058 | −0.002 | |
Canadian Shield | Kazan Upland | 0.057 | −0.099 | −0.007 | −0.116 | 0.149 | 0.052 | −0.001 | 0.063 | 0.001 | −0.137 | −0.151 | −0.086 | −0.026 |
Alberta (Study area) | 0.010 | −0.097 | −0.020 | −0.087 | 0.114 ^ | 0.050 | −0.002 | 0.085 | 0.031 | −0.085 | −0.197 | 0.039 | −0.028 |
LST | Confidence Level (%) | Area Coverage (%) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Annual | |||
Day | Not significant | 98.72 | 97.24 | 99.71 | 94.15 | 53.21 | 87.62 | 77.13 | 83.09 | 99.90 | 97.77 | 76.59 | 99.98 | 78.98 | |
Cooling | ≥90 | 0.21 | 2.19 | 0.22 | 4.08 | 0.04 | 2.57 | 8.65 | 2.95 | 0.07 | 1.78 | 16.86 | 0.01 | 7.61 | |
≥95 | 0.02 | 0.56 | 0.04 | 1.71 | 0.00 | 1.59 | 10.20 | 4.31 | 0.01 | 0.43 | 6.44 | 0.00 | 10.12 | ||
≥99 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 2.38 | 2.21 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.00 | 2.81 | ||
Warming | ≥90 | 0.80 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 15.26 | 3.05 | 0.90 | 3.56 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.29 | |
≥95 | 0.25 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 23.15 | 3.76 | 0.69 | 3.21 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.19 | ||
≥99 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 8.34 | 1.09 | 0.06 | 0.66 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||
Night | Not significant | 99.34 | 97.01 | 99.58 | 94.61 | 55.37 | 85.48 | 97.61 | 76.98 | 99.71 | 97.15 | 78.88 | 99.94 | 96.17 | |
Cooling | ≥90 | 0.10 | 2.28 | 0.33 | 4.44 | 0.03 | 0.29 | 1.19 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.12 | 15.07 | 0.00 | 2.36 | |
≥95 | 0.03 | 0.67 | 0.03 | 0.93 | 0.00 | 0.16 | 0.40 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.72 | 5.88 | 0.00 | 1.12 | ||
≥99 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.17 | 0.00 | 0.22 | ||
Warming | ≥90 | 0.47 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 14.00 | 7.40 | 0.52 | 13.29 | 0.23 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.11 | |
≥95 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 21.88 | 5.46 | 0.23 | 8.67 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | ||
≥99 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 8.73 | 1.16 | 0.04 | 1.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Month | Natural Region | Rocky Mountain | Foothills | Grassland | Parkland | Boreal Forest | Ca Sd | Alberta | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subregion | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | ||
Jan | Day | 0.62 | 0.57 | 0.30 | 0.52 | 0.51 | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.25 | 0.02 | 0.21 | 0.39 | 0.49 | 0.51 | 0.41 | 0.48 | 0.43 | 0.27 | 0.24 | 0.46 | 0.43 | 0.35 | 0.44 |
Night | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.29 | 0.42 | 0.46 | 0.34 | 0.30 | 0.46 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.47 | 0.45 | 0.47 | 0.44 | 0.33 | 0.29 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.48 | |
Feb | Day | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.78 | 0.80 | 0.77 | 0.66 | 0.72 | 0.67 | 0.75 | 0.79 | 0.70 | 0.71 | 0.70 | 0.59 | 0.60 | 0.66 | 0.40 | 0.37 | 0.46 | 0.59 | 0.32 | 0.71 |
Night | 0.82 | 0.81 | 0.71 | 0.80 | 0.78 | 0.62 | 0.68 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.71 | 0.70 | 0.81 | 0.70 | 0.65 | 0.69 | 0.67 | 0.50 | 0.51 | 0.57 | 0.63 | 0.51 | 0.73 | |
Mar | Day | 0.56 | 0.59 | 0.58 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.51 | 0.56 | 0.49 | 0.55 | 0.57 | 0.52 | 0.64 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.64 | 0.63 | 0.66 | 0.63 | 0.58 | 0.60 | 0.62 | 0.64 |
Night | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.52 | 0.60 | 0.58 | 0.49 | 0.51 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.51 | 0.55 | 0.59 | 0.61 | 0.62 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.60 | 0.58 | 0.65 | 0.59 | 0.58 | 0.63 | |
