Barriers to Entrepreneurial Refugees’ Integration into Host Countries: A Case of Afghan Refugees
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Entrepreneurial Refugees and Their Integration
1.3. Entrepreneurial Afghan Refugees and Their Integration into Pakistan
2. Literature Review
2.1. Concept of Entrepreneurial Refugees
2.2. The Situation of Afghan Refugees in Pakistan
3. Data Collection and Methodology
3.1. Interviews and Their Thematic Analysis
- Invitation to participate.
- Explanation of the study’s purpose and major areas of discussion.
- Obtaining consent for recording.
- Ensuring confidentiality of identity, recording, and information.
- Arranging the interview time based on participant availability.
- Conducting the interview with a relaxed atmosphere.
- Expressing gratitude for the participants’ time and valuable insights.
3.2. Fuzzy SWARA
3.3. Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA)
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Barriers to the Integration of Entrepreneurial Refugees
4.2. Possible Opportunities after Removal of Barriers for Entrepreneurial Refugees
4.3. Results of Quantitative analysis
4.3.1. Fuzzy SWARA Results and Discussion
4.3.2. Results and Discussion on Hypothesis Testing
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
p-value | 0.2056 |
W | 0.9254 |
Sample size (n) | 16 |
Average () | 6.25 × 10−11 |
Median | −0.7336 |
Sample standard deviation (S) | 2.5429 |
Sum of squares | 96.9921 |
b | 9.4738 |
Skewness | 0.7801 |
References
- Ali, Y.; Sabir, M.; Muhammad, N. Refugees and host country nexus: A case study of Pakistan. J. Int. Migr. Integr. 2019, 20, 137–153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- UN Refugee Agency. 108.4 Million People Worldwide Were Forcibly Displaced. 2023. Available online: https://www.unhcr.org/about-unhcr/who-we-are/figures-glance (accessed on 12 October 2023).
- Nathan, M.; Lee, N. Cultural diversity, innovation, and entrepreneurship: Firm-level evidence from London. Econom. Geogr. 2013, 89, 367–394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nkongolo-Bakenda, J.M.; Chrysostome, E.V. Exploring the organizing and strategic factors of diasporic transnational entrepreneurs in Canada: An empirical study. J. Int. Entrep. 2020, 18, 336–372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sanchez Pineiro, O.M. How Business Incubators Can Facilitate Refugee Entrepreneurship and Integration—UNHCR Innovation. 2017. Available online: https://www.unhcr.org/innovation/how-we-can-use-business-incubators-for-refugee-integration/ (accessed on 27 July 2022).
- Sundararajan, M.; Sundararajan, B. Immigrant capital and entrepreneurial opportunities. Entrep. Bus. Econ. Rev. 2015, 3, 29–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Middermann, L.H. Do immigrant entrepreneurs have natural cognitive advantages for international entrepreneurial activity? Sustainability 2020, 12, 2791. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- UNHCR. Proof of Registration Card (PoR)—UNHCR Pakistan. 2022. Available online: https://help.unhcr.org/pakistan/proof-of-registration-card-por/ (accessed on 1 August 2022).
- Müller, T.R. Reshaping conceptions of citizenship? German Business sector engagement and refugee integration. Citizsh. Stud. 2021, 25, 409–425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alexandre, L.; Salloum, C.; Alalam, A. An investigation of migrant entrepreneurs: The case of Syrian refugees in Lebanon. Int. J. Entrep. Behav. Res. 2019, 25, 1147–1164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Human Rights Watch. Pakistan Coercion, UN Complicity: The Mass Forced Return of Afghan Refugees. 2016. Available online: https://www.hrw.org/report/2017/02/13/pakistan-coercion-un-complicity/mass-forced-return-afghan-refugees (accessed on 26 July 2022).
