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Sustainability
Volume 13
Issue 7
10.3390/su13073956
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Article

Does Gender Climate Influence Climate Change? The Multidimensionality of Gender Equality and Its Countervailing Effects on the Carbon Intensity of Well-Being

by
Christina Ergas
1,*,
Patrick Trent Greiner
2,*,
Julius Alexander McGee
3 and
Matthew Thomas Clement
4
1
Department of Sociology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
2
Department of Sociology, Department of Public Policy Studies, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
3
Toulan School of Urban Studies and Planning, Department of Black Studies, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
4
Department of Sociology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editor: Ermanno C. Tortia
Sustainability 2021, 13(7), 3956; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073956
Received: 8 February 2021 / Revised: 25 March 2021 / Accepted: 29 March 2021 / Published: 2 April 2021
(This article belongs to the Section Health, Well-Being and Sustainability)
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Abstract

The carbon intensity of well-being (CIWB) (a ratio measuring the amount of CO2 emitted per unit of life expectancy at birth) is an increasingly popular way to measure the ecological efficiency of nations. Although research demonstrates that economic development typically reduces this efficiency, little research has explored the extent to which social equality improves it. This study uses panel data for 70 nations between 1995 and 2013 to assess how various aspects of gender equality affect the ecological efficiency of nations. We estimate a series of Prais-Winsten regression models with panel-corrected standard errors (PCSE) to assess how increases in the percentage of women in parliament, expected years of education for women, and the percentage of women in the labor force independently affect CIWB. Our findings indicate that across all nations, increases in the percentage of women in parliament and expected years of schooling reduce CIWB; however, increases in the percentage of women in the labor force increase CIWB. Our results further show that the relationship between different dimensions of gender equality and CIWB differs between more developed and less developed nations. Finally, we find that increases in the number of women in parliament and women’s education attenuate the relationship between women’s labor force participation and CIWB. We discuss the variation in our results by reviewing relevant eco-gender literatures and feminist economics. View Full-Text
Keywords: gender and environment; carbon intensity of well-being; climate change; social inequality; sustainable development gender and environment; carbon intensity of well-being; climate change; social inequality; sustainable development
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MDPI and ACS Style

Ergas, C.; Greiner, P.T.; McGee, J.A.; Clement, M.T. Does Gender Climate Influence Climate Change? The Multidimensionality of Gender Equality and Its Countervailing Effects on the Carbon Intensity of Well-Being. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3956. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073956

AMA Style

Ergas C, Greiner PT, McGee JA, Clement MT. Does Gender Climate Influence Climate Change? The Multidimensionality of Gender Equality and Its Countervailing Effects on the Carbon Intensity of Well-Being. Sustainability. 2021; 13(7):3956. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073956

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ergas, Christina, Patrick T. Greiner, Julius A. McGee, and Matthew T. Clement. 2021. "Does Gender Climate Influence Climate Change? The Multidimensionality of Gender Equality and Its Countervailing Effects on the Carbon Intensity of Well-Being" Sustainability 13, no. 7: 3956. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073956

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