Revealing Ecotourism Potential of Streams and Waterfalls: Identification of Influential Factors in a Case Study from Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Methods
2.3. Dataset
- Ecotourism potential (P)
- Greenness (G)
- Connectivity (C)
- Accessibility (A)
- Infrastructure: Restaurants (R) and Hotels (H)
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
- Ecotourism potential
- Descriptive statistics
3.2. Ecotourism Potential Model
4. Discussion
4.1. Aspects of Ecotourism
4.2. Modeling with Key Factors
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Definition |
---|---|
P | Ecotourism potential associated with streams and waterfalls in Thua Thien Hue province, Vietnam |
G | Greenness around streams/waterfalls is represented by the NDVI |
C | Dummy variable takes a value of 1 for the connectivity of streams and waterfalls to the main road (3 km buffer) and 0 for non-connectivity |
A | Accessibility to streams and waterfalls |
R | Dummy variable takes a value of 1 for the existence of restaurants surrounding streams/waterfalls (1 km buffer) and 0 for non-existence |
H | Dummy variable takes a value of 1 for the existence of accommodation or hotels surrounding streams/waterfalls (1 km buffer) and 0 for non-existence |
No | Name of Stream/Waterfall | Total Score | Category |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Mo waterfall | 4.43 | High |
2 | Bach Ma Village (Truot waterfall) | 4.41 | High |
3 | Chin Chang waterfall | 4.40 | High |
4 | O Lau stream | 4.39 | High |
5 | Nhi Ho waterfall | 4.22 | High |
6 | Su stream | 4.21 | High |
7 | A Nor waterfall | 4.20 | High |
8 | Par Le stream | 4.19 | High |
9 | Day stream | 4.03 | High |
10 | Bo Ghe waterfall | 3.99 | High |
11 | A Lin stream | 3.92 | High |
12 | A Don waterfall | 3.87 | High |
13 | Tien stream | 3.85 | High |
14 | Can Te stream | 3.78 | Moderate |
15 | Mo – Hoi Mit stream | 3.77 | Moderate |
16 | Mau stream | 3.70 | Moderate |
17 | Da Dam waterfall | 3.70 | Moderate |
18 | Voi stream | 3.65 | Moderate |
19 | A Rum stream | 3.65 | Moderate |
20 | Tam Thac Do waterfall | 3.62 | Moderate |
21 | Kazan waterfall | 3.61 | Moderate |
22 | Me stream | 3.53 | Moderate |
23 | Truot waterfall | 3.47 | Moderate |
24 | Hung stream | 3.25 | Low |
25 | Lanh stream | 3.24 | Low |
26 | Ta Re waterfall | 2.87 | Low |
27 | Hai Nhat waterfall | 2.85 | Low |
28 | Py Ay stream | 2.83 | Low |
29 | Ba Nhanh stream | 2.82 | Low |
30 | Phuong waterfall | 2.82 | Low |
31 | Cay Sen waterfall | 2.67 | Low |
Variable | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Median | Std. Deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ecotourism potential | 2.670 | 4.430 | 3.676 | 3.700 | 0.535 |
Greenness (G) | 0.221 | 0.464 | 0.364 | 0.356 | 0.067 |
Connectivity (C) | 0 | 1 | 0.450 | 0 | 0.506 |
Accessibility (A) | 2.560 | 4.500 | 3.618 | 3.680 | 0.535 |
Restaurants (R) | 0 | 1 | 0.680 | 1 | 0.475 |
Hotels (H) | 0 | 1 | 0.710 | 1 | 0.461 |
Variable | Coef. | Std. Error | T-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
(Constant) | 0.952 | 0.469 | 2.030 | 0.053 |
G | 1.605 ** | 0.579 | 2.773 | 0.010 |
C | −0.229 ** | 0.096 | −2.381 | 0.025 |
A | 0.483 *** | 0.144 | 3.354 | 0.003 |
R | 0.379 ** | 0.163 | 2.327 | 0.028 |
H | 0.337 ** | 0.157 | 2.148 | 0.042 |
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Hien, T.T.T.; Chu, H.-J. Revealing Ecotourism Potential of Streams and Waterfalls: Identification of Influential Factors in a Case Study from Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam. Sustainability 2024, 16, 9299. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219299
Hien TTT, Chu H-J. Revealing Ecotourism Potential of Streams and Waterfalls: Identification of Influential Factors in a Case Study from Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam. Sustainability. 2024; 16(21):9299. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219299
Chicago/Turabian StyleHien, Tran Thi Thu, and Hone-Jay Chu. 2024. "Revealing Ecotourism Potential of Streams and Waterfalls: Identification of Influential Factors in a Case Study from Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam" Sustainability 16, no. 21: 9299. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219299
APA StyleHien, T. T. T., & Chu, H.-J. (2024). Revealing Ecotourism Potential of Streams and Waterfalls: Identification of Influential Factors in a Case Study from Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam. Sustainability, 16(21), 9299. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219299