- Zieck, M. The Legal Status of Afghan Refugees in Pakistan, a Story of Eight Agreements and Two Suppressed Premises. Int. J. Refug. Law 2018, 20, 253–272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cone, D.; Khan, S. They Left Us Without Any Support’ Afghans in Pakistan Waiting for Solutions. Refug. Int. 2023. Available online: https://d3jwam0i5codb7.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Pakistan_July2023_R-1.pdf (accessed on 16 September 2023).
- Riaz, J.; Qureshi, S.N. A socio-legal analysis of refugees’ response framework in Pakistan. J. Int. Aff. 2023, 6, 688–703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ishaq, N. Afghan Refugees in Pakistani English Dailies: In Context of Peace Journalism. J. Dev. Soc. Sci. 2023, 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amnesty International. Pakistan: Afghan Refugees Harassed, Jailed And Forced To Pay Bribes—New Testimonies. Amnesty Int. 2023. Available online: https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/pakistan-afghan-refugees-harassed-jailed-and-forced-pay-bribes-new-testimonies (accessed on 16 September 2023).
- Gul, I. How Pakistan Lost Potential Afghan Investments? Express Trib. 2022. Available online: https://tribune.com.pk/story/2383957/how-pakistan-lost-potential-afghan-investments (accessed on 16 September 2023).
- Shepherd, D.A.; Williams, T. Entrepreneurship responding to adversity: Equilibrating Adverse Events and Disequilibrating Persistent Adversity. Organ. Theory 2020, 1, 2631787720967678. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beckers, P.; Blumberg, B.F. Immigrant entrepreneurship on the move: A longitudinal analysis of first- and second-generation immigrant entrepreneurship in the Netherlands. Organ. Strategy Enterpreneurship 2013, 25, 654–691. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rusinovic, K. Dynamic Entrepreneurship; Amsterdem University Press: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2006; Available online: www.imiscoe.org (accessed on 26 July 2022).
- de Lange, T.; Berntsen, L.; Hanoeman, R.; Haidar, O. Highly Skilled Entrepreneurial Refugees: Legal and Practical Barriers and Enablers to Start Up in the Netherlands. Int. Migr. 2021, 59, 74–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sarvimaki, M. Labor Market Integration of Refugees in Finland. VATT Res. Rep. 2017, 185. Available online: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2921095 (accessed on 26 July 2022). [CrossRef]
- Wauters, B.; Lambrecht, J. Barriers to Refugee Entrepreneurship in Belgium: Towards an Explanatory Model. J. Ethn. Migr. Stud. 2008, 36, 895–915. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rengs, B.; Kopf, J.; Buber-Ennser, I.; Kohlenberger, J.; Hoffmann, R.; Soder, M.; Gatterbauer, M.; Themel, K. Labour Market Profile, Previous Employment and Economic Integration of Refugees: An Austrian Case Study; Vienna Institute of Demography Working Paper; Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW), Vienna Institute of Demography (VID), Vienna: Vienna, Austria, 2017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Legrain, P. Refugees Work: A Humanitarian Investment that Yields Economic Dividends. 2016. Available online: https://static1.ara.cat/ara/public/content/file/original/2016/0518/13/informe-refugees-work-a-humanitarian-investment-that-yields-economic-dividends-84875f1.pdf (accessed on 26 July 2022).
- Betts, A.; Streck, O.; Geervilet, R.; MacPherson, C. Talent Displaced The Economic Lives of Syrian Refugees in Europe. Refugees Study Centre. Deloitte. 2017. Available online: https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/About-Deloitte/talent-displaced-syrian-refugees-europe.pdf (accessed on 26 July 2022).
- Chliova, M.; Farny, S.; Salmivaara, V. Supporting Refugees In Entrepreneurship. Prepared for the OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities. 2018. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338147136_Supporting_refugees_in_entrepreneurship (accessed on 26 July 2022).
