Korean Golf Tourism in China: Place, Perception and Narratives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Destination Image and Its Attributes
2.2. Destination Planning and Golf Tourism Development
2.3. Tourist Blogs and Content Analysis
- (1)
- Define the destination attributes in golf tourists’ image formation.
- (2)
- Investigate Korean golf tourists’ perceptions of seven regions in Mainland China according to their experiences of destination attributes.
- (3)
- Examine tourists’ perceptions of their interactions with different social groups.
- (4)
- Analyze golf tourists’ views on destination regions through their own texts and photographs to more fully understand how they portray the experiences and how the experiences affect their images of destination regions.
3. Research Methods
3.1. Attribute Determination
3.2. Data Collection and Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Overall Findings
4.2. Image Formation of Destination Regions: Place-centered Attributes
[Course]
Short length courses are amusingly designed, and the grass is managed perfectly. It’s like an art! During the last 4 days… grass was efficiently maintained and well-managed.(Blog 10, Weihai, Female)
The most attractive thing is all the courses are designed along the sea. Three sides facing the sea, we can watch the sea and waves while playing all 18 holes. (Blog 36, Weihai, Unknown). It was fantastic to see all the holes along the seaside, but the highlight of the course was the drive shot at hole 12 and 16, they were crossing over the cliff and sea.(Blog 282, Weihai, Male)
[Environment]
Along the seaside, I hit the golf ball toward the sea, just like I spread my dreams toward the future. Although the balls are affected by sea breeze, I feel so good. The wonderful surrounding scenery and nature environment made this golf resort as a masterpiece.(Blog 32, Weihai, Unknown)
[Accessibility]
This summer vacation is the golf tour to Weihai… Although it is an abroad travel, it only took 50 min from Incheon. How come it seems to be closer than Jeju island? There are 428 km from here to Seoul, it’s closer than the distance between Seoul and Busan! (Blog 2, Female, 2011-08-26) The golf resort is located 20 min of Weihai airport and 40 min to downtown city areas.(Blog 120, Male)
[Pearl River Delta, Reputation]
I travel to Shenzhen for 5 days and visited Taojing CC, which is the one of Top 100 golf courses of the world (Blog 258, Male). I found mowed grass like as diamond lattice in fairway, it contributes to visual beauty but the workload could be doubled. I have studied it in the green keeper managing courses. It shows the philosophy of working and management principles of Taojing CC.(Blog 278, Male)
4.3. Interactions with Perceptual Attributes
[Western Coast Economic Zone, City image]
Before returning to Korea, I have had Xiamen city tour. Xiamen was quite different with other Chinese cities. It could be like this because it has adopted opening-up policy earlier, also have been affected by Taiwan which is located near to the Eastern coast of China. The city is cleaner and organized than I imagined….(Blog 25, Male)
Xiamen is a beautiful city filled with trees and flowers. It is the land of Taiwanese’s ancestors, a traditional international trading area and one of the exclusive industrial zones of China… The highlight of Xiamen city tour is the Gulangyu Island, we can feel an exotic atmosphere with the heritage of European powers and historical buildings of foreign concession around the city… As a clean city, there are no cars around and only allowed electric vehicle and walking tour around the island. There are no cigarette butts or garbage … consulate, Catholic church, souvenir shops and modernized high buildings…. (as well as) every corner of the street is neat and very well organized, it is appreciably attractive and environment friendly, deserves to be called as an eco-city by Chinese government .(Blog 191, Female)
Lijiang is in north Yunnan and was listed by World Heritage in 1977, the ancient city has almost a thousand years of history. It is famous for the Nakhi (Naxi) people and firstly invented hieroglyphs. The thawed snow of Lijiang Jade Dragon Snow Mountain, which is at 6600 meters’ altitude, drains into the lake of Lijiang Lakefront Golf Club… I can watch the snow mountain and the heritage house of Nakhi during my stay.(Blog 46, Lijiang, Male)
