Diversity, Economic Value and Regional Distribution of Plant Food Products at Local Tropical Markets: A Samoa Case Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Collection and Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics of Vendors
3.2. Diversity of Commercialized Plants
3.3. Market Value and Regional Distribution of Cash Crops
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Number of Respondents (n = 208) |
---|---|
Gender | |
Male | 87 |
Female | 121 |
Age (years) | |
≤17 | 5 |
18–30 | 47 |
31–60 | 142 |
≥61 | 14 |
Region of residence | |
Upolu | 132 |
Savai´i | 76 |
Occupation | |
Vendor/farmer | 184 |
Other | 24 |
Scientific Name (VSN 1) | Family | English Name | Local Name | Life Form | Part Used | L 2 | CC 3 | Seasonality/Availability | Traditional Uses/Cultural Salience |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cereals | |||||||||
Zea mays L. | Poaceae | corn | sana | annual herb | seed | U | C | nonseasonal/scarce | boiled and roasted/low |
Root and tuber crops | |||||||||
Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G.Don | Araceae | giant taro | ta’amu | perennial herb | rhizome | U, S | C | nonseasonal/large | baked in umu or boiled with coconut cream, sometimes baked wrapped in breadfruit or banana leaves, and with coconut cream/high |
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott | Araceae | taro | talo | perennial herb | rhizome | U, S | C | nonseasonal/large | baked in umu, boiled with coconut cream, grated and baked then eaten with caramelized sugar mixed in coconut cream, deep fried sliced thin pieces (taro chips)/high |
Dioscorea alata L. | Dioscoreaceae | yam | ufi | perennial vine | tuber | U, S | C | seasonal (October-December)/moderate | baked in umu, sometimes wrapped in breadfruit or banana leaves or boiled with coconut cream/moderate |
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. | Convolvulaceae | sweet potato | ´umala | perennial vine | tuber | U | C | nonseasonal/moderate | baked in umu, sometimes wrapped in breadfruit or banana leaves, and with coconut cream/moderate |
Manihot esculenta Crantz | Euphorbiaceae | cassava | manioka | perennial herb | tuber | U, S | C | nonseasonal/moderate | boiled in coconut cream, cooked pieces with warm sweet coconut cream, starch production/moderate |
Solanum tuberosum L. | Solanaceae | potato | pakeka | perennial herb | tuber | U, S | C | not cultivated (imported)/scarce | salad from cooked tubers cut into cubes mixed with vegetables and spices/low |
Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) Kuntze (2440KBFR) | Dioscoreaceae | Polynesian arrowroot | māsoā | perennial herb | tuber | U, S | N | nonseasonal/scarce | fried after mixing with water and eaten with caramelized sugar, starch extracted from tuber is added to other foods/moderate |
Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott | Araceae | tannia | talo palagi | perennial herb | rhizome | S | C | nonseasonal/moderate | baked in umu, sometimes wrapped in breadfruit or banana leaves, and with coconut cream/low |
Fruits and nuts | |||||||||
Adenanthera pavonina L. (03014KBFR) | Leguminosae | red bead | lopa | tree | seed | U, S | N | seasonal (December)/scarce | eaten roasted/moderate |
Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. | Bromeliaceae | pineapple | fala ´aina | perennial herb | infrutescence | U, S | C | seasonal (November–December)/moderate | eaten as fresh fruit, used as an ingredient in many dishes and drinks such as fruit salads, pies and juices/moderate |
Annona muricata L. | Annonaceae | soursop | sasalapa | tree | fruit | U | C | nonseasonal/moderate | eaten as fresh fruit and used as an ingredient for fruit salads and juices/moderate |
Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson ex F.A.Zorn) Fosberg | Moraceae | breadfruit | ´ulu | tree | infrutescence | U | C | seasonal (June and December)/moderate | baked in umu or boiled, with coconut cream, roasted and mashed eaten with caramelized sugar in coconut cream, used as an ingredient in soups/high |
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. | Moraceae | jackfruit | ´ulu initia | tree | infrutescence | U | C | nonseasonal/moderate | eaten as fresh fruit/moderate |
Averrhoa carambola L. | Oxalidaceae | star fruit | vineta | tree | fruit | U | C | nonseasonal/moderate | sliced and served in salads, use to add flavor and as a garnish on foods and drinks/moderate |
Carica papaya L. | Caricaceae | papaya | esi | perennial herb | fruit | U, S | C | nonseasonal/large | eaten as fresh fruit, cooked with coconut cream, cocoa and starch/moderate |
Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle | Rutaceae | lime | típolo | tree | fruit | U, S | C | nonseasonal/moderate | use to add flavor and as a garnish on foods and drinks/moderate |
Citrus × aurantium L. | Rutaceae | bitter orange | moli ´aina | tree | fruit | U, S | C | seasonal (December)/moderate | eaten as fresh fruit, drunk as a juice/moderate |
Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. | Rutaceae | pomelo | moli meleke | tree | fruit | U | C | nonseasonal/moderate | eaten as fresh fruit, drunk as a juice/moderate |
Cocos nucifera L. | Arecaceae | coconut | niu, popo | palm | fruit | U, S | C | nonseasonal/large | flesh and water from green fruits are eaten and drunk, coconut cream is used in many traditional foods, oil is used in frying/high |
Inocarpus fagifer (Parkinson) Fosberg (03015KBFR) | Leguminosae | Tahitian chestnut | ifi | tree | seed | S | N | seasonal (December-January, June-July)/scarce | cooked by placing the unhusked fruits on the fire/moderate |
Mangifera indica L. | Anacardiaceae | mango | mago | tree | fruit | U, S | C | seasonal (November)/moderate | eaten as fresh fruit, either unripe or ripe/moderate |
Morinda citrifolia L. | Rubiaceae | Indian mulberry | nonu | tree | fruit | S | C | nonseasonal/moderate | eaten as fresh fruit or cooked/moderate |
Musa acuminata Colla (sub-group AAA) | Musaceae | Cavendish banana | fa´i pālagi | perennial herb | fruit | U, S | C | nonseasonal/large | eaten as fresh fruit, drink prepared by mashing ripe bananas in coconut cream with limes or lemon grass/high |
Musa × paradisiaca L. (group AB) | Musaceae | lady finger banana | misiluki | perennial herb | fruit | U, S | C | nonseasonal/large | eaten as fresh fruit/high |
Musa × paradisiaca L. (group AAB) | Musaceae | plantain | fa´i pata | perennial herb | fruit | U, S | C | nonseasonal/large | baked in umu wrapped in banana leaves with coconut cream, whole or mashed boiled in water or coconut cream/high |
Musa × paradisiaca L. (group AAB) [04012KBFR] | Musaceae | Samoan banana | fa´i sāmoa | perennial herb | fruit | U, S | N | nonseasonal/moderate | eaten as fresh fruit/high |
Musa troglodytarum L. (04013KBFR) | Musaceae | mountain plantain | soa´a | perennial herb | fruit | U | N | nonseasonal/scarce | baked or boiled in coconut cream/moderate |
Nephelium lappaceum L. | Sapindaceae | rambutan | fulufulu | tree | fruit | U | C | seasonal (June)/scarce | eaten as fresh fruit/low |
Passiflora edulis Sims | Passifloraceae | passionfruit | pásio | perennial vine | fruit | U | C | nonseasonal/moderate | eaten as fresh fruit, used as an ingredient in drinks such as fruit juices/moderate |
Persea americana Mill. | Lauraceae | avocado | ´āvoka | tree | fruit | U, S | C | seasonal (November-December)/moderate | eaten raw and used in salad/moderate |
Pouteria caimito (Ruiz and Pav.) Radlk. | Sapotaceae | abiu | polo o atamu | tree | fruit | U | C | nonseasonal/scarce | eaten as fresh fruit/low |
Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. and L.M.Perry | Myrtaceae | Malay apple | nonu fi´afi´a | tree | fruit | S | C | seasonal (November-February)/moderate | eaten as fresh fruit/moderate |
Vegetables | |||||||||
Allium cepa L. | Amaryllidaceae | onion | aniani | biennial herb | leaf | U, S | C | nonseasonal/moderate | ingredient used for salads and cooking/moderate |
Brassica rapa L. cv. group Pack Choi | Brassicaceae | Chinese cabbage | kapisi saina | biennial herb | leaf | U, S | C | nonseasonal/moderate | ingredient for soup and stir-fried dishes/moderate |
Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. f. alba DC. | Brassicaceae | cabbage | kapisi | biennial herb | leaf | U, S | C | nonseasonal/moderate | used fresh in salads, boiled, stir-fried dishes/moderate |
Capsicum annuum L. | Solanaceae | bell pepper, chilli | polo pālagi | annual herb | fruit | U, S | C | nonseasonal/moderate | consumed in fresh, dried or processed form as table vegetable or spice/moderate |
Cucumis sativus L. | Cucurbitaceae | cucumber | kukama | annual herb | fruit | U, S | C | nonseasonal/moderate | used for salads/moderate |
Cucurbita pepo L. | Cucurbitaceae | pumpkin, squash | maukeni | annual herb | fruit | U, S | C | nonseasonal/large | baked, boiled and stewed/moderate |
Daucus carota L. | Apiaceae | carrot | karoti | biennial herb | root | U, S | C | nonseasonal/moderate | consumed raw or cooked, alone or in combination with other vegetables, as an ingredient of soups and sauces/moderate |
Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. | Cucurbitaceae | bottle gourd | pī povi | annual vine | fruit | U | C | nonseasonal/moderate | boiled, fried or in stews/moderate |
Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. | Solanaceae | tomato | tamato | annual herb | fruit | U, S | C | nonseasonal/large | fresh in salads, sauces and as a flavoring ingredient in soups and meat or fish dishes/moderate |
Nasturtium officinale R.Br. | Brassicaceae | watercress | kapisi vai | perennial herb | aerial part | U| | C | nonseasonal/scarce | consumed raw, cooked as spinach or in soups, sometimes as a garnish or condiment/low |
Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. | Cucurbitaceae | chayote | soko | perennial vine | fruit | U | C | nonseasonal/moderate | cooked in soups or in stir-fry dishes/moderate |
Solanum melongena L. | Solanaceae | eggplant | isala’elu | perennial herb | fruit | U, S | C | nonseasonal/moderate | roasted, fried, and stuffed/moderate |
Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. | Leguminosae | cowpea | pī umi | annual herb | fruit, seed | U, S | C | nonseasonal/moderate | cooked and in soups/moderate |
Stimulants | |||||||||
Coffea canephora Pierre ex A.Froehner | Rubiaceae | robusta coffee | kofe | tree | seed | S | C | nonseasonal/moderate | hot watery extract from roasted and ground seeds/moderate |
Nicotiana tabacum L. | Solanaceae | tobacco | tapa´a | annual herb | leaf | U, S | C | nonseasonal/large | cured leaves are smoked/moderate |
Piper methysticum G.Forst. | Piperaceae | kava | ava | shrub | root | U, S | C | nonseasonal/large | ceremonial drink, filtered cold water macerate from pulverized fresh or dried roots/high |
Theobroma cacao L. | Malvaceae | cocoa | koko | tree | seed | U, S | C | seasonal (November-December, April)/large | drunk as cocoa paste added to boiling water sometimes with sugar and milk, eaten when mixed with boiled rice/high |
Spices | |||||||||
Curcuma longa L. | Zingiberaceae | turmeric | lega | perennial herb | rhizome | U, S | C | nonseasonal/moderate | food additive and condiment, dye/moderate |
Zingiber officinale Roscoe | Zingiberaceae | ginger | fiu | perennial herb | rhizome | U, S | C | nonseasonal/moderate | food additive and condiment/moderate |
Algae | |||||||||
Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskål) J. Agardh | Caulerpaceae | sea grapes | limu fuafua | alga | frond | U | C | nonseasonal/scarce | eaten raw with coconut cream/moderate |
Product Name (Specification) | Crop Category | Number of Vendors Selling Product (n = 208) | Average Price (USD/kg) | Stock | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Volume (kg) | Value (USD) | Value per Vendor (USD) | ||||
Banana and plantain | fruit and nut | 71 | 0.67 | 4558 | 3049 | 43 |
Brown and green coconut | fruit and nut | 49 | 0.44 | 7997 | 3533 | 72 |
Citruses | fruit and nut | 6 | 3.43 | 54 | 185 | 31 |
Cucumber | vegetable | 21 | 1.27 | 524 | 663 | 32 |
Giant taro | root and tuber | 16 | 0.62 | 1714 | 1058 | 66 |
Kava (dried powdered root) | stimulant | 8 | 19.57 | 24 | 470 | 59 |
Papaya | fruit and nut | 37 | 0.33 | 3218 | 1063 | 29 |
Pumpkin, squash and gourd | vegetable | 56 | 0.96 | 6180 | 5963 | 106 |
Samoan cocoa (dried cocoa paste) | stimulant | 17 | 9.04 | 88 | 796 | 47 |
Taro | root and tuber | 48 | 0.37 | 8670 | 3235 | 67 |
Taro leaf | vegetable | 7 | 1.66 | 63 | 104 | 15 |
Tobacco | stimulant | 22 | 30.38 | 145 | 4404 | 200 |
Tomato | vegetable | 23 | 3.23 | 339 | 1093 | 48 |
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Verner, V.; Novy, P.; Tauchen, J.; Huml, L.; Soon, J.W.; Kudera, T.; Laupua, F.; Kokoska, L. Diversity, Economic Value and Regional Distribution of Plant Food Products at Local Tropical Markets: A Samoa Case Study. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10014. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122310014
Verner V, Novy P, Tauchen J, Huml L, Soon JW, Kudera T, Laupua F, Kokoska L. Diversity, Economic Value and Regional Distribution of Plant Food Products at Local Tropical Markets: A Samoa Case Study. Sustainability. 2020; 12(23):10014. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122310014
Chicago/Turabian StyleVerner, Vladimir, Pavel Novy, Jan Tauchen, Lukas Huml, Julian Wong Soon, Tomas Kudera, Fiti Laupua, and Ladislav Kokoska. 2020. "Diversity, Economic Value and Regional Distribution of Plant Food Products at Local Tropical Markets: A Samoa Case Study" Sustainability 12, no. 23: 10014. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122310014