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5 January 2023

Innovation of the Social Security, Legal Risks, Sustainable Management Practices and Employee Environmental Awareness in The China–Pakistan Economic Corridor

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1
School of Law, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
2
School of Philosophy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310023, China
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Sustainability2023, 15(2), 1021;https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021021
This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management Practices - Key to Innovation
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Abstract

This research is about the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which is an important and first project of the “Belt and Road” initiative (BRI). BRI is the framework and manifesto for the wide-ranging, fundamental collaboration signed by China and Pakistan in 2013. The CPEC vision and mission were initiated to develop economic growth and facilitate free trade, the people’s living standards of Pakistan and China through bilateral investments, trade, cultural exchanges, and economic activities between both countries. The initial investment for the project was $46 billion, with a tentative duration of fifteen years. This research aimed to inquire into the effects of legal risks (LR), social security (SS), and employee environmental awareness (EEA) on the project performance (PP) of the CPEC. It further investigates the significance of gender empowerment perspectives (GEP). A research framework consisting of this quantitative analysis and the bilateral impacts of the study were explored through several policies scenarios into 2025. The results of the risk analysis were rated on a Likert scale. A questionnaire survey was used in order to collect data and test the research framework and hypotheses. An empirical test was conducted using a dataset with partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to validate the study.

1. Introduction

China and Pakistan have enjoyed close, and cordial ties as great friends, partners, and brothers since the two nations’ diplomatic relations were established in May 1951 [1]. The connection has developed into an “all-weather strategic cooperative partnership” over time, more comprehensively after ratifying the Bilateral Investment Treaty of 1989 (BIT) [2]. Most recently, the recent development in this relationship discourse through the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC or Corridor) under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is going to be a game changer in the region [3]. This corridor will serve for greater development and the social and economic progress of both China and Pakistan. As the corridor is a component of China’s considerably more comprehensive trade and infrastructure development strategy, it will benefit over four billion people in over 60 countries, with regional economies growing by a minimum of $2.5 trillion [4].
The BRI aspires to connect China with Central Asia, Europe, and Russia via the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean. Therefore, Pakistan’s strategic location in Southeast Asia, bordering Iran and Afghanistan in the west [5], China in the northeast, and India to the east, has contributed to its significance in the region as a transit fare. The Arabian Sea bordering Pakistan’s south, with a 1046-km shoreline, serves as a major commercial route between Pakistan and the rest of the globe. The ports located there will be a principal focus of China [6]. Because of significant investment in other sectors, Pakistan will also be one of the project’s main beneficiaries in addition to the areas mentioned above [7]. The agriculture, industry, and services sectors account for the largest shares of the Pakistani economy’s GDP, contributing 21.4%, 20.8%, and 53.3%, respectively [8]. Due to the country’s acute energy situation, interest from investors has fallen in all these areas. In the midst of these difficulties, the CPEC presents Pakistan with a chance to attract new investors and spark economic activity that could lead to socioeconomic progress [9,10]. Figure 1 demonstrates the CPEC projects that have been progressing under the CPEC authority of Pakistan recently [11] (see Figure 1).
Figure 1. Projects Progress Update.
Given the above and Pakistan’s crucial but strategic location from an economic and apolitical standpoint for Asia and the rest of the world, the utilization of women in such a development landscape is attaining great significance [12]. As a land with a lot of potentials to affect the political and socioeconomic landscape as the sole Muslim nuclear power [13], Pakistan’s proximity to the Persian Gulf, where around 65 percent of the world’s oil is produced, women play a crucial role in its growth. While women’s employment plays a crucial part in human capital and is a strategically significant component of development [14,15], it is also necessary to reap the rewards of social-economic development and forward-thinking economies. In contrast to industrialized countries, this idea is far more dispersed in developing nations. Therefore, this research focuses on the legal risks and social security of the women in Pakistan who will potentially work in the CPEC mechanism under the BRI strategy [16].
In its 2012 version of the constitution, the Communist Party of China (CCP) under President Xi Jinping set two key centennial goals for China’s progress [17]. The first objective takes place in 2021, the year that CCP turns 100. President Xi Jinping wants China’s GDP and per capita income to have doubled by this time compared to 2010. The second goal is to turn China from a “moderately successful society” By the time the People’s Republic of China turns 100, we aim to transform it into a modern socialist nation that is powerful, democratic, culturally developed, and peaceful [18,19]. These extremely lofty objectives are the foundation of President Xi Jinping’s doctrine, which will be elucidated later. These two centennial objectives seek to advance China’s development and economy to unprecedented heights [20]. The accomplishment of these objectives is crucial to the legitimacy of the CCP’s authority. From this perspective, BRI and CPEC are two major initiatives that will propel China’s economic development [21].
This research is an empirical investigation focused on discovering a negative relationship between Legal Risks (LR) [22], Social Security (SS) [23], and Employee Environmental Awareness (EEA) [24]. It will be concluded that LR, SS, and EEA negatively influence the CPEC because of the lack of a policy framework developed under the BIT [25]. Furthermore, this research also analyzes that the Gender Empowerment Perspective (GEP) negativities moderate the ROL, L-R, and SS of CPEC [26]. In differentiation, the values of EEA and ROL were investigated in the presence of the positive GEP.
The remaining structure of the paper is as follows: Section 2 outlines the literature review. Section 3 presents the material and methods, while Section 4 focuses on the impact of women’s empowerment perspectives and the legal framework between Pakistan and China. Section 5 provides conclusions, limitations, and future research areas.