- Mawson, S.; Kasem, L. Exploring the entrepreneurial intentions of Syrian refugees in the UK. Int. J. Entrepreneurial Behav. Res. 2019, 25, 1128–1146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bevelander, P. Integrating Refugees Into Labor Markets; IZA World Labor: Bonn, Germany, 2016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kloosterman, R.C. Matching opportunities with resources: A framework for analysing (migrant) entrepreneurship from a mixed embeddedness perspective. Entrep. Reg. Dev. 2010, 22, 25–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marko, V.; Bunar, N. State Assisted Integration: Refugee Integration Policies in Scandinavian Welfare States: The Swedish and Norwegian Experience. J. Refug. Stud. 2010, 23, 463–483. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cheung, S.Y.; Phillimore, J. Refugees, Social Capital, and Labour Market Integration in the UK. Sociology 2014, 48, 518–536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gericke, D.; Burmeister, A.; Löwe, J.; Deller, J.; Pundt, L. How do refugees use their social capital for successful labor market integration? An exploratory analysis in Germany. J. Vocat. Behav. 2018, 105, 46–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blood, P.R. Afghanistan, A Country Study. Blackmask, 2002. Available online: http://public-library.uk/ebooks/10/35.pdf (accessed on 27 July 2022).
- Zehra, K.; Usmani, S. Not without family: Refugee family entrepreneurship and economic integration process. J. Enterprising Communities 2021, 17, 158–181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harima, A.; Elo, M.; Freiling, J. Rich-to-poor diaspora ventures: How do they survive? Int. J. Entrep. Small Bus. 2016, 28, 391–413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bizri, R.M. Refugee-entrepreneurship: A social capital perspective. Entrep. Reg. Dev. 2016, 29, 847–868. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Policy Guide on Entrepreneurship for Migrants and Refugees. 2018. Available online: https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/diae2018d2_en.pdf (accessed on 29 July 2022).
- Garnham, A. Refugees and the entrepreneurial process. Labour Employ. Work 2006, 156–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- The Human Safety Net. Refugee Entrepreneurs. 2021. Available online: https://www.thehumansafetynet.org/programmes/for-refugee/refugee-entrepreneurs (accessed on 27 July 2022).
- Luseno, T.; Kolade, O. Barriers and Opportunities for Refugee Entrepreneurship in Africa: A Social Capital Perspective. Palgrave Handb. Afr. Entrep. 2022, 407–435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gul, I. DWoes of Afghan Refugees and Businessmen. Daily Times. 2019. Available online: https://dailytimes.com.pk/511976/woes-of-afghan-refugees-and-businessmen/ (accessed on 27 July 2022).
- Kuschminder, K.; Dubov, T. Moral Exclusion, Dehumanisation, and Continued Resistance to Return: Experiences of Refused Afghan Asylum Seekers in the Netherlands. Geopolitics 2023, 28, 1057–1078. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rivera, J.P.R.; Gozun, B.C. Pursuing Venture Growth through External Participation among Entrepreneurs in the Philippines: Evidence from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. J. Entrep. Innov. Emerg. Econ. 2023, 23939575231169905. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Szymczyk, K.; Bağcı, H.; Kaygın, Y.C.; Şahin, D. A Comparison of the Entrepreneurial Performance of Asian-Oceanian Countries via the Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Techniques of Critic, Aras, Waspas, Mairca and Borda Count Methods. Acta Polytech. Hung. 2023, 20, 65–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gutiérrez-Romero, R. Businesses create more jobs in countries with higher share of immigrants because of skill complementarity. J. Glob. Entrep. Res. 2023, 13, 2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wellalage, N.H.; Fernandez, V.; Bui, T.Q.T. Immigration and entrepreneurship: Is there a uniform relationship across countries? Int. Rev. Econ. Financ. 2023, 85, 270–285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Castleberry, A.; Nolen, A. Thematic analysis of qualitative research data: Is it as easy as it sounds? Curr. Pharm. Teach. Learn. 