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Sustainability
Volume 14
Issue 9
10.3390/su14095626
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Article

Diet Fermentation Leads to Microbial Adaptation in Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens; Linnaeus, 1758) Larvae Reared on Palm Oil Side Streams

by
Patrick Klüber
1,
Dorothee Tegtmeier
1,
Sabine Hurka
2,
Janin Pfeiffer
1,
Andreas Vilcinskas
1,2,
Martin Rühl
1,3 and
Holger Zorn
1,3,*
1
Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), 35392 Giessen, Germany
2
Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
3
Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5626; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095626
Submission received: 20 March 2022 / Revised: 28 April 2022 / Accepted: 3 May 2022 / Published: 6 May 2022
(This article belongs to the Collection Sustainable Insect Farming: Feed the Future)
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Abstract

Insects offer a promising alternative source of protein to mitigate the environmental consequences of conventional livestock farming. Larvae of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens; Linnaeus, 1758) efficiently convert a variety of organic side streams and residues into valuable proteins, lipids, and chitin. Here, we evaluated the suitability of two palm oil industry side streams—empty fruit bunches (EFB) and palm kernel meal (PKM)—as larval feed, and their impact on the larval gut microbiome. Among 69 fungal species we screened, Marasmius palmivorus, Irpex consors, and Bjerkandera adusta achieved the fastest growth and lignin degradation, so these fungi were used for the pretreatment of 7:3 mixtures of EFB and PKM. Larvae reared on the mixture pretreated with B. adusta (BAD) developed significantly more quickly and reached a higher final weight than those reared on the other pretreatments or the non-fermented reference (NFR). Amplicon sequencing of the BAD and NFR groups revealed major differences in the larval gut microbiome. The NFR group was dominated by facultatively anaerobic Enterobacteriaceae (typical of H. illucens larvae) whereas the BAD group favored obligately anaerobic, cellulolytic bacteria (Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae). We hypothesize that fungal lignin degradation led to an accumulation of mycelia and subsequent cellulolytic breakdown of fiber residues, thus improving substrate digestibility.
Keywords: black soldier fly; palm oil; empty fruit bunches; palm kernel meal; sustainable insect feed; amplicon sequencing; microbiome; fermentation; insect rearing; Bjerkandera adusta black soldier fly; palm oil; empty fruit bunches; palm kernel meal; sustainable insect feed; amplicon sequencing; microbiome; fermentation; insect rearing; Bjerkandera adusta

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MDPI and ACS Style

Klüber, P.; Tegtmeier, D.; Hurka, S.; Pfeiffer, J.; Vilcinskas, A.; Rühl, M.; Zorn, H. Diet Fermentation Leads to Microbial Adaptation in Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens; Linnaeus, 1758) Larvae Reared on Palm Oil Side Streams. Sustainability 2022, 14, 5626. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095626

AMA Style

Klüber P, Tegtmeier D, Hurka S, Pfeiffer J, Vilcinskas A, Rühl M, Zorn H. Diet Fermentation Leads to Microbial Adaptation in Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens; Linnaeus, 1758) Larvae Reared on Palm Oil Side Streams. Sustainability. 2022; 14(9):5626. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095626

Chicago/Turabian Style

Klüber, Patrick, Dorothee Tegtmeier, Sabine Hurka, Janin Pfeiffer, Andreas Vilcinskas, Martin Rühl, and Holger Zorn. 2022. "Diet Fermentation Leads to Microbial Adaptation in Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens; Linnaeus, 1758) Larvae Reared on Palm Oil Side Streams" Sustainability 14, no. 9: 5626. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095626

APA Style

Klüber, P., Tegtmeier, D., Hurka, S., Pfeiffer, J., Vilcinskas, A., Rühl, M., & Zorn, H. (2022). Diet Fermentation Leads to Microbial Adaptation in Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens; Linnaeus, 1758) Larvae Reared on Palm Oil Side Streams. Sustainability, 14(9), 5626. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095626

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