Apr | Day | 0.73 | 0.73 | 0.75 | 0.80 | 0.81 | 0.53 | 0.59 | 0.64 | 0.65 | 0.68 | 0.75 | 0.69 | 0.76 | 0.78 | 0.76 | 0.79 | 0.66 | 0.63 | 0.72 | 0.75 | 0.68 | 0.79 |
Night | 0.72 | 0.72 | 0.75 | 0.80 | 0.78 | 0.68 | 0.74 | 0.75 | 0.78 | 0.83 | 0.72 | 0.70 | 0.68 | 0.74 | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.67 | 0.64 | 0.72 | 0.14 | 0.66 | 0.79 | |
May | Day | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.03 | −0.17 | −0.13 | −0.19 | −0.10 | −0.08 | −0.31 | 0.00 | −0.06 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.09 | 0.01 |
Night | 0.20 | 0.17 | −0.01 | 0.19 | 0.22 | −0.24 | −0.23 | −0.22 | −0.12 | 0.07 | −0.01 | 0.38 | 0.20 | 0.12 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.11 | |
Jun | Day | −0.09 | −0.11 | 0.09 | −0.04 | −0.11 | 0.23 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.15 | −0.04 | 0.02 | −0.05 | 0.07 | −0.15 | −0.06 | −0.26 | −0.07 | 0.06 | −0.34 | 0.05 |
Night | −0.04 | −0.06 | 0.14 | −0.09 | −0.08 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.06 | −0.01 | −0.25 | −0.27 | −0.29 | −0.42 | −0.39 | −0.36 | −0.30 | −0.43 | −0.15 | |
Jul | Day | 0.38 | 0.39 | 0.37 | 0.30 | 0.29 | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.20 | 0.32 | 0.28 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.08 | −0.22 | −0.30 | −0.25 | −0.22 | −0.20 | 0.23 |
Night | 0.29 | 0.31 | 0.36 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.37 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.44 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.13 | 0.20 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.09 | −0.10 | −0.12 | −0.20 | −0.02 | −0.15 | 0.23 | |
Aug | Day | −0.15 | −0.13 | −0.13 | −0.13 | −0.24 | −0.22 | −0.21 | −0.22 | −0.24 | −0.15 | −0.33 | −0.24 | −0.38 | −0.37 | −0.23 | −0.24 | −0.30 | −0.51 | −0.34 | −0.21 | −0.43 | −0.34 |
Night | −0.17 | −0.17 | −0.01 | −0.14 | −0.24 | −0.13 | −0.03 | −0.32 | −0.04 | −0.09 | −0.35 | −0.23 | −0.30 | −0.31 | −0.29 | −0.29 | −0.42 | −0.30 | −0.42 | −0.35 | −0.43 | −0.30 | |
Sep | Day | −0.32 | −0.32 | −0.35 | −0.31 | −0.35 | −0.30 | −0.32 | −0.32 | −0.29 | −0.33 | −0.28 | −0.26 | −0.33 | −0.39 | −0.19 | −0.41 | −0.53 | −0.55 | −0.43 | −0.35 | −0.48 | −0.37 |
Night | −0.30 | −0.32 | −0.35 | −0.28 | −0.29 | −0.21 | −0.22 | −0.28 | −0.21 | −0.24 | −0.25 | −0.24 | −0.10 | −0.35 | −0.37 | −0.38 | −0.38 | −0.34 | −0.40 | −0.42 | −0.41 | −0.33 | |
Oct | Day | 0.52 | 0.54 | 0.57 | 0.59 | 0.56 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.54 | 0.49 | 0.57 | 0.62 | 0.57 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.55 | 0.60 | 0.52 | 0.50 | 0.54 | 0.52 | 0.56 | 0.60 |
Night | 0.55 | 0.58 | 0.53 | 0.62 | 0.67 | 0.61 | 0.60 | 0.65 | 0.53 | 0.51 | 0.65 | 0.63 | 0.68 | 0.62 | 0.62 | 0.64 | 0.58 | 0.53 | 0.57 | 0.62 | 0.57 | 0.65 | |
Nov | Day | 0.68 | 0.69 | 0.59 | 0.66 | 0.65 | 0.63 | 0.51 | 0.67 | 0.59 | 0.60 | 0.70 | 0.51 | 0.62 | 0.55 | 0.46 | 0.56 | 0.50 | 0.53 | 0.54 | 0.56 | 0.42 | 0.64 |
Night | 0.58 | 0.62 | 0.67 | 0.63 | 0.61 | 0.70 | 0.61 | 0.74 | 0.64 | 0.67 | 0.71 | 0.59 | 0.55 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.55 | 0.53 | 0.56 | 0.60 | 0.58 | 0.54 | 0.64 | |
Dec | Day | 0.63 | 0.66 | 0.67 | 0.78 | 0.82 | 0.74 | 0.71 | 0.75 | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.73 | 0.70 | 0.79 | 0.84 | 0.88 | 0.89 | 0.79 | 0.78 | 0.86 | 0.87 | 0.75 | 0.84 |
Night | 0.56 | 0.58 | 0.38 | 0.76 | 0.75 | 0.62 | 0.53 | 0.75 | 0.51 | 0.53 | 0.70 | 0.61 | 0.76 | 0.85 | 0.87 | 0.88 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.82 | 0.79 | 0.75 | 0.83 | |
Annual | Day | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.23 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.21 | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.23 | 0.08 | 0.19 | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.18 |