2018, 10, 807–815. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Perçin, S. An integrated fuzzy SWARA and fuzzy AD approach for outsourcing provider selection. J. Manuf. Technol. Manag. 2019, 30, 531–552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Irfan, E.; Yousaf, A.; Muhammad, S. Analysing role of businesses’ investment in digital literacy: A case of Pakistan. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change 2022, 176, 121484. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kiger, M.E.; Varpio, L. Thematic analysis of qualitative data: AMEE Guide No. 131. Med. Teach. 2020, 42, 846–854. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Keršuliene, V.; Zavadskas, E.K.; Turskis, Z. Determining a rational dispute resolution method using a new criterion weighting. J. Bus. Econ. Manag. 2010, 11, 243–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Forgács, A.; Lukács, J.; Horváth, R. The Investigation of the Applicability of Fuzzy Rule-based Systems to Predict Economic Decision-Making. Acta Polytech. Hung. 2021, 18, 97–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tesic, D.; Delibasic, B.; Bozanic, D.; Lojic, R.; Pamucar, D.; Balassa, B.E. Application of the Fucom-Fuzzy Mairca Model in Human Resource Management. Acta Polytechn. Hung. 2023, 20, 231–249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mardani, A.; Kazimieras, E.K.; Zainab, K.; Norhayati, Z.; Ahmad, J.; Khalil, N.; Khoshnoudi, M. A review of multi-criteria decision-making applications to solve energy management problems: Two decades from 1995 to 2015. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2017, 71, 216–256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Özdağoğlu, G.; Özdağoğlu, A.; Damar, M. Identifying and prioritising process portfolio for sustaining an effective business process management lifecycle. J. Multi-Criteria Decis. Anal. 2023, 30, 24–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zadeh, L.A. Fuzzy Sets. 1965. Available online: https://www-liphy.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/pagesperso/bahram/biblio/Zadeh_FuzzySetTheory_1965.pdf (accessed on 29 July 2022).
- Achkasova, S. Implementation the Fuzzy Modeling Technology by Means of fuzzy TECH Into the Process of Management the Riskiness of Business Entities Activity. East. -Eur. J. Enterp. Technol. 2018, 5, 39–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Uyanık, G.K.; Güler, N. A Study on Multiple Linear Regression Analysis. Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci. 2013, 106, 234–240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gottlob, A.; Boomgaarden, H. Risk Propensity, News Frames and Immigration Attitudes. Int. J. Commun. 2022, 16, 2174–2197. [Google Scholar]
- Durden, E.; Pirner, M.C.; Rapoport, S.J.; Williams, A.; Robinson, A.; Forman-Hoffman, V.L. Changes in stress, burnout, and resilience associated with an 8-week intervention with relational agent “Woebot”. Internet Interv. 2023, 33, 100637. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kiran, P.V.S.; Sujitha, S.; Estherita, S.A.; Vasantha, S. Effect of Hr Analytics, Human Capital Management on Organisational Performance. J. Educ. Teach. Train. 2023, 14, 117–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taherdoost, H. What Is the Best Response Scale for Survey and Questionnaire Design; Review of Different Lengths of Rating Scale Attitude Scale Likert Scale. Int. J. Acad. Res. Manag. 2019, 8, hal-02557308. [Google Scholar]
- Khattak, S.G. IN/SECURITY Afghan Refugees and Politics in Pakistan. SDPI, 2003. Available online: www.sdpi.org (accessed on 1 August 2022).
- Ghufran, N. Afghan Refugees in Pakistan Current Situation and Future Scenario. Policy Perspect. 2006, 3, 83–104. Available online: https://www.ips.org.pk/afghan-refugees-in-pakistan-current-situation-and-future-scenario/ (accessed on 1 August 2022).
- UNHCR. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2019. Available online: https://sdgs.un.org/un-system-sdg-implementation/united-nations-high-commissioner-refugees-unhcr-24540 (accessed on 1 August 2022).
- Siddiqui, S. Bank Account Facility for Refugees to Aid Economy. Express Trib. 2019. Available online: https://tribune.com.pk/story/1920562/bank-account-facility-refugees-aid-economy (accessed on 1 August 2022).
