Littering Behaviour in Multicultural Slums: A Case Study from Brazil
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Case Study
2.2. Research Approach
2.3. Investigation Methods
2.3.1. Interviews
2.3.2. Visual Observations
2.3.3. Questionnaire to Residents
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Perception of Technicians and Residents Regarding Littering
3.2. Observations on Littering Gathered During Fieldwork
3.3. Residents’ Perception of Littering
3.3.1. Sociodemographic Profile of the Respondents
3.3.2. Residents’ Knowledge of Littering
3.3.3. Residents’ Behaviour Related to Littering
3.3.4. Residents’ Perceptions of the Services Provided
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
- A.
- Sociodemographic profileA1. What is your age?[ ] 18–24 [ ] 25–39 [ ] 40–59 [ ] 60 or overA2. What is your gender?[ ] Female [ ] Male [ ] OtherA3. What is your nationality?[ ] Brazilian [ ] VenezuelanA4. What is your level of education?[ ] No formal education [ ] Primary education [ ] Secondary education [ ] Higher educationA5. What is your current professional occupation?[ ] Student [ ] Unemployed [ ] Domestic work [ ] Retired [ ] Commerce/retail [ ] Industry/manufacturing [ ] Agriculture [ ] Construction [ ] Administration [ ] Healthcare [ ] Electrical work [ ] Other (please specify)A6. What is your monthly family income (Brazilian context)?[ ] Up to 1 minimum wage [ ] 1 to 3 minimum wages [ ] 3 to 6 minimum wages [ ] 6 to 9 minimum wages [ ] More than 9 minimum wagesA7. What type of housing do you live in?[ ] Owned [ ] Rented [ ] Provided by family/friends [ ] Granted/temporary [ ] Other (please specify)A8. How long have you lived in this slum?[ ] Less than 1 year [ ] 1 to 2 years [ ] 2 to 5 years [ ] 5 to 10 years [ ] 10 to 20 years [ ] 20 to 30 years [ ] 30 to 40 years [ ] More than 40 yearsA9. On a 4-point scale, how do you feel about living in the Morro do Banco slum?
- B.
- Residents’ knowledge of littering.B1. Which of the following services are available in your neighbourhood?[ ] Electricity [ ] Piped water [ ] Sewage treatment [ ] Waste collectionB2. Do you know what types of waste can be placed in the waste containers?[ ] Yes [ ] NoB3. What type of problems can littering cause?[ ] Spread of diseases [ ] Clogging of draimage channels [ ] Unpleasant odours [ ] Other (please specify)B4. Are you familiar with Comlurb’s household waste collection system?[ ] Yes, completely [ ] Yes, I know a little about it [ ] I do not know what it is for [ ] I am not familiar with it
- C.
- Residents’ behaviour related to litteringC1. When walking in the streets, how do you usually dispose of your waste?[ ] I always throw it on the ground, as usual [ ] I either keep it with me or throw it on the ground [ ] I always keep it with me until I find a bin or containerC2. If someone is watching you while you are throwing your waste on the ground, what would you do?[ ] I throw it on the ground because the street is already dirty [ ] I feel embarrassed and only throw it on the ground when I am alone [ ] I feel embarrassed and dispose of it in the nearest bin or containerC3. If you throw your waste on the ground, why do you usually act this way?[ ] It is easier [ ] The bins or containers near my house are always full [ ] There are not many bins or containers where I live [ ] I do not usually throw waste on the ground [ ] Other (please specify)
- D.
