Ocimum Sanctum [Tulsi]—An Alternative Additional Livelihood Option for the Poor and Smallholder Farmers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Area Context
2.2. Description of Tulsi Value Chain Development Intervention
- Q1. What were the desired impacts expected from this intervention? Consolidated response(s) are shown in the last right hand side column in Figure 2;
- Q2. What were the immediate, intermediate, and higher level results expected from this intervention? Consolidated responses are shown in the middle columns 2, 3, and 4 in Figure 2; and,
- Q3. What the intervention has done differently in order to achieve desired, ultimate results of the intervention? Consolidated responses are shown in the 1st column in Figure 2.
2.3. Empirical Approach
3. Results
3.1. Adoption of Tulsi over the Years
3.2. Benefits to Women Beneficiaries
3.3. Threats to Crop Cultivation
3.4. Factors Influencing Earning from Tulsi Farming
3.5. Other Benefits of Tusli Farming
3.6. Improved Income and Profits from Tulsi Farming
3.7. Rate of Return from Tulsi Farming
4. Conclusions, Discussion, and Way Forward
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | Number of Villages | Number of Cultivators | Total Agricultural Land (in Hectors) | Tulsi Cultivation in Un-Irrigated Land (Hectors) | Tulsi Production on Barren, Fallow Land (Hectors) | Total Volume (Tons) | Total Value (100,000—Indian Rupee, INR) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2013 | 5 | 200 | 203.48 | 7.48 | 1.24 | 87 | 6.10 (USD. 8288) |
2014 | 8 | 211 | 274 | 8.44 | 2.10 | 126 | 10.12 (USD. 13,750) |
2015 | 10 | 234 | 297 | 9.16 | 2.26 | 140 | 11.23 (USD. 15,258.2) |
2016 | 11 | 259 | 312 | 10.16 | 2.50 | 155 | 12.43 (USD. 16,888.6) |
2017 | 19 | 400 | 488 | 16.12 | 3.40 | 241 | 19.28 (USD. 26,195.7) |
Tulsi Farming Contribution | Percent of Responses |
---|---|
Increment in income source | 68 |
Meet daily family needs | 14 |
Increase saving | 3 |
Increase purchasing power | 3 |
Others | 12 |
Variables | Mean | Standard Deviation | Minimum | Maximum |
---|---|---|---|---|
Profit from Tulsi in 2016 | 2631 | 1994 | 600 | 8400 |
Value of total crop consumption in 2016 | 3173 | 9796 | 0 | 78,750 |
Value of total crop production in 2016 | 3068 | 3371 | 0 | 12,000 |
Tulsi income in 2016 | 3210 | 2169 | 1050 | 9450 |
Tulsi production expenses in 2016 | 580 | 200 | 320 | 1400 |
Value of total crop damage in 2016 | 98 | 13 | 0 | 103 |
Profit from Tulsi in 2017 | 5478 | 9405 | 705 | 53,260 |
Value of total crop consumption in 2017 | 2166 | 4193 | 0 | 30,400 |
Value of total crop production in 2017 | 3600 | 7981 | 0 | 60,800 |
Tulsi income in 2017 | 6103 | 9448 | 1155 | 53,960 |
Tulsi production expenses in 2017 | 625 | 216 | 250 | 1400 |
Value of total crop damage in 2017 | 98 | 12 | 0 | 100 |
Total crop profit in 2017 | 942 | 8625 | −5975 | 50,730 |
Total crop profit in 2017 | −1622 | 2533 | −6250 | 6050 |
(1) | (2) | (3) |
---|---|---|
Variables | Log Total Crop | |
Income in 2017 | Income in 2016 | |
Log (Total Value of Crop Consumption in 2017) | −0.5 * (0.3) | -- |
Log (Total Value of Crop Production in 2017) | 0.9 * (0.3) | -- |
Log (Tulsi Income in 2017) | 0.8 *** (0.1) | -- |
Log (Tulsi Production Expenses in 2017) | −0.2 (0.2) | -- |
Log (Total Value of Crop Damage in 2017) | 5.5 (5.4) | -- |
Log (Total Value of Crop Consumption in 2016) | -- | 0.0 (0.1) |
Log (Total Value of Crop Production in 2016) | -- | 0.3 *** (0.1) |
Log (Tulsi Income in 2016) | -- | 0.9 *** (0.1) |
Log (Tulsi Production Expenses in 2016) | -- | −0.4 ** (0.1) |
Log (Total Value of Crop Damage in 2016) | -- | 0.1 (0.1) |
Constant | −24.9 (25.1) | 0.7 (0.7) |
Observations | 39 | 44 |
R-squared | 0.9 | 0.9 |
Description | Paddy | Tulsi | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Time/Quantity | Cost (INR) | Time/Quantity | Cost (INR) | |
Seed (grams) | 2000 g | 50 | 50 g | 50 |
Nursery preparation/seed sowing (day) | 1 | 200 | ½ | 100 |
Irrigation in nursery (days) | 1 | 200 | ½ | 100 |
Weeding & Hoeing (day) | 1 | 200 | 1 | 200 |
Ploughing (day) | 1 | 200 | 1 | 200 |
Manuring (day) | ½ | 100 | ½ | 100 |
Transplanting (day) | 1 | 200 | ½ | 100 |
Irrigation in filed (day) | 1 | 200 | ½ | 100 |
Weeding & Hoeing of field (day) | 1 | 200 | 1 | 200 |
Harvesting (day) | ½ | 100 | ½ | 100 |
Transportation (day) | ½ | 100 | ½ | 100 |
Threshing/Sorting | 1 | 200 | ½ | 100 |
Drying/Packing/Storage | 1 | 200 | ½ | 100 |
Total cost (INR) | 2150 | 1550 | ||
Output & value (in Kg) | 50 | 750 | 400 | 3600 |
Net profit & loss (0.02 hectare land) | −1400 | 2050 | ||
Crop cycle from nursery to harvesting (months) | 6–8 | 3–4 |
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Shah, G.-M.; Ahmad, F.; Panwar, S.; Khadka, M.S.; Ali, A.; Bisht, S. Ocimum Sanctum [Tulsi]—An Alternative Additional Livelihood Option for the Poor and Smallholder Farmers. Sustainability 2019, 11, 227. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11010227
Shah G-M, Ahmad F, Panwar S, Khadka MS, Ali A, Bisht S. Ocimum Sanctum [Tulsi]—An Alternative Additional Livelihood Option for the Poor and Smallholder Farmers. Sustainability. 2019; 11(1):227. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11010227
Chicago/Turabian StyleShah, Ghulam-Muhammad, Farid Ahmad, Shailesh Panwar, Manbar S. Khadka, Ajaz Ali, and Suman Bisht. 2019. "Ocimum Sanctum [Tulsi]—An Alternative Additional Livelihood Option for the Poor and Smallholder Farmers" Sustainability 11, no. 1: 227. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11010227