Night | 0.13 | 0.21 | 0.17 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.11 | 0.21 | 0.19 | 0.22 | 0.18 | 0.23 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.24 | 0.12 | 0.21 |
Month | Natural Region | Rocky Mountain | Foothills | Grassland | Parkland | Boreal Forest | Ca Sd | Alberta | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subregion | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | ||
Jan | Day | 0.57 | 0.58 | 0.46 | 0.45 | 0.15 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.21 | 0.40 | 0.20 | 0.04 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.24 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.30 | 0.33 | 0.23 | 0.23 |
Night | 0.69 | 0.68 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.32 | 0.25 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.42 | 0.32 | 0.20 | 0.29 | 0.35 | 0.32 | 0.33 | 0.48 | 0.41 | 0.43 | 0.44 | 0.53 | 0.40 | |
Feb | Day | 0.22 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.17 | 0.07 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.12 | −0.04 | 0.00 | 0.03 | −0.26 | −0.22 | −0.11 | −0.11 | −0.27 | 0.06 |
Night | 0.26 | 0.24 | 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.19 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.07 | −0.11 | −0.05 | 0.01 | −0.02 | −0.11 | 0.10 | |
Mar | Day | 0.39 | 0.44 | 0.49 | 0.44 | 0.42 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.45 | 0.50 | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.40 | 0.48 | 0.44 | 0.30 | 0.26 | 0.42 | 0.47 | 0.33 | 0.47 |
Night | 0.40 | 0.41 | 0.32 | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.34 | 0.27 | 0.44 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.46 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.40 | 0.43 | 0.40 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.42 | 0.46 | 0.29 | 0.43 | |
Apr | Day | 0.70 | 0.69 | 0.65 | 0.69 | 0.63 | 0.38 | 0.44 | 0.36 | 0.44 | 0.67 | 0.52 | 0.55 | 0.59 | 0.55 | 0.51 | 0.52 | 0.39 | 0.35 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.38 | 0.59 |
Night | 0.73 | 0.74 | 0.63 | 0.68 | 0.64 | 0.60 | 0.66 | 0.60 | 0.67 | 0.62 | 0.60 | 0.55 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.51 | 0.48 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.36 | 0.34 | 0.24 | 0.56 | |
May | Day | 0.40 | 0.38 | 0.12 | 0.23 | 0.28 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.18 | 0.28 | 0.39 | 0.30 | 0.17 | 0.28 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.22 | 0.20 | 0.11 | 0.27 |
Night | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.11 | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.14 | −0.01 | 0.06 | |
Jun | Day | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.20 | 0.35 | 0.22 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.06 | 0.19 | 0.24 | −0.04 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.16 | 0.38 | 0.30 | −0.10 | −0.06 | 0.32 | 0.29 | −0.13 | 0.22 |
Night | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.47 | 0.38 | 0.41 | 0.26 | 0.36 | 0.16 | 0.37 | 0.45 | 0.29 | 0.58 | 0.47 | 0.29 | 0.27 | 0.20 | −0.04 | −0.03 | −0.15 | −0.05 | −0.16 | 0.36 | |
Jul | Day | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.25 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.31 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.14 | 0.24 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.24 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.12 | −0.25 | −0.23 | 0.01 | 0.00 | −0.14 | 0.23 |
Night | 0.23 | 0.26 | 0.29 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.17 | 0.26 | 0.14 | 0.33 | 0.38 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.08 | −0.15 | −0.23 | −0.14 | −0.05 | −0.42 | 0.16 | |
Aug | Day | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.04 | −0.11 | −0.04 | −0.05 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.15 | −0.09 | −0.03 | −0.17 | −0.22 | −0.28 | −0.24 | −0.23 | −0.22 | −0.21 | −0.17 | −0.08 |