- Residents’ perceptions of the services providedD1. On a 4-point scale, how would you rate the availability of trash bins and containers in your area?D2. On a 4-point scale, how would you evaluate the waste collection from the three waste containers in your community?D3. How do you perceive the amount of litter on the streets in the area where you live?[ ] Little [ ] Some [ ] A lot [ ] Not important to meD4. How do you perceive the discomfort caused by litter on the streets in the area where you live?[ ] It is very bothersome [ ] It is somewhat bothersome [ ] It is not bothersome at all [ ] Not important to meD5. On a 4-point scale, how would you evaluate the street waste cleaning service?D6. What do you think are the reasons for littering on the streets? (you may select multiple answers)[ ] People do not care about dirty streets [ ] The bins are always full of trash [ ] There are not many bins on the streets [ ] People do not want to put in the effort [ ] People do not care about the problems litter can cause [ ] The local government does not clean the streets regularlyD7. Who do you believe is responsible for the cleaning of public spaces?[ ] The government [ ] The municipality (Prefeitura) [ ] Local associations [ ] NGOs (Non-Governmental Organisations) [ ] ResidentsD8. What measures do you believe would help reduce the amount of littering on the streets? (you may select multiple answers)[ ] Environmental education projects for the entire population [ ] Environmental education projects with children [ ] Increase the frequency of waste collection [ ] Oversight actions along with penalties
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Topic | Options | Respondents (%), by Group | Statistical Tests | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
G.BR (N = 95) | G.VE (N = 55) | Total (N = 150) | |||
Age | 18–24 | 35.8 | 30.9 | 34.0 | χ2 (3) = 3.493; p ≤ 0.3220 |
25–39 | 36.8 | 50.9 | 42.0 | ||
40–59 | 22.1 | 16.4 | 20.0 | ||
60 or over | 5.3 | 1.8 | 4.0 | ||
Gender | Female | 64.9 | 58.2 | 62.4 | χ2 (2) = 12.596; p ≤ 0.002; V = 0.291 |
Male | 35.1 | 29.1 | 32.9 | ||
Other | 0 | 12.7 | 4.7 | ||
Education level | No formal education | 8.5 | 11.1 | 9.5 | χ2 (3) = 7.822; p ≤ 0.050; V = 0.230 |
Primary education | 42.6 | 20.4 | 34.5 | ||
Secondary education | 38.3 | 50.0 | 42.6 | ||
Higher education | 10.6 | 18.5 | 13.5 | ||
Occupation | Student | 3.2 | 5.6 | 4.0 | χ2 (11) = 18.560; p ≤ 0.069 |
Unemployed | 32.6 | 50.0 | 38.9 | ||
Domestic work | 15.8 | 14.8 | 15.4 | ||
Retired | 4.2 | 0.0 | 2.7 | ||
Commerce/retail | 17.9 | 7.4 | 14.1 | ||
Industry/manufacturing | 1.1 | 0.0 | 0.7 | ||
Agriculture | 1.1 | 1.9 | 1.3 | ||
Construction | 0 | 1.9 | 0.7 | ||
Administration | 1.1 | 5.6 | 2.7 | ||
Healthcare | 3.2 | 3.7 | 3.4 | ||
Electrical work | 0 | 1.9 | 0.7 | ||
Other | 20.0 | 7.4 | 15.4 | ||
Monthly family income | Up to 1 minimum wage | 62.1 | 78.0 | 67.9 | χ2 (4) = 5.570; p ≤ 0.135 |
1 to 3 minimum wages | 31.0 | 22.0 | 27.7 | ||
3 to 6 minimum wages | 5.7 | 0 | 3.6 | ||
6 to 9 minimum wages | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
More than 9 minimum wages | 1.1 | 0 | 0.7 | ||
Housing type | Own | 52.1 | 0 | 33.3 | χ2 (4) = 45.809; p ≤ 0.001; V = 0.558 |
Rented | 45.7 | 96.2 | 63.9 | ||
Provided by family/friends | 1.1 | 0 | 0.7 | ||
Granted/temporary | 1.1 | 0 | 0.7 | ||
Other | 0 | 3.8 | 1.4 | ||
Length of residence | Less than 1 year | 7.6 | 52.7 | 24.5 | χ2 (7) = 70.871; p ≤ 0.001; V = 0.694 |