- Newman, A.; Macaulay, L.; Dunwoodie, K. Refugee Entrepreneurship: A Systematic Review of Prior Research and Agenda for Future Research. Int. Migr. Rev. 2023, 01979183231182669. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Atasü-Topcuoğlu, R. Syrian refugee entrepreneurship in turkey: Integration and the use of immigrant capital in the informal economy. Soc. Incl. 2019, 7, 200–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Center for Global Development. With US Withdrawal, Rights of Afghan Refugees in Pakistan Hang in the Balance, Ideas to Action. 2019. Available online: https://www.cgdev.org/blog/us-withdrawal-rights-afghan-refugees-pakistan-hang-balance (accessed on 1 August 2022).
- Morgan, C.J. Use of proper statistical techniques for research studies with small samples. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 2017, 313, L873–L877. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Karch, J.D. Improving on Adjusted R-Squared; Leiden University: Leiden, The Netherlands, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Ursachi, G.; Horodnic, I.A.; Zait, A. How reliable are measurement scales? External factors with indirect influence on reliability estimators. Procedia Econ. Financ. 2015, 20, 679–686. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Komori, O.; Eguchi, S.; Copas, J.B. Generalized t-statistic for two-group classification. Biometrics 2015, 71, 404–416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Frost, J. How to Interpret the F-test of Overall Significance in Regression Analysis—Statistics By Jim. 2022. Available online: https://statisticsbyjim.com/regression/interpret-f-test-overall-significance-regression/ (accessed on 2 August 2022).
- Kim, J. How to Choose the Level of Significance: A Pedagogical Note. 2015. Available online: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/66373/ (accessed on 2 August 2022).
- Denaro, C.; Giuffre, M. UN Sustainable Development Goals and the “Refugee Gap”: Leaving Refugees Behind? Refug. Surv. Q. 2022, 41, 79–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hashim, A. Refugees in Pakistan Hit by Aid Cuts as Europe Crisis Drains Funds. Reuters. 2015. Available online: https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-pakistan-refugees-europe-idUKKCN0S71S520151013 (accessed on 2 August 2022).
- Alafi, K.K. Syrians and Business in Irbid City: Jordanian Stability and Refugees: A Qualitative Study. Int. J. Bus. Manag. 2014, 9, 115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Total Interviews | 18 |
---|---|
Fully Responded | 9 |
Partially Responded | 7 |
Totally Refrained | 2 |
Hurdles Identified | Total Respondents | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | No Comments | ||
1 | Informal taxes at borders | 9 | 0 | 9 |
2 | No land/shop acquisition | 10 | 0 | 8 |
3 | Bank account facility for only POR | 11 | 0 | 7 |
4 | Cannot travel internationally | 9 | 0 | 9 |
5 | Cannot import or export directly | 10 | 0 | 8 |
6 | Demand for bribes from customs officers | 10 | 1 | 7 |
7 | Demand for bribes from traffic police | 10 | 1 | 7 |
8 | No recognition or status demotivates | 10 | 0 | 8 |
9 | Heavy commissions demand | 6 | 4 | 8 |
10 | No facilities for vehicle registration or driving licenses | 10 | 0 | 8 |
Linguistic Variables | Fuzzy Numbers |
---|---|
Very Low (VL) | (1,1,3) |
Low (L) | (1,3,5) |
Medium (M) | (3,5,7) |
High (H) | (5,7,9) |
Very High (VH) | (7,9,9) |
H1 | Refugee entrepreneurs face the hurdle of no proper tax mechanism on borders |
H2 | Refugee entrepreneurs face the hurdle of no land/shop acquisition |
