An Assessment of Social Resilience against Natural Hazards through Multi-Criteria Decision Making in Geographical Setting: A Case Study of Sarpol-e Zahab, Iran
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Study Area
3.2. Data Collection
3.3. Overall Method
3.3.1. Variables Selection and Standardization
3.3.2. AHP Method
3.3.3. Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) Method
3.3.4. Evaluation of the Accuracy of the Proposed Model
4. Results
4.1. Locative Distribution of the Criteria Affecting Social Resilience
4.2. Accuracy Assessment
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Sub-Variables | Description | References |
---|---|---|---|
Demographic Characteristics | Age Structure (population aged under 15 and over 65); Literacy Status; Gender (ratio); Population Density; Immigration; Female-headed households; Occupation Status | Population and its characteristics are among the most important criteria affecting the rate of resilience in a region. In order to achieve a resilient society, special attention should be given to the demographic structure and context of the regions and their changes. Accurate knowledge about the demographic structure of a region before, during and after the occurrence of hazards, is of particular importance. | [11,12,40,41,42,51,52,53] |
Social harms | Poverty; Addiction; Suicide; Divorce | Social harms disturb relationships between members of the society, cause failures in social relations and lead to inability of society to integrate itself; this can be one of the important factors reducing the resilience of societies against crises. | [12,17,54,55,56,57] |
Social Capital | Social Trust; Social Participation; Social Integrity; Social Awareness; Social Support; Social Networks; Social Relations | Social capital, referring to the social relations of individuals with each other, can have a very positive effect on social resilience and developing security in cities. The greater the amount of social capital in a region, the more resilient that region will be in the course of a crisis. | [12,46,51,58,59,60,61,62] |
Religious Beliefs and Values | - | Beliefs are considered as an essential factor in strengthening the social resilience of societies against hazards, having an influential role in creating a sense of calmness, hope and returning to a pre-crisis state. | [43,44,63,64] |
The General Capability of Local Community | Sense of Belonging to a Place; Sympathy and Altruism; Cooperation | Membership in the local community is one of the necessities for resilience and an important resource for encouraging community members to be efficiently capable when faced with challenges. With a sense of local community, participation in social networks takes form and capabilities of individuals increase capabilities of the community to use internal resources when encountering crises. | [12,45,46,47,65,66] |
Resources and Skills | - | Resources and skills in a society are positively correlated with social resilience of that society against crises, because they promote the qualities of time and effort spent on planning | [10,12,44,65,67,68,69] |
Social Inequality | - | Inequalities lead a society to mistrustfulness, isolation and lawlessness; strengthening such unfairness leads to forming a kind of anger caused by disparities in individuals. This will affect social ties and break individual and group relationships. | [45,46,50,62,65] |
Social Security | Theft; Murder; Individual Conflicts; Group Conflicts | In a society that has maximum security, it will be easily possible to implement knowledge of design and construction related to encountering hazards, through strengthening these features to achieve resilience. | [12,48,49,54] |
Human Assets | Public Health; Having Trained and Skilled Workforce | Human assets bring flexibility power, which is one of the principals of resilience. Having a sufficient, skilled and trained workforce is a prerequisite for economic development and capacity building. This means that the more human assets available in society, equals more capacity to develop better resilience. | [11,40,46,62,70,71,72] |
Awareness and ducation | - | The level of public awareness and knowledge about the incidents that might threaten them is very effective in building resilience of society and for proper reaction to the events; thus, greatly reducing the damage inflicted. | [11,47,62,65,66,72,73] |
Row | Data | Format | Source |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Demographic Characteristics | Vector (polygon) | Civil Registration Organization and Statistics Center of Iran |