2. Literature Review

2.1. Infrastructure Project

Over the next 10 to 15 years, initially, the Chinese government had intended to invest more than $46 billion through the CPEC in development projects, a variety of ongoing infrastructure projects are under construction and fall under the CPEC’s scope of investment, and were to be completed all over Pakistan, with a foundation amount of investment of US$46 billion in 2013 [27]. Then, it was revised to an initial estimation of US$55 billion [28]. The value of CPEC projects has increased again to $62 billion as of 2020 [29] after the inclusion of new projects, including industrial zones, the Karachi Circular Railway, and other projects, which is equal to 25% of Pakistan’s GDP [30]. The energy sector will receive about $43 billion in investments to expand its capacity by supplying 17,000 megawatts of electricity are provided to the infrastructure and national grid [31]. The remaining $19 billion will go to communications, transportation, and energy. For example, Figure 2 reflects that the railway lines between Peshawar and Karachi will be addressed with some of these funds.
Figure 2. Outlying in CPEC.
The CPEC’s growth of transportation infrastructure projects has affected local citizens’ education. Additionally, officials frequently assess community needs, acceptance, and lifestyle using the outcomes of regional community behavior [32]. The local communities will benefit from the project development. It is a proven fact that when residents profit from the growth of CPEC projects and see it favorably, they have faith in the CPEC policies and offer more support. So, the current study considers many of the regional community’s benefit-based approaches and the host community’s feelings about the CPEC projects that will be built [23].
The three primary phases of all CPEC projects are meant to be completed sequentially. The completion dates for CPEC projects in the short, medium, and long term are 2020, 2025, and 2030, respectively [32]. The money was originally intended to be distributed among the projects as depicted.
The CPEC will fund the construction of economic zones alongside its trade routes, including Khuzdar to Bisma, Gwadar-Hosab, the Karachi to Lahore, and Karakorum motorways, as well as railway lines to link them [33]. This connectivity is intended to guarantee goods access for trades and consumers to enhance domestic business and investment. Railway tracks will also be extended from Karachi-Peshawar to improve connections and expand transportation options. For long-term and medium-term investments, Pakistan has designated nine favorable trade zones [34]. In order to increase Pakistan’s exports to international markets, stronger development investments are being made, and a mix of energy technologies is focusing on manufacturing development [35]. This will encourage the expansion of logistics, transportation, and enriched exports from Pakistan. The industrial and infrastructure growth of development areas of the CPEC are developing into an efficient tool for decreasing Pakistan’s national debt and improving profitability for repaying CPEC debts [36]. The CPEC infrastructure expansion and concurrent key interconnections have created a more competitive environment for the central Asian states to interchange and vend their commodities in international markets. Pakistan wants to travel through Afghanistan to Central Asia known as Middle Asia [37,38,39].