Night | 0.14 | 0.06 | −0.09 | −0.16 | −0.25 | −0.02 | −0.03 | −0.11 | −0.05 | −0.03 | −0.21 | −0.38 | −0.37 | −0.37 | −0.38 | −0.40 | −0.36 | −0.31 | −0.36 | −0.41 | −0.33 | −14.40 | |
Sep | Day | −0.25 | −0.24 | −0.19 | −0.18 | 0.07 | −0.13 | −0.09 | −0.15 | −0.11 | −0.13 | −0.12 | −0.16 | −0.17 | −0.22 | −0.29 | −0.19 | −0.17 | −0.13 | −0.10 | −0.16 | −0.14 | −0.18 |
Night | −0.23 | −0.20 | −0.10 | −0.19 | −0.19 | −0.06 | 0.00 | −0.10 | −0.05 | −0.10 | −0.08 | −0.13 | −0.25 | −0.20 | −0.19 | −0.17 | −0.18 | −0.17 | −0.27 | −0.31 | −0.18 | −0.18 | |
Oct | Day | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.22 | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.27 | 0.20 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.05 | −0.06 | −0.05 | 0.03 | 0.06 | −0.12 | 0.16 |
Night | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.14 | 0.18 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.05 | −0.04 | −0.03 | 0.00 | −0.17 | −0.17 | −0.09 | 0.01 | −0.21 | 0.04 | |
Nov | Day | 0.30 | 0.25 | −0.15 | −0.02 | −0.07 | −0.21 | −0.32 | −0.16 | −0.24 | −0.24 | −0.08 | −0.08 | −0.04 | 0.00 | 0.06 | −0.01 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.04 | −0.03 |
Night | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.11 | −0.05 | −0.11 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.21 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.05 | −0.02 | −0.01 | −0.03 | −0.01 | −0.03 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.02 | |
Dec | Day | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.15 | 0.28 | 0.26 | 0.38 | 0.30 | 0.39 | 0.28 | 0.24 | 0.32 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.26 | 0.31 | 0.37 | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.30 | 0.36 | 0.18 | 0.30 |
Night | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.00 | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.36 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.32 | 0.25 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.33 | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.26 | 0.33 | |
Annual | Day | 0.57 | 0.02 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.33 | 0.36 | 0.42 | 0.22 | 0.34 | 0.05 | 0.40 | 0.42 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.29 | 0.37 | 0.05 | 0.34 | 0.57 | 0.29 | 0.43 | 0.41 |
Night | 0.56 | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.38 | 0.30 | 0.22 | 0.27 | 0.18 | 0.00 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.40 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.24 | 0.53 | 0.22 | 0.34 | 0.28 |
Month | Natural Region | Rocky Mountain | Foothills | Grassland | Parkland | Boreal Forest | Ca Sd | Alberta | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subregion | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | ||
Jan | Day | −0.31 | −0.29 | 0.00 | −0.25 | −0.20 | 0.17 | 0.24 | 0.09 | 0.26 | 0.10 | −0.09 | −0.17 | −0.12 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.00 |
Night | −0.34 | −0.37 | −0.09 | −0.18 | −0.12 | 0.01 | 0.00 | −0.12 | −0.05 | −0.14 | −0.22 | −0.14 | −0.13 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.03 | −0.06 | |
Feb | Day | −0.41 | −0.40 | −0.28 | −0.30 | −0.27 | −0.06 | −0.11 | −0.11 | −0.11 | −0.20 | −0.15 | −0.08 | −0.21 | −0.29 | −0.29 | −0.30 | −0.35 | −0.35 | −0.39 | −0.38 | −0.30 | −0.26 |
Night | −0.43 | −0.41 | −0.14 | −0.27 | −0.23 | −0.03 | −0.08 | −0.16 | −0.10 | −0.15 | −0.17 | −0.20 | −0.26 | −0.26 | −0.30 | −0.28 | −0.26 | −0.29 | −0.40 | −0.38 | −0.27 | −0.25 | |
Mar | Day | −0.21 | −0.20 | −0.25 | −0.20 | −0.23 | −0.01 | −0.08 | 0.03 | −0.10 | −0.18 | −0.10 | −0.21 | −0.23 | −0.24 | −0.21 | −0.24 | −0.30 | −0.24 | −0.19 | −0.19 | −0.27 | −0.19 |