1 to 2 years | 7.6 | 18.2 | 11.6 | ||
2 to 5 years | 12.0 | 25.5 | 17.0 | ||
5 to 10 years | 18.5 | 1.8 | 12.2 | ||
10 to 20 years | 16.3 | 0 | 10.2 | ||
20 to 30 years | 30.4 | 1.8 | 19.7 | ||
30 to 40 years | 3.3 | 0 | 2.0 | ||
More than 40 years | 4.3 | 0 | 2.7 |
Topic | Options | Respondents (%), by Group | Statistical Tests | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
G.BR (N = 95) | G.VE (N = 55) | Total (N = 150) | |||
Behaviour | I always keep it with me until I find a bin or container | 92.0 | 72.6 | 84.9 | χ2 (2) ≤ 10.406; p ≤ 0.005; V = 0.274 |
I always throw it on the ground, as usual | 5.7 | 13.7 | 8.6 | ||
I either keep it with me or throw it on the ground | 2.3 | 13.7 | 6.5 | ||
G.BR (N = 33) | G.VE (N = 24) | Total (N = 67) | |||
Behaviour when being observed | I feel embarrassed and dispose of it in the nearest bin or container | 81.8 | 35.3 | 58.2 | χ2 (2) ≤ 15.255; p ≤ 0.001; V = 0.477 |
I feel embarrassed and only throw it on the ground when I am alone | 12.1 | 32.4 | 22.4 | ||
I throw it on the ground because the street is already dirty | 6.1 | 32.3 | 19.4 |
Topic | Options | Respondents (%), by Group | Statistical Tests | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
G.BR (N = 95) | G.VE (N = 55) | Total (N = 150) | |||
Availability of trash bins and containers | There are none | 16.3 | 9.3 | 13.7 | F (1, 144) = 7.122; p ≤ 0.008; ŋ2 = 0.047 |
There a few | 69.6 | 57.4 | 65.1 | ||
There are enough | 4.3 | 13.0 | 7.5 | ||
There are many | 9.8 | 20.3 | 13.7 | ||
Waste collection | Never collected | 2.2 | 5.5 | 3.4 | F (1, 143) = 3.908; p ≤ 0.050; ŋ2 = 0.027 |
Hardly ever collected | 4.4 | 18.2 | 9.7 | ||
Collected occasionally | 45.6 | 34.5 | 41.4 | ||
Collected daily | 47.8 | 41.8 | 45.5 | ||
Amount of litter present on the streets | Little | 12.0 | 25.9 | 17.1 | χ2 (3) = 24.063; p ≤ 0.000; V = 0.406 |
Some | 15.2 | 27.8 | 19.9 | ||
A lot | 71.7 | 33.3 | 57.5 | ||
Not important to me | 1.1 | 13.0 | 5.5 | ||
Discomfort caused by litter on the streets | It is very bothersome | 64.2 | 34.0 | 53.4 | χ2 (3) = 24.615; p ≤ 0.000; V = 0.408 |
It is somewhat bothersome | 30.5 | 32.1 | 31.1 | ||
It is not bothersome at all | 1.1 | 15.1 | 6.1 | ||
Not important to me | 4.2 | 18.9 | 9.5 | ||
Evaluation of the street waste cleaning service | Very bad | 12.6 | 9.8 | 11.6 | F(1, 136) = 0.503; p ≤ 0.479 |
Bad | 36.8 | 35.3 | 36.2 | ||
Good | 43.7 | 45.1 | 44.2 | ||
Very good | 6.9 | 9.8 | 8.0 |
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Silva, P.; Ramos, M.; Alves, A.; Martinho, G. Littering Behaviour in Multicultural Slums: A Case Study from Brazil. Sustainability 2025, 17, 4679. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104679
Silva P, Ramos M, Alves A, Martinho G. Littering Behaviour in Multicultural Slums: A Case Study from Brazil. Sustainability. 2025; 17(10):4679. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104679
Chicago/Turabian StyleSilva, Patrícia, Mário Ramos, Ana Alves, and Graça Martinho. 2025. "Littering Behaviour in Multicultural Slums: A Case Study from Brazil" Sustainability 17, no. 10: 4679. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104679
APA StyleSilva, P., Ramos, M., Alves, A., & Martinho, G. (2025). Littering Behaviour in Multicultural Slums: A Case Study from Brazil. Sustainability, 17(10), 4679. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104679