2.2. Gwadar Port and Gwadar Sea Port

It is anticipated that the CPEC will further improve trade and economic relations between the two nations. Chinese Premier Li Keqiang highlighted the CPEC edifice during his visit to Pakistan in May 2013 [40]. Since then, the current Pakistani administration has also demonstrated a lot of excitement for the project. The corridor will link Kashgar in northwest China to Baluchistan (Pakistan), making Gwadar Port in Baluchistan fully operational and an important deep-sea port in the area [41]. The government-owned China Overseas Ports Holding received control of Gwadar Port. Since that time, Gwadar has undergone significant growth to become a complete, deep-water commercial port. With Pakistan serving as south Asia’s gatekeeper for South, Central, and East Asia, Gwadar is a natural gateway to China, Pakistan, and Afghanistan along the trade routes of Central Asia [42]. China would thus lessen its reliance on the Malacca Strait checks. The Gwadar of port has become more crucial to its strategic approach due to changes in global energy policies, the risky South-China marine environment, and the Sri-Lanka and Malacca Straits making up China’s newest sea route [43].
The goal of the CPEC projects is to promote the growth of economic and free commerce among the two nations. However, that has also led to a significant increase in employment opportunities, worker environmental awareness, social security, educational opportunities, legal risks, assessments of the rule of law, and an improvement in the standard of life for residents, particularly women [41]. This research study explores and analyzes the advantages of the CPEC plan and how it affects attitudes toward women’s empowerment by considering what we understand about the CPEC.
Due to Kashgar’s distance from its most important port in China, which is 4500 km, the Gwadar port would help reduce travel distances by around 2800 km and 2500 km, respectively. Raising China’s many million-dollar exports would reduce the deficit [44]. These highways would facilitate the development of many facilities, including communications and economic zones. On the other hand, most emerging nations in south Asia, the Middle East, and central Africa have reacted to China and Pakistan’s ideas of economic growth [45]. There may have been a gathering of more than 3 billion individuals. More goods and services will be exported because of improved road connections and the development of the Gwadar port. Considering that there are more than two hundred million people in Pakistan, there is a majority of young people, and human resources could potentially be a significant exploitative source. Pakistan’s Karachi region will develop into a significant port and profit from its ties to the Gwadar port [46], which might benefit the residents of Karachi, in particular, with significant investments and economic trends. Thus, the development of Gwadar has benefited the shipping, industrial, and fishing sectors. These factors combined make it an economic center for Karachi’s passionately driven business community and private sector [47].

2.3. Energy Projects

Following a fast-track agenda, China intends to invest 43 billion dollars in 21 energy projects in Pakistan through CPEC from 2018 to 2020. These energy projects have received 5–6% financing from the Exim Bank of China [48]. Some studies have shown that Pakistan’s economic growth and energy use are related. Additionally, one study concludes that energy benefits employment prospects. Energy production and national economic expansion are related. Energy plays a significant role in CPEC, to the point where it could also be referred to as the China–Pakistan Energy Corridor, and much of the total funds are estimated to be invested in power-producing facilities [49] (See Table 1).
Table 1. Energy Projects Under CPEC.