Night | −0.22 | −0.22 | −0.14 | −0.23 | −0.19 | −0.10 | −0.11 | −0.04 | −0.09 | −0.14 | −0.08 | −0.21 | −0.20 | −0.21 | −0.23 | −0.24 | −0.30 | −0.22 | −0.19 | −0.14 | −0.29 | −0.19 | |
Apr | Day | −0.58 | −0.60 | −0.74 | −0.56 | −0.53 | −0.56 | −0.61 | −0.51 | −0.59 | −0.74 | −0.52 | −0.40 | −0.44 | −0.40 | −0.40 | −0.40 | −0.23 | −0.20 | −0.33 | −0.39 | −0.24 | −0.51 |
Night | −0.60 | −0.63 | −0.64 | −0.56 | −0.49 | −0.45 | −0.51 | −0.40 | −0.53 | −0.60 | −0.43 | −0.36 | −0.31 | −0.30 | −0.34 | −0.33 | −0.12 | −0.08 | −0.24 | −0.12 | −0.16 | −0.40 | |
May | Day | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.28 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.32 | 0.23 | 0.10 | 0.16 | 0.10 | −0.06 | −0.01 | 0.08 | 0.09 | −0.06 | −0.14 | 0.07 | 0.12 |
Night | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.23 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.32 | 0.29 | 0.22 | 0.26 | 0.19 | 0.10 | −0.13 | −0.05 | 0.05 | −0.06 | −0.02 | 0.03 | 0.06 | −0.08 | −0.07 | −0.05 | 0.06 | |
Jun | Day | 0.50 | 0.51 | 0.28 | 0.50 | 0.47 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 0.23 | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.31 | 0.69 | 0.67 | 0.73 | 0.48 | 0.52 | 0.43 | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.45 |
Night | 0.43 | 0.49 | 0.55 | 0.56 | 0.61 | 0.64 | 0.65 | 0.63 | 0.64 | 0.58 | 0.56 | 0.52 | 0.68 | 0.73 | 0.74 | 0.73 | 0.55 | 0.37 | 0.54 | 0.60 | 0.44 | 0.77 | |
Jul | Day | 0.14 | 0.18 | 0.41 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.15 | 0.28 | 0.11 | 0.37 | 0.47 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.18 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.32 | 0.26 |
Night | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.33 | 0.23 | 0.27 | 0.48 | 0.40 | 0.38 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.34 | 0.30 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.33 | 0.41 | 0.26 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.41 | 0.37 | |
Aug | Day | 0.43 | 0.44 | 0.28 | 0.43 | 0.32 | 0.21 | 0.26 | 0.32 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.13 | 0.30 | 0.34 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.30 | 0.36 | 0.24 | 0.40 |
Night | 0.24 | 0.28 | 0.10 | 0.40 | 0.43 | 0.00 | −0.02 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.24 | 0.50 | 0.45 | 0.37 | 0.45 | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.33 | 0.49 | 0.51 | 0.29 | 0.38 | |
Sep | Day | −0.02 | −0.01 | −0.04 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.06 | 0.01 | −0.05 | −0.05 | −0.05 | −0.02 | −0.03 | 0.18 | −0.01 | −0.11 | −0.10 | −0.02 | −0.02 | −0.05 | −0.02 |
Night | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.07 | −0.09 | −0.02 | −0.04 | −0.02 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.22 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | −0.01 | −0.09 | −0.04 | −0.06 | 0.02 | |
Oct | Day | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.22 | 0.27 | 0.30 | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.42 | 0.50 | 0.47 | 0.49 | 0.52 | 0.45 | 0.43 | 0.45 | 0.36 |
Night | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.33 | 0.40 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.31 | 0.42 | 0.35 | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.44 | 0.48 | 0.44 | 0.46 | 0.38 | 0.48 | 0.39 | |
Nov | Day | −0.29 | −0.29 | −0.15 | −0.14 | −0.12 | −0.11 | −0.01 | −0.14 | −0.08 | −0.12 | −0.15 | −0.04 | −0.10 | −0.04 | −0.09 | −0.06 | −0.07 | −0.09 | −0.20 | −0.24 | −0.09 | −0.11 |
Night | −0.25 | −0.26 | −0.16 | −0.07 | −0.07 | −0.16 | −0.14 | −0.26 | −0.19 | −0.15 | −0.14 | −0.07 | −0.09 | −0.06 | −0.08 | −0.07 | −0.06 | −0.12 | −0.22 | −0.19 | −0.09 | −0.12 | |
Dec | Day | −0.19 | −0.17 | −0.01 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.07 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.16 | 0.30 | 0.19 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.07 | −0.06 | −0.07 | −0.04 | −0.05 | −0.12 | 0.10 |