As requested by my junior, I reluctantly agreed to have another drink at a lamb skewers house near resort. The local men took off their shirt and bared their belly, the tables were dirty, and the streets were noisy with the sound of cars and loud voices of drunken peoples. The hard liquor Erguotou (Chinese vodka) and strong cigarette Zhonghua made this night faded from my memory.(Blog 185, Male)
[Hainan Province, Human resources]
My caddie’s golf knowledge and skills was better than LPGA players. She gave me a lot of information and suggestions (and,) she can speak Korean very well, I am perfectly satisfied.(Blog 174, Male). [Bohai Coast, Human resources]
The problem of caddies’ education level on golf has deteriorated my impression to the resort image, … I need to find my ball by myself because the caddies don’t care and they couldn’t provide any suggestions or advice of the shots … I just looked; they look like 16 years old. They’re just little boys who work for money.(Blog 158, Male)
There were no formal caddies, they are students from colleges of sports science… they only earned 50 RMB (about 8 USD) for four hours’ hard work. I was worried about one of the boys was under dressing in such a cold weather. The boys were about the same age as my son… I could not help but having compassion for them. They struggled to find the ball…, I tapped him on the shoulder and ask to stop searching for lost ball, he gave me a sweet smile.(Blog 1, Male)
There is no language barrier in this resort due to the Korean language education for the staff and caddies. Especially one of the caddies’ response in Korean when I tip to her after the play touched my heart and exceeded the satisfaction of the course, “Ma um ulo, Gam sa hi bat get suni da.” (I sincerely received it with my gratitude for your kindness).(Blog 110, Male)
I love this quiet golf course. Sometimes I can enjoy playing the president golf alone without worrying to keep pace with the teams. It is possible on quiet weekdays..(Blog 180, Shanghai, Female)
This is what we called the “emperor golf”, there is no one in front and behind of my team, we don’t have to worry about the others but playing golf leisurely .(Blog 168, Suzhou, Female)
4.4. Social Network Analysis of Photographs
5. Conclusions
6. Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No | Attributes | Details (Words/Nuances in E-Blogs) |
---|---|---|
1 | Climate | Weather; windy; mild |
2 | Playing partner | Golf partner; family; friends; business partner |
3 | Course | Course design; color/condition of grassland; length; scale |
4 | Facilities/amenities | Hotel; golf cart; club house; hot spring; luxury shops; souvenir shop; tennis court; driving range |
5 | Human resources | Staff; caddie; green keeper; manager; tour guide |
6 | Price | Price; travel cost; green fees; caddie fees |
7 | Catering | Food; restaurant; tasty; Korean food; rice wine |
8 | Accessibility | Travel modes (origin-destination): Airport; flight frequency; flight time Transportation (within destination): highway; shuttle bus; car; ferry Transit time (downtown/hotel/airport to golf resort) |
9 | Attractions | Sightseeing; historical/cultural attractions |
10 | Reputation | Brand awareness: 10 world renowned golf courses; China top 10 golf courses Course designer (e.g., designed by Jack Nicklaus); holding championships Familiarity: design/management by Korean; Korean large enterprises |
11 | Service | Service; big smiles; cute; want to recommend; disappointed |
12 | Environment | Beautiful scenery; ecological conditions |
13 | City image | Safety; a big city; clean; a rich/wealthy village |
14 | Entertainment | Night entertainment; KTV; massage |
15 | Congestion control | Play leisurely, “President golf”; “Emperor golf” |
Region-City Variables | % of Blogs | Freq. | Tourist-Related Variables | % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bohai Coast (190) | 57.9% | 2056 | Gender Male Female Unknown Golfing partners Unknown Family & friends Club members Business partners Alone (for training) Length of stay 2 days or less 3–4 days 5–6 days 7–8 days More than 9 days | 62% 29% 9% 75.9% 13.6% 5.2% 4.7% 0.5% 2% 74% 14% 6% 4% |