2 | Social harms | Vector (polygon) | National Plan for Family Conversations and Statistics Center of Iran |
3 | Social Capital | Vector (polygon) | Sarpol-e Zahab Health Center and Statistical Center of Iran |
4 | Religious Beliefs and Values | Vector (polygon) | Questionnaire |
5 | The General Capability of Local Community | Vector (polygon) | Questionnaire |
6 | Resources and Skills | Vector (polygon) | Questionnaire |
7 | Social Inequality | Vector (polygon) | Questionnaire |
8 | Social Security | Vector (polygon) | Sar-pol-e Zahab Police Force |
9 | Human Assets | Vector (polygon) | Questionnaire |
10 | Awareness and education | Vector (polygon) | Questionnaire |
Equation | Applied Condition | Standardization Technique | |
---|---|---|---|
(1) | Minimum variables | Linear: Maximum-Minimum | |
(2) | Maximum variables |
Value | Status of Comparing i to j | Description |
---|---|---|
1 | Similar Priority | Index i ranks similar to index j in terms of significance, or there is no priority. |
2 | A Little Prioritized | Index i slightly outranks index j in terms of significance. |
5 | Moderately Prioritized | Index i moderately outranks index j in terms of significance. |
7 | Highly Prioritized | Index i significantly outranks index j. |
9 | Absolutely Prioritized | Index i has absolute priority over index j. |
2-4-6-8 | In-between | These figures indicate “in-between” values; e.g., a value of 8, is higher in priority than 7, but lower than 9 for a given index (i). |
Variables | Variable–Weight | CR * | Sub-Variables | Criterion Weight | CR | Criterion Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic Characteristics | 0.07 | 0.004 | Age Structure (population aged under 15 and over 65) | 0.23 | 0.002 | Minimum |
Literacy Status | 0.19 | Maximum | ||||
Gender (ratio) | 0.11 | Maximum | ||||
Population Density | 0.28 | Minimum | ||||
Immigration | 0.04 | Minimum | ||||
Female-headed households | 0.07 | Minimum | ||||
Occupation Status | 0.08 | Maximum | ||||
Social Harms | 0.19 | Poverty | 0.31 | 0.008 | Minimum | |
Addiction | 0.26 | Minimum | ||||
Suicide | 0.24 | Minimum | ||||
Divorce | 0.19 | Minimum | ||||
Social Capital | 0.23 | Social Trust | 0.18 | 0.005 | Maximum | |
Social Participation | 0.22 | Maximum | ||||
Social Integrity | 0.12 | Maximum | ||||
Social Awareness | 0.09 | Maximum | ||||
Social Support | 0.08 | Maximum | ||||
Social Networks | 0.16 | Maximum | ||||
Social Relations | 0.15 | Maximum | ||||
Religious Beliefs and Values | 0.01 | - | Maximum | |||
The General Capability of Local Community | 0.05 | Sense of Belonging to a Place | 0.48 | 0.004 | Maximum | |
Sympathy and Altruism | 0.13 | Maximum | ||||
Cooperation | 0.39 | Maximum | ||||
Resources and Skills | 0.09 | - | 0.001 | Maximum | ||
Social Inequality | 0.14 | - | 0.005 | Minimum | ||
Social Security | 0.11 | Theft | 0.28 | 0.005 | Minimum | |
Murder | 0.37 | Minimum | ||||
Individual Conflicts | 0.14 | Minimum | ||||
Group Conflicts | 0.21 | Minimum | ||||
Social Capital | 0.08 | Public Health | 0.68 | 0.008 | Maximum | |
Having Trained and Skilled Workforce | 0.32 | Maximum | ||||
Awareness and Education | 0.03 | - | 0.006 | Maximum |
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Shahpari Sani, D.; Heidari, M.T.; Tahmasebi Mogaddam, H.; Nadizadeh Shorabeh, S.; Yousefvand, S.; Karmpour, A.; Jokar Arsanjani, J. An Assessment of Social Resilience against Natural Hazards through Multi-Criteria Decision Making in Geographical Setting: A Case Study of Sarpol-e Zahab, Iran. Sustainability 2022, 14, 8304. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148304
Shahpari Sani D, Heidari MT, Tahmasebi Mogaddam H, Nadizadeh Shorabeh S, Yousefvand S, Karmpour A, Jokar Arsanjani J. An Assessment of Social Resilience against Natural Hazards through Multi-Criteria Decision Making in Geographical Setting: A Case Study of Sarpol-e Zahab, Iran. Sustainability. 2022; 14(14):8304. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148304
Chicago/Turabian StyleShahpari Sani, Davoud, Mohammad Taghi Heidari, Hossein Tahmasebi Mogaddam, Saman Nadizadeh Shorabeh, Saman Yousefvand, Anahita Karmpour, and Jamal Jokar Arsanjani. 2022. "An Assessment of Social Resilience against Natural Hazards through Multi-Criteria Decision Making in Geographical Setting: A Case Study of Sarpol-e Zahab, Iran" Sustainability 14, no. 14: 8304. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148304