Night | −0.15 | −0.08 | 0.34 | 0.22 | 0.38 | 0.23 | 0.32 | 0.25 | 0.33 | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.42 | 0.30 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.10 | −0.07 | −0.11 | −0.04 | −0.03 | −0.18 | 0.17 | |
Annual | Day | −0.16 | −0.23 | −0.34 | −0.20 | −0.16 | 0.07 | −0.27 | −0.04 | −0.10 | −0.30 | −0.25 | −0.22 | 0.00 | −0.07 | −0.08 | −0.32 | −0.28 | −0.29 | −0.16 | −0.22 | −0.14 | −0.20 |
Night | −0.12 | −0.27 | −0.23 | −0.18 | 0.02 | 0.02 | −0.17 | 0.16 | 0.10 | −0.31 | −0.23 | −0.08 | 0.14 | 0.19 | −0.10 | −0.35 | −0.23 | −0.04 | −0.06 | −0.20 | −0.08 | −0.14 |
Month | Natural Region | Rocky Mountain | Foothills | Grassland | Parkland | Boreal Forest | Ca Sd | Alberta | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subregion | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | ||
Jan | Day | 0.22 | 0.19 | 0.03 | −0.04 | −0.22 | −0.18 | −0.19 | −0.22 | −0.17 | −0.04 | −0.24 | −0.29 | −0.20 | −0.08 | −0.06 | −0.01 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.07 | −0.11 |
Night | 0.38 | 0.31 | 0.06 | −0.06 | −0.10 | −0.05 | 0.00 | −0.09 | −0.02 | 0.03 | −0.14 | −0.16 | −0.08 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.19 | 0.02 | |
Feb | Day | 0.34 | 0.32 | 0.30 | 0.28 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.17 | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.22 |
Night | 0.36 | 0.33 | 0.25 | 0.30 | 0.29 | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.34 | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.30 | 0.29 | 0.12 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.23 | 0.15 | 0.28 | |
Mar | Day | 0.28 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.35 | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.26 | 0.32 | 0.31 | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.25 | 0.32 | 0.38 | 0.36 | 0.34 | 0.36 |
Night | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.20 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.19 | 0.31 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.30 | 0.24 | 0.29 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.31 | 0.39 | 0.42 | 0.46 | 0.37 | 0.33 | |
Apr | Day | 0.60 | 0.59 | 0.54 | 0.52 | 0.47 | 0.39 | 0.46 | 0.32 | 0.26 | 0.57 | 0.41 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.37 | 0.28 | 0.25 | 0.37 | 0.38 | 0.25 | 0.46 |
Night | 0.54 | 0.56 | 0.43 | 0.47 | 0.45 | 0.35 | 0.41 | 0.37 | 0.44 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.26 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.21 | −0.01 | 0.20 | 0.36 | |
May | Day | 0.33 | 0.28 | −0.04 | 0.19 | 0.22 | 0.30 | 0.17 | 0.32 | 0.08 | −0.17 | 0.28 | 0.34 | 0.26 | 0.08 | 0.21 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.21 |
Night | 0.12 | 0.11 | −0.13 | 0.07 | −0.02 | −0.30 | −0.20 | −0.32 | −0.18 | −0.15 | −0.29 | 0.04 | −0.06 | −0.21 | −0.07 | −0.07 | −0.22 | −0.11 | −0.14 | −0.08 | −0.19 | −0.15 | |
Jun | Day | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.38 | 0.40 | 0.59 | 0.51 | 0.54 | 0.45 | 0.36 | 0.48 | 0.31 | 0.53 | 0.44 | 0.49 | 0.36 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.30 | 0.26 | −0.01 | 0.57 |
Night | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.38 | 0.37 | 0.30 | 0.19 | 0.28 | 0.02 | 0.29 | 0.34 | 0.07 | 0.37 | 0.27 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | −0.14 | −0.17 | −0.12 | −0.09 | −0.14 | 0.24 | |
Jul | Day | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.30 | 0.44 | 0.33 | 0.52 | 0.26 | 0.34 | 0.46 | 0.15 | 0.44 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.09 | −0.12 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.23 | 0.00 | 0.40 |
Night | 0.28 | 0.26 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.08 | −0.06 | 0.09 | 0.21 | −0.05 | −0.06 | −0.05 | −0.04 | −0.10 | −0.08 | −0.18 | −0.28 | −0.12 | −0.18 | −0.34 | 0.01 | |