Weihai (64), Qingdao (44), Yantai (22), Beijing (35), Dalian (10), Tianjin (5), Dandong (4), Shenyang (5), Jinan (1) | ||||
Yangtze River Delta (34) | 10.4% | 321 | ||
Shanghai (27), Wuxi (2), Hangzhou (2), Suzhou (1), Yancheng (1), Suyang (1) | ||||
Western Coast Economic Zone on Taiwan Strait (33) | 10.1% | 391 | ||
Taiwan (20), Xiamen (12), Fuzhou (1) | ||||
Pearl River Delta (30) | 9.1% | 239 | ||
Guangzhou (6), Shenzhen (7), Zhuhai (4), Dongguan (2), Shantou (7),Zhongshan (2), Macau (1), Yangjiang (1) | ||||
Hainan Province (22) | 6.7% | 216 | ||
Hainan, Haikou & Sanya (22) | ||||
Yunnan Province (8) | 2.4% | 82 | ||
Kunming (7), Lijiang (1) | ||||
Other (11) | 3.4% | 106 | ||
Huangshan (6), Chongqing (2), Guilin (1), Xi’an (1), Nanning (1) | ||||
Total 328 blogs | 100% | 3411 |
Regions’ Attributes | Bohai Coast | Hainan Province | Others | Pearl River Delta | Western Coast Economic Zone on Taiwan Strait | Yangtze River Delta | Yunnan Province | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | Rank | % | Rank | Percent | Rank | Percent | Rank | Percent | Rank | Percent | Rank | Percent | Rank | |
Accessibility | 2.8 | 5 | 1.5 | 9 | 3.3 | 6 | 1.4 | 10 | 2.9 | 6 | 1.5 | 7 | 3.1 | 5 |
Attractions | 1.2 | 15 | 2.3 | 5 | 3.8 | 3 | 0.6 | 14 | 0.9 | 11 | 1.7 | 6 | 3.9 | 4 |
Catering | 1.6 | 10 | 0.5 | 13 | 1.5 | 10 | 1.8 | 9 | 2.2 | 9 | 1.2 | 11 | 1.2 | 11 |
City image | 1.5 | 12 | 1.8 | 7 | 2.3 | 7 | 3.3 | 4 | 3.8 | 2 | 0.7 | 14 | 2.5 | 8 |
Climate | 2.0 | 6 | 2.8 | 4 | 3.8 | 2 | 2.6 | 8 | 3.7 | 3 | 1.5 | 8 | 2.9 | 6 |
Congestion control | 1.3 | 13 | 0.8 | 12 | 2.0 | 8 | 1.3 | 11 | 0.8 | 12 | 1.9 | 4 | 0.0 | 15 |
Course | 4.6 | 1 | 4.6 | 2 | 5.0 | 1 | 6.5 | 1 | 3.6 | 4 | 4.5 | 2 | 7.1 | 3 |
Entertainment | 1.8 | 9 | 1.1 | 11 | 1.5 | 9 | 0.6 | 13 | 0.2 | 15 | 0.3 | 15 | 0.0 | 15 |
Environment | 3.5 | 2 | 2.0 | 6 | 3.3 | 5 | 3.0 | 5 | 6.7 | 1 | 2.7 | 3 | 15.6 | 1 |
Facilities | 3.3 | 3 | 5.2 | 1 | 3.8 | 3 | 3.8 | 3 | 3.1 | 5 | 5.2 | 1 | 2.6 | 7 |
Human resources | 3.1 | 4 | 2.8 | 3 | 1.4 | 11 | 2.7 | 7 | 2.2 | 8 | 1.0 | 12 | 1.5 | 10 |
Play partners | 2.0 | 7 | 1.3 | 10 | 0.6 | 13 | 2.7 | 6 | 0.6 | 13 | 1.9 | 5 | 1.9 | 9 |
Price | 1.3 | 14 | 0.4 | 14 | 0.7 | 12 | 0.3 | 15 | 1.7 | 10 | 0.8 | 13 | 0.3 | 13 |
Reputation | 1.9 | 8 | 1.7 | 8 | 0.4 | 15 | 5.2 | 2 | 2.7 | 7 | 1.4 | 9 | 10.5 | 2 |
Service | 1.5 | 11 | 0.3 | 15 | 0.6 | 14 | 0.7 | 12 | 0.4 | 14 | 1.3 | 10 | 0.6 | 12 |
Bohai Coast | Hainan Province | Others | Pearl River Delta | Western Coast Economic Zone on Taiwan Strait | Yangtze River Delta | Yunnan Province | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bohai Coast | r | 1.000 | ||||||
Sig. | ||||||||
Hainan Province | r | 0.632 * | 1.000 | |||||
Sig. | 0.011 | |||||||
Others | r | 0.343 | 0.671 ** | 1.000 | ||||
Sig. | 0.211 | 0.006 | ||||||
Pearl River Delta | r | 0.693 ** | 0.621 * | 0.186 | 1.000 | |||
Sig. | 0.004 | 0.013 | 0.508 | |||||
Western Coast Economic Zone on Taiwan Strait | r | 0.543 * | 0.643 ** | 0.561 * | 0.657 ** | 1.000 | ||
Sig. | 0.037 | 0.010 | 0.030 | 0.008 | ||||
Yangtze River Delta | r | 0.486 | 0.471 | 0.500 | 0.425 | 0.293 | 1.000 | |
Sig. | 0.066 | 0.076 | 0.058 | 0.114 | 0.289 | |||
Yunnan Province | r | 0.511 | 0.636* | 0.443 | 0.607 * | 0.704 ** | 0.532 * | 1.000 |
Sig. | 0.052 | 0.011 | 0.098 | 0.016 | 0.003 | 0.041 |
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Park, J.; Morrison, A.M.; Wu, B.; Kong, Y. Korean Golf Tourism in China: Place, Perception and Narratives. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1055. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10041055
Park J, Morrison AM, Wu B, Kong Y. Korean Golf Tourism in China: Place, Perception and Narratives. Sustainability. 2018; 10(4):1055. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10041055
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Jinah, Alastair M. Morrison, Bihu Wu, and Yeung Kong. 2018. "Korean Golf Tourism in China: Place, Perception and Narratives" Sustainability 10, no. 4: 1055. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10041055
APA StylePark, J., Morrison, A. M., Wu, B., & Kong, Y. (2018). Korean Golf Tourism in China: Place, Perception and Narratives. Sustainability, 10(4), 1055. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10041055