Urban Expansion in Ethiopia from 1987 to 2017: Characteristics, Spatial Patterns, and Driving Forces
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Remote Sensing Data and Data Processing
2.3. Spatiotemporal Urban Expansion Analyses
2.3.1. Annual Expansion (AE) and Expansion Rate (AER) of Urban Land
2.3.2. Population and Urban Growth Rate Trend
2.3.3. Identification of Newly Developed Urban Forms
2.3.4. Multitemporal Landscape Metrics Calculation
3. Results
3.1. Urban Expansion for Four Consecutive Periods
3.2. Change of Urban Landscape Patterns
3.3. Identification and Comparison of Urban Growth Type
3.4. Trends of Urban Land Expansion Versus Urban Population Growth
4. Discussion
4.1. Spatial Comparisons for Urban Expansion among Three Cities and Possible Drivers
4.2. Urban Landscape Change Patterns and Associated Drivers
4.3. Testing the Phases of Diffusion and Coalescence in Urban Expansion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Periods | Addis Ababa | Adama | Hawassa | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Path/Row | Date | Path/Row | Date | Path/Row | Date | |
1987 | 168/54 | 1987/02/09 | 168/054 | 1987/02/09 | 168/55 | 1987/02/09 |
1995 | 168/54 | 1995/03/19 | 168/054 | 1995/03/19 | 168/55 | 1995/01/30 |
2005 | 168/54 | 2005/03/18 | 168/054 | 2005/03/18 | 168/55 | 2005/01/05 |
2017 | 168/54 | 2017/03/15 | 168/054 | 2017/03/15 | 168/55 | 2017/03/17 |
Cities | 1987 | 1995 | 2005 | 2017 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Addis Ababa | 88.13 | 88.11 | 91.87 | 89.92 |
Adama | 86.42 | 87.26 | 85.68 | 88.72 |
Hawassa | 86.83 | 87.14 | 86.93 | 88.42 |
Metric | Formula | Units | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Class Area (CA) | CA = . | Hectare | aij = area (m2) of patch ij. |
Percentage of Landscape (PLAND) (%) | PLAND = Pi = | Percent | Pi = proportion of the landscape occupied by patch type (class) i. A = total landscape area (m2). |
Number of Patches (NP) | NP = ni | None | ni = total number of patches in the landscape of patch type (class) i. |
Edge Density (ED) | Meter/Hectare | eik = total length (m) of edge in landscape involving patch type (class) i. | |
Area weighted mean patch fractal dimension (AWMPFD) | AWMPFD = | None | aij = area (m2) of patch ij. pij = perimeter (m) of patch ij. |
Mean Patch Size (MPS) | NP/100 ha | Hectare | The number of patches of per 100 ha Average patch size. |
City | Urban Land Area (Km2) | Percentage of Urban Area Increased (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1987 | 1995 | 2005 | 2017 | 1987–1995 | 1995–2005 | 2005–2017 | 1987–2017 | |
Addis Ababa | 99 | 149.5 | 208.6 | 283.9 | 51.0 | 39.5 | 36.1 | 186.7 |
Adama | 8.8 | 12.1 | 28.8 | 50.6 | 37.6 | 138.7 | 75.6 | 476.9 |
Hawassa | 6.1 | 11.3 | 20.3 | 39.1 | 84.6 | 80.3 | 92.6 | 540.8 |
City | 1987–1995 | 1995–2005 | 2005–2017 | 1987–2017 | Average | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AE | Addis Ababa | 6.31 | 5.91 | 6.28 | 6.16 | 6.17 |
Adama | 0.41 | 1.67 | 1.82 | 1.39 | 1.30 | |
Hawassa | 0.65 | 0.90 | 1.57 | 1.10 | 1.04 | |
AER | Addis Ababa | 6.37 | 3.95 | 3.01 | 6.22 | 4.44 |
Adama | 4.71 | 13.87 | 6.30 | 15.9 | 8.29 | |
Hawassa | 10.8 | 8.12 | 7.71 | 18.03 | 8.88 |
Landscape Metrics | Addis Ababa | Adama | Hawassa | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1987–1995 | 1995–2005 | 2005–2017 | 1987–1995 | 1995–2005 | 2005–2017 | 1987–1995 | 1995–2005 | 2005–2017 | |
NP | 30.69 | −0.14 | 25.97 | 5.00 | −0.71 | 39.90 | 0.54 | 43.33 | 3.65 |
MPS | −8.09 | 2.49 | −5.21 | −0.21 | 15.71 | −5.81 | −1.77 | −4.13 | −0.92 |
ED | 12.81 | −0.43 | 18.01 | 21.84 | −1.20 | 16.52 | 1.71 | 12.01 | 5.06 |
AWMPFD | 3.43 | 0.15 | 0.44 | 0.66 | −1.00 | 1.54 | 0.22 | 0.34 | 0.34 |
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Terfa, B.K.; Chen, N.; Liu, D.; Zhang, X.; Niyogi, D. Urban Expansion in Ethiopia from 1987 to 2017: Characteristics, Spatial Patterns, and Driving Forces. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2973. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11102973
Terfa BK, Chen N, Liu D, Zhang X, Niyogi D. Urban Expansion in Ethiopia from 1987 to 2017: Characteristics, Spatial Patterns, and Driving Forces. Sustainability. 2019; 11(10):2973. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11102973
Chicago/Turabian StyleTerfa, Berhanu Keno, Nengcheng Chen, Dandan Liu, Xiang Zhang, and Dev Niyogi. 2019. "Urban Expansion in Ethiopia from 1987 to 2017: Characteristics, Spatial Patterns, and Driving Forces" Sustainability 11, no. 10: 2973. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11102973