Aug | Day | 0.20 | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.18 | 0.33 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.24 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.41 | 0.25 | 0.39 | 0.24 | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.26 |
Night | 0.21 | 0.19 | −0.02 | 0.13 | 0.02 | −0.22 | −0.16 | −0.11 | −0.07 | 0.03 | −0.09 | −0.18 | −0.12 | −0.04 | −0.07 | −0.05 | −0.03 | −0.06 | −0.09 | −0.13 | −0.02 | −0.05 | |
Sep | Day | −0.02 | −0.01 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.07 | 0.18 | 0.07 |
Night | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.06 | −0.04 | −0.03 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.16 | 0.00 | −0.06 | 0.05 | −0.02 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.00 | −0.04 | 0.11 | 0.02 | |
Oct | Day | 0.03 | 0.03 | −0.05 | 0.02 | −0.01 | −0.09 | −0.06 | −0.06 | −0.02 | −0.04 | 0.01 | 0.04 | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.06 | −0.01 |
Night | 0.05 | 0.04 | −0.22 | 0.02 | −0.02 | −0.15 | −0.23 | −0.16 | −0.22 | −0.26 | −0.23 | 0.00 | −0.07 | −0.12 | −0.05 | 0.00 | −0.08 | −0.08 | −0.09 | −0.03 | −0.12 | −0.10 | |
Nov | Day | 0.14 | 0.11 | −0.17 | 0.03 | −0.02 | −0.15 | −0.21 | −0.04 | −0.13 | −0.15 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.06 | −0.01 | 0.00 |
Night | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.18 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.04 | −0.01 | 0.06 | |
Dec | Day | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.18 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.23 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.01 | 0.13 |
Night | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.20 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.21 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.19 | 0.19 | |
Annual | Day | 0.46 | 0.00 | 0.19 | 0.23 | 0.42 | 0.34 | 0.38 | 0.16 | 0.29 | −0.02 | 0.32 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.21 | 0.39 | 0.23 | 0.06 | 0.31 | 0.43 | 0.19 | 0.30 | 0.36 |
Night | 0.43 | −0.03 | −0.01 | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.19 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.00 | −0.04 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.22 | 0.00 | −0.04 | 0.09 | 0.40 | 0.08 | 0.19 | 0.12 |
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Hassan, Q.K.; Ejiagha, I.R.; Ahmed, M.R.; Gupta, A.; Rangelova, E.; Dewan, A. Remote Sensing of Local Warming Trend in Alberta, Canada during 2001–2020, and Its Relationship with Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulations. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 3441. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173441
Hassan QK, Ejiagha IR, Ahmed MR, Gupta A, Rangelova E, Dewan A. Remote Sensing of Local Warming Trend in Alberta, Canada during 2001–2020, and Its Relationship with Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulations. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(17):3441. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173441
Chicago/Turabian StyleHassan, Quazi K., Ifeanyi R. Ejiagha, M. Razu Ahmed, Anil Gupta, Elena Rangelova, and Ashraf Dewan. 2021. "Remote Sensing of Local Warming Trend in Alberta, Canada during 2001–2020, and Its Relationship with Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulations" Remote Sensing 13, no. 17: 3441. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173441
APA StyleHassan, Q. K., Ejiagha, I. R., Ahmed, M. R., Gupta, A., Rangelova, E., & Dewan, A. (2021). Remote Sensing of Local Warming Trend in Alberta, Canada during 2001–2020, and Its Relationship with Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulations. Remote Sensing, 13(17), 3441. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173441