The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Social, Health, and Economy
Abstract
:1. Background
Methodology
2. Impact of COVID-19 on Health
3. Herd Immunity or Vaccine as a Solution
4. Economic Impact of COVID-19
5. Social Impact of COVID-19
6. Public Health Institutions Interventions
- The adoption of a public health surveillance system for early detection and rapid response. Using an infectious disease model, the prevention of infection involves identifying the individual carrier of the virus to prevent others from getting infected, thus breaking the infection chain. In the case of coronavirus, since there is no treatment or vaccine available yet, the previous premise is crucial [26]. This strategy requires a strong surveillance capacity to be able to detect early cases and to be able to implement preventive measures. However, in most developing countries, epidemiological and laboratory capacity remain weak and need to be urgently strengthened. In Latin American countries, such as Colombia, there is a general shortage of trained human resources who can track the infection, and most of them depend on unstable job contracts or they are owed weeks and even months of wages [105]. This situation needs to change urgently, and the role of public health workers must be recognized [103].
- Risk communication and community participation. The role of the media is essential to ensure that public health measures are implemented effectively, and that people follow the advice provided by the government. This includes regular communication to the public of credible and evidence-based information through daily press conferences about the latest situation updates, associated risks, and actions taken. Risk communication is a key aspect for shaping the course of an pandemic and empowering people to make the right decisions. To encourage protective behavior, individuals need information that is appropriate, accurate, and easy to understand. This can help to limit the spread of misinformation causing panic or hysteria. It is essential to have a comprehensive risk communication strategy that is ethical and useful in the local context [106]. This strategy should be developed in collaboration with social scientists and experts in risk communication. The psychological impact of the pandemic has also been studied [107]. An effective strategy must also address this problem. Both local and national rulers should be responsible and be aware that their opinions outside scientific knowledge can lead to misinformation for the citizens [107,108].
- Protecting vulnerable groups in society. There is currently evidence that the disease affects all age groups but is disproportionately severe among older people and those with underlying conditions, such as hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes. Therefore, there is a clear message that the elderly and people with underlying comorbidities must be protected in society and the family environment, so they are not exposed. Geriatric centers must be actively tracked for both the elderly and workers, and medical treatment must be guaranteed if needed.
- Implementation of incentives for research, technological innovation, and development of appropriate health technologies for COVID-19 (medical equipment, respirators, reagents, protective equipment, etc.), promoting cooperation between countries.
- Search information for the diagnosis, surveillance, and prevention of COVID-19. Identifying those that are based on scientific evidence, which can support and feed the processes of policymaking and decision making, and dismissing false information for the general population.
- Mobilization of public health institutions networks for the organization of shared research, human resources training, and technical assistance-cooperation appropriate for the situation.
- Professionalization of health professionals and epidemiologists under direct contracting schemes with official public health entities and not through outsourcing with hospitals and contact tracing centers.
- Strengthen laboratory testing capacity, biosafety protection awareness, and technical training, and carry out health education and publicity, as well as communication of risks to citizens [109].
7. Economic-Financial and Labor Outlook after COVID-19
- Adoption of a public health surveillance system for early detection and rapid response.
- Risk communication and community participation.
- Protecting the vulnerable in society.
- Strengthening of scientific and medical institutions
8. What Can History Teach Us?
9. Possible Models of Economic Recovery
10. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | Renegotiation of External Debt | Take International Loans with Multilateral Banks | Take Loans to Face Health Situation | Postponement of Social Security Payment by Employers | Financing Essential Sectors of the Economy | Working Capital Loans to SMEs | Refinancing of Mortgage and Consumer Debts to Individuals for Variable Terms | Tax Relief for the Hotel Sector | Approval of Disbursement to Banks by the Central Bank to Finance Personal and Business Loans | Temporary Unemployment Benefit |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brazil | x | x | x | X | x | x | x | |||
Colombia | x | x | x The social security system guarantees the payment of a work disability to the worker infected by COVID-19 and empowers the general population to telework | X | x | x | x | x | ||
Costa Rica | x | x | x | x | x | |||||
Dominican Republic | x | x | x | x | x | |||||
Ecuador | x | x | x | x | x | |||||
El Salvador | x Refinancing payments for up to 2 years in public services. | |||||||||
Guatemala | x | x | x | x | ||||||
Honduras | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||
México | x | x at 0% interest | x | x | ||||||
Panamá | x | x. | ||||||||
Perú | x | x | x | x | ||||||
Uruguay | x | x | x | x |
Country | Confinement Measures | Reducing Worker Exposure to COVID-19 in the Workplace | Financial Aid to Sick Workers and Their Families | Income Support for Quarantined Workers Unable to Work from Home | Income Assistance for People Who Lose Their Jobs or Self-Employment Income | Helps Companies Adjust Working Time to Retain Jobs | Financial Support to Companies Affected by the Drop in Consumer Demand | Changes in the Regulation of Dismissals | Helps Economically Insecure Workers Stay Home |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Austria | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
Belgium | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
Czech Republic | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
Denmark | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
Estonia | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
Finland | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
France | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
Germany | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
Greece | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||
Hungary | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||
Iceland | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||
Ireland | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
Italy | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
Japan | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
South Korea | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
Latvia | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
Holland | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||
Norway | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||
Poland | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
Portugal | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||
Slovakia | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
Spain | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
Sweden | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
United Kingdom | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
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Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Navarro-Jiménez, E.; Moreno-Luna, L.; Saavedra-Serrano, M.C.; Jimenez, M.; Simón, J.A.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Social, Health, and Economy. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6314. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116314
Clemente-Suárez VJ, Navarro-Jiménez E, Moreno-Luna L, Saavedra-Serrano MC, Jimenez M, Simón JA, Tornero-Aguilera JF. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Social, Health, and Economy. Sustainability. 2021; 13(11):6314. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116314
Chicago/Turabian StyleClemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier, Eduardo Navarro-Jiménez, Libertad Moreno-Luna, María Concepción Saavedra-Serrano, Manuel Jimenez, Juan Antonio Simón, and Jose Francisco Tornero-Aguilera. 2021. "The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Social, Health, and Economy" Sustainability 13, no. 11: 6314. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116314