2.4. Maritime Belt and Ports

President Xi Jinping of China first proposed developing a 21st-century version of the Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB) and the Maritime Silk Road (MSR) in 2013 [51]. This announcement marked the beginning of the BRI Initiative [52]. The BRI consists of hundreds of large-scale international projects, including industrial parks, power, trains, and bridges, with far-reaching effects on the participating nations. Parallel to this, BRI has presented potential barriers between these international endeavors and local people, such as climate change and displacement, which have brought significant benefits. China’s diplomatic efforts are based on the BRI and CPEC [53,54]. Pakistan is to be considered vital to the execution of this diplomacy as envisaged by Chinese diplomatic circles. This would not simply be limited to economic benefits. In many ways, Pakistan, which is crucial to China’s geostrategic objectives through the CPEC, will gain in practical terms if its human capital is properly utilized. Since the CPEC decided to use this resource strategically, its importance has become increasingly apparent. There is widespread agreement that human resources must demonstrate that a country’s development depends on its human capital [55].
The consequences of CPEC on the Pakistani community have barely been studied. This research includes an inclusive review of the prior literature in two disciplines. This research study’s initial emphasis was on the body of existing literature [56]. Employee environmental awareness sought to locate studies on the effects of gender disparities in empowerment. Researchers and decision-makers have been examining how women have impacted the development of less developed nations. Scientists and experts are inspired by the astounding eastern Bose study from the 1970s; the study explored solutions to the issue of gender disparities that impede developmental progress.
One of the factors contributing to the economic success of members like Pakistan and China is the CPEC (see Figure 3). The former benefited from the development of an internal infrastructure that raised the standard of living in the area [57]. These measures also help Pakistani women living in both urban and rural areas. The advantages of the CPEC are felt throughout Pakistan, not only in one area especially as a means of empowering women economically. In Pakistan, rural residents, especially women, confront several difficulties, including inadequate employment, education, and healthcare opportunities [58]. Numerous studies of the CPEC have been conducted based on the literature, including research focusing on the supply of benefits to local people by the beginning of the CPEC. However, no research has been done on the CPEC project with a focus on empowering women in the Thar region, one of the poorest regions in the country [59]. Thus, by focusing on the empowerment of women and learning how the CPEC directly impacts the empowerment of women by offering work possibilities, a high standard of living, and educational facilities to the women in Sindh of the Thar region, this study fills the research vacuum and adds to the body of knowledge. This study supports the idea that local women directly benefit from CPEC’s opportunities for employment, education, and a high standard of living. These markers are significant for women in such underdeveloped places, and this study hopes to use them to determine how women feel about CPEC [60]. It will help policymakers create better policies to support local communities and women [61].
Figure 3. CPEC Location.

2.5. Characteristics of the Population

Regarding the ideal organizational settings that emphasize enhancing environmental performance for their personnel [62]. Table 2 displays the overall characteristics of the participants in this study who responded. According to the characteristics, there were 248 females and 319 males (56.26% and 43.73%, respectively). A total of 68 respondents were under 20–25 years old (14.46%), 99 were aged between 30–35 (21.06%), 159 were aged between 40–45 (33.82%), 106 were aged between 50–55 (22.5%), and 38 were over 55 years old (8.08%).
Table 2. Analytical of gender traits.

2.6. Industry Types of Respondents

The information gathered on segment properties for the final sample, broken down by segment. Table 3 express 78 employment respondents in green organizations in the agriculture industry (15.82%), 76 in the energy sector (15.41%), 71 in the construction sector (14.40 %), 74 in the waste management service sector (15.01%), 95 in the transport sector (19.26%), and 90 in the rural sector and forestry (18.25%) (See Table 3).
Table 3. Industry type and respondents in their 30s, 40s, and 50s.

3. Material and Methods

This paper comprises the author’s analysis, an evaluation of the literature review and jurisprudence, and personal reflections on the CPEC project’s legal regulations. The research was based on articles from peer-reviewed English journals in databases and official websites of the participating countries: PubMed, the Web of Science, served as the source for the study’s data, published between 2013 and 2022, through the use of certain keywords. The rule of law has to do with legal risks, social security, environmental awareness among employees, the CPEC, and women’s empowerment.
The CPEC aspires to improve people’s quality of life in China and Pakistan through bilateral investments, trade, cultural exchanges, and economic activities. Pakistan and China set up the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor Authority (CPECA) to help reach this goal [62]. Our research methods focused on how the CPEC in Pakistan has empowered women and examined how rules can be made to get more women to work on the CPEC Project [63].
Items from a prior study were used. All variables were computed to identify which variables had the highest and lowest mean values to understand better research variables like mean, and standard deviation, and the correlation provides all the variables’ descriptive statistics and correlation matrix (refer Table 4). There is a high association between CPEC expansion and employment opportunities (r = 0.516, p < 0.05), education improvement and the CPEC (r = 0.618, p < 0.05), and quality of life and the CPEC (r = 0.589, p < 0.05). All correlation values are less than 0.80 and significant at the two-tailed level, while the standard deviation ranges from 0.48 to 0.58, suggesting that mean values are above average. The table shows how the CPEC’s integration significantly increased foreign direct investment, benefiting the country. However, there has been a global decline in investment activities and remittances as a current result of the COVID-19 epidemic and the lockdown scenario. The tables display data from direct investment in China and Pakistan.
Table 4. Correlation.
This research is an empirical investigation focused on discovering a negative relationship between the analysis of gender traits, industry type and respondents, legal risks (LR), social security (SS), and employee environmental awareness (EEA). It will be concluded that LR, SS, and EEA negatively influence the CPEC because of the lack of a policy framework developed under the BIT. Furthermore, this research also suggested that the Gender Empowerment Perspective (GEP) negatively moderates the ROL, LR, and SS of the CPEC. In contrast, the value of EEA and ROL can be investigated in the presence of the positive GEP. The research is divided into six parts, including an introduction and conclusion, wherefore, following from here, the literature review depicts the gaps and laxity in the research conducted so far, followed by analysis and discussion sections.
It also discusses how employees can be more aware of the environment. Consequently, in order to give this concept some context, to analyze the data and answer these study problems, qualitative and quantitative methods were used, and this research addresses three major issues related to the research questions. Specifically, a single circumstance study was used to answer the CPEC authority of initiative, government, and practice questions: (1) How does this promote women’s and girls’ equal rights in the effects of passing through the CPEC route on local women; (2) What is the difference between gender equity, gender equality, gender employment, and women’s empowerment in the CPEC project? (3) What helps women break out of the cycle of poverty and build their futures? A situation study is the most popular approach used to conduct a thorough investigation of current occurrences that the investigator has little or no influence over. The questionnaire was used to collect data in a systematic way to answer the CPEC authority impact question, which compared how the local community changed before and after CPEC transnational projects were built, and how the CPEC authority works.