H3 | Refugee entrepreneurs face the hurdle of limited/no bank account facility |
H4 | Refugee entrepreneurs face the hurdle of restricted international travel |
H5 | Refugee entrepreneurs face the hurdle of their no import/export policy |
H6 | Refugee entrepreneurs face the hurdle of bribe demands by customs officers |
H7 | Refugee entrepreneurs face the hurdle of bribe demands by traffic police |
H8 | Refugee entrepreneurs face the hurdle of no proper recognition |
H9 | Refugee entrepreneurs face the hurdle of heavy commission demand |
H10 | Refugee entrepreneurs face the hurdle of no facilities for vehicle registration/licenses |
H11 | Refugee entrepreneurs will have the opportunity to earn more |
H12 | Refugee entrepreneurs will have the opportunity to expand their business |
H13 | Refugee entrepreneurs will have more authority |
H14 | Refugee entrepreneurs will have the opportunity to select a business of their own choice |
H15 | Refugee entrepreneurs will have the opportunity to sell cheap products |
Main Themes | Comparative Importance of Average Values Sj | Coefficient Kj = 1 + Sj | Recalculated Weight | Final Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|
T1 Lack of Policies | _ | 1, 1, 1 | 1, 1, 1 | 0.84, 0.88, 0.89 |
T3 Bribery and Corruption | 5.46, 7.46, 8.62 | 6.46, 8.46, 9.69 | 0.103, 0.118, 0.155 | 0.087, 0.104, 0.138 |
T2 Informal Taxation | 5.61, 7.61, 8.62 | 6.61, 8.61, 9.69 | 0.011, 0.014, 0.023 | 0.009, 0.012, 0.021 |
Hypothesis of Hurdles | Hypothesis of Opportunities | |
---|---|---|
Overall Significance | 0.009410 | 0.0001345 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.8614 | 0.8415 |
Cronbach’s Alpha | 0.8539 | 0.8822 |
Hypotheses | HA | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
t-Statistic | p-Value | Coefficients | Accepted | |
H1 = Informal taxation | 3.48 | 0.0176 | 8.71 | Yes |
H2 = No land/shop acquisition | 2.05 | 0.0953 | 6.43 | Yes |
H3 = Credit account only for POR | −3.39 | 0.0194 | −9.11 | Yes |
H4 = Cannot travel internationally | 3.59 | 0.0157 | 17.36 | Yes |
H5 = Cannot import/export | −2.44 | 0.0587 | −8.61 | Yes |
H6 = Bribery demand by custom officers | −2.56 | 0.0504 | −13.13 | Yes |
H7 = Bribery demand by traffic officers | 2.77 | 0.0392 | 6.83 | Yes |
H8 = No recognition demotivates | 2.02 | 0.0995 | 7.45 | Yes |
H9 = Heavy commission charged | −2.70 | 0.0430 | −5.43 | Yes |
H10 = No registration of vehicles/licenses | 3.23 | 0.0232 | 11.68 | Yes |
HB | ||||
H11 = Earn more profit | 2.31 | 0.0428 | 4.38 | Yes |
H12 = Expansion of business | 2.00 | 0.0774 | 5.33 | Yes |
H13 = More authority | −1.33 | 0.2126 | −4.19 | No |
H14 = Own choice of business | 0.938 | 0.3700 | 1.12 | No |
H15 = Sell cheap products | 2.00 | 0.0723 | 6.26 | Yes |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Tariq, H.; Ali, Y.; Sabir, M.; Garai-Fodor, M.; Csiszárik-Kocsir, Á. Barriers to Entrepreneurial Refugees’ Integration into Host Countries: A Case of Afghan Refugees. Sustainability 2024, 16, 2281. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16062281
Tariq H, Ali Y, Sabir M, Garai-Fodor M, Csiszárik-Kocsir Á. Barriers to Entrepreneurial Refugees’ Integration into Host Countries: A Case of Afghan Refugees. Sustainability. 2024; 16(6):2281. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16062281
Chicago/Turabian StyleTariq, Habib, Yousaf Ali, Muhammad Sabir, Monika Garai-Fodor, and Ágnes Csiszárik-Kocsir. 2024. "Barriers to Entrepreneurial Refugees’ Integration into Host Countries: A Case of Afghan Refugees" Sustainability 16, no. 6: 2281. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16062281