4. The Impact of Women’s Empowerment

4.1. Effects Empowerment of Women’s Education

The right of women to education has been acknowledged. Women’s education has a positive impact on national production, income, and economic development, as well as a population that is healthier and more adequately fed [64]. All types of demographic activity, including mortality, health, fertility, and contraception, depend on it. According to geography, culture, and the level of development, women’s gains from education vary greatly. Still, it is undeniable that education empowers women, giving them more autonomy and leading to fewer children in almost every situation [65]. This study concludes that the generalizations concerning the interactions between education, fertility, and female autonomy are complicated by contextual factors, such as the general degree of socioeconomic development and the condition of women in traditional kinship networks. It explains how these findings affect policy and makes smart suggestions for more research.

4.2. Women’s Paid Job Involvement

It is assumed that women’s involvement in businesses, paid jobs, and other revenue-generating activities will lessen their dependency on the economy. Additionally, it boosts their influence over resources, participation in decision-making, and mobility [66]. Greater autonomy was seen among people working in successful industries. It has been asserted that women’s ability is primarily due to their dependence on the economy and that economically productive women can raise their position in all spheres of life. Therefore, by creating a supportive atmosphere, planners should devise strategies to improve women’s employment status. A global survey found that employment is the most important factor in women’s independence [67].

4.3. Women’s Awareness and Rights

Hundreds of millions of women and girls are not allowed to go to school and work, which stops them from becoming independent. Women should benefit from the CPEC by breaking the cycle of poverty and building a future for themselves [68]. The CPEC project and Pakistan’s women are more essential than anything else. Despite some concerning eliminations, the figures show increasing support for women’s rights. Nevertheless, passing a law is only one obstacle in the way of refining the lives of women. The gap between women’s realities and what is written in the laws is still very extensive [69,70].

4.4. Status of Women in Pakistan

The framework establishes women’s place in daily work and encourages a strict division of labor. It also places restrictions on women’s freedom of movement. The family is intimately tied to the status of the average woman, and she is essential to keeping the family together by having children, nurturing them, and caring for the elderly [71]. Particularly in India and Pakistan, there is a widening gender gap in education, employment, political engagement, decision-making, access to health care, employment prospects, and investment in women’s education. [72]. In the discriminatory system, the place of in the family and society is unsatisfactory. The CPEC presents numerous chances for growth and development for Pakistan and the provinces that the route travels through. However, current stereotypical limitations on an educated female workforce prevent them from contributing actively to such a successful endeavor [73]. The study underscores this disparity in terms of a crucial but frequently disregarded question as to how the CPEC can change the game for Pakistani women. It could either significantly advance the status of women in Pakistan or exacerbate their already precarious position. As the issue becomes more pertinent to understanding how the CPEC may provide this opportunity and close the gap, employee environmental performance becomes more significant to women [74].

4.5. Descriptive Statistics

We used items from the previous study. To better comprehend research variables like mean, standard deviation, and correlation, all variables were computed to determine which variables had the highest and lowest mean values [54]. Also, the correlation and standard deviation were used to determine how the variables were related and to see how different the responses were. The table below provides all variables’ descriptive statistics and correlation matrix. There is a high association between CPEC expansion and employment opportunities (r = 0.516, p < 0.05), education improvement and the CPEC (r = 0.618, p < 0.05), and quality of life and the CPEC (r = 0.589, p < 0.05). All correlation values are less than 0.80 and significant at two-tailed. While the standard deviation ranges from 0.48 to 0.58, suggesting that mean values are above average, and the low value of standard deviation shows that values are close to the mean, and the mean values are higher than the mid values (See Table 4).

6. Conclusions and Limitations of Future Research

This research suggested that the lack of a specific policy framework in the CPEC under the BRI shall result in negative impacts on the sustainable growth of the projects. Therefore, the LR, SS, and EEA variables on the PP of the CPEC, when analyzed through PLS-SEM equation model structuring, depict adverse and harmful impacts. Moreover, women employed under the CPEC of BRI are at risk, and the evaluation shows that the vulnerable segments of society under any such development projects always work with low income and fewer benefits. However, it was also concluded that the suggestions provided in this research shall be taken into consideration by the policy institutions for the effective protection of the women and vulnerable segments of the society under the CPEC of BRI for its sustainable growth and development.
Furthermore, China and Pakistan should focus on sticking to its carbon dioxide (CO2) emission reduction plan in order to reap the benefits of trade openness through the Belt and Road initiative while also protecting the environment and CPEC’s success. Pakistan, a developing country, must deal with serious problems relating to skilled labor; underemployment, and unemployment are said to be caused by a brain drain of skilled workers and a lack of technical education and awareness. The misconception in the contentious discussion of the CPEC is that it only has anything to do with energy and road connectivity projects. Beyond this limited meaning, the CPEC aims to prepare the nation for enormous Chinese investment and the cross-sectional integration of skilled labor and culture. Pakistan faces a significant issue in finding skilled employees in the context of CPEC unless we have qualified and diverse human resources across many sectors. The dearth of a skilled and trained female workforce makes this problem even worse. Due to the globalization of the economy, which the CPEC represents, there is a need for a national policy to help women develop their human incomes.
The new law on Special Economic Zones, which will directly affect how the CPEC is put into place, includes arbitration as an alternative way to settle disagreements. In the absence of a recognized institute to administer dispute resolution and arbitration services, advanced domestic, commercial arbitration will continue to be an appropriate alternative to legal disputes; the domestic law of Pakistan on foreign investment is based on both legal and constitutional security.
China has already taken steps to make its investment policies more secure by setting up three international commercial courts (also known as Belt and Road courts), one in Xi’an for the land-based Silk Road Economic Belt, one in Shenzhen for the Maritime Silk Road, and one in Beijing that will act as the headquarter. These courts will provide services for litigation, arbitration, and mediation. One opinion holds that China wants all conflicts involving the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) to be settled by these tribunals. Given that the CPEC investment is predicated on Pakistan’s foreign direct investment (FDI) rules and legal framework, this puts Pakistan in a tricky situation and necessitates taking proactive measures.
Future researchers can use limitations as a guide to investigate innovative studies because they are key identifiers for them. Since no single study can fully address every possible scenario, each has some methodological, contextual, or theoretical constraints. Future researchers can build on this study’s findings by examining the model in different cultural organizations or by comparing various companies and nations, such as the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor, using contextual constraints. Academics are urged to create the underlying theories that would explain how a working woman’s empowerment perspective could be used to deal with “employee environmental awareness”, “negative workplace attitudes”, “resistance to change”, “counterproductive work behaviors”, and “deviant workplace behaviors” in a positive way. Last but not least, future researchers should add organizational-level variables to the model that is already there.

Author Contributions

Contributed to the conception and design of the study, M.B.K. and S.W.; Investigation, Y.H.; Resources, X.Y. and Y.H.; wrote sections of the manuscript, M.B.K.; Wrote—review & editing, X.Y.; Supervision, S.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there is no known conflict of interest.

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