Environmental Justice: A Panoptic Overview Using Scientometrics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Environmental Justice 1.0: An Overview of the Field and Its Dynamics
3. Methods, Tools, Data, and Process
3.1. Scientometrics
3.2. Tools
3.3. Data, Resources, and Process
3.4. The Network
4. Influential Papers
4.1. Environmental Justice Reviews
4.2. Substantive Contributions
5. Citation Analysis
5.1. Citation Bursts
5.2. Clusters and Timeline
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Freeman, M.A. The distribution of environmental quality. In Environmental Quality Analysis; Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, MD, USA, 1972; pp. 76–93. [Google Scholar]
- Burch, W.R., Jr. The Peregrine Falcon and the Urban Poor. Some Sociological Interrelations. Presented at American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, USA, 31 August–3 September 1971. [Google Scholar]
- EPA Environmental Justice. Available online: https://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice (accessed on 1 April 2016).
- Brulle, R.J.; Pellow, D.N. Environmental justice: Human health and environmental inequalities. Ann. Rev. Public Health 2006, 27, 103–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, F. Environmental Justice Analysis: Theories, Methods, and Practice; Lewis Publishers: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2001; Volume 27. [Google Scholar]
- Bullard, R.D. Confronting Environmental Racism: Voices from the Grassroots; South End Press: Brooklyn, NY, USA, 1993; ISBN 0896084469. [Google Scholar]
- Boer, J.T.; Pastor, M.; Sadd, J.L.; Snyder, L.D. Is there environmental racism? The demographics of hazardous waste in Los Angeles County. Soc. Sci. Q. 1997, 78, 793–810. [Google Scholar]
- Bullard, R.D. Environmental justice: It’s more than waste facility siting. Soc. Sci. Q. 1996, 77, 493–499. [Google Scholar]
- Order, E. Federal actions to address environmental justice in minority populations and low-income populations: Executive order 12898. Fed. Regist. 1994, 59, 7629–7633. [Google Scholar]
- Szasz, A.; Meuser, M. Environmental inequalities: Literature review and proposals for new directions in research and theory. Curr. Sociol. 1997, 45, 99–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schlosberg, D. Theorising environmental justice: The expanding sphere of a discourse. Environ. Politics 2013, 22, 37–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, C. CiteSpace II: Detecting and visualizing emerging trends and transient patterns in scientific literature. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 2006, 57, 359–377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wei, F.; Grubesic, T.H.; Bishop, B.W. Exploring the GIS knowledge domain using CiteSpace. Prof. Geogr. 2015, 67, 374–384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Börner, K.; Scharnhorst, A. Visual conceptualizations and models of science. J. Informetr. 2009, 3, 161–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Small, H.; Griffith, B.C. The structure of scientific literatures I: Identifying and graphing specialties. Sci. Stud. 1974, 4, 17–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mullins, N.C.; Hargens, L.L.; Hecht, P.K.; Kick, E.L. The group structure of cocitation clusters: A comparative study. Am. Sociol. Rev. 1977, 42, 552–562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sexton, K.; Gong, H.; Bailar, J.C.; Ford, J.G.; Gold, D.R.; Lambert, W.E.; Utell, M.J. Air pollution health risks: Do class and race matter? Toxicol. Ind. Health 1993, 9, 843–878. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pellow, D.N. Environmental inequality formation toward a theory of environmental injustice. Am. Behav. Sci. 2000, 43, 581–601. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- United Church of Christ. Toxic Wastes and Race in the United States: A National Report on the Racial and Socio-Economic Characteristics of Communities with Hazardous Waste Sites; United Church of Christ: New York, NY, USA, 1987. [Google Scholar]
- Berry, B.J.L. Social Burdens of Environmental Pollution: A Comparative Metropolitan Data Source; HarperCollins Distribution Services: New York, NY, USA, 1977. [Google Scholar]
- Asch, P.; Seneca, J.J. Some evidence on the distribution of air quality. Land Econ. 1978, 54, 278–297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walker, G. Beyond Distribution and Proximity: Exploring the Multiple Spatialities of Environmental Justice. Antipode 2009, 41, 614–636. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walker, G. Environmental Justice: Concepts, Evidence and Politics; Routledge: London, UK, 2012; ISBN 1136619240. [Google Scholar]
- Been, V. Locally undesirable land uses in minority neighborhoods: Disproportionate siting or market dynamics? Yale Law J. 1994, 103, 1383–1422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krieg, E.J. A Socio-Historical Interpretation of Toxic Waste Sites. Am. J. Econ. Sociol. 1995, 54, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hamilton, J.T. Testing for environmental racism: Prejudice, profits, political power? J. Policy Anal. Manag. 1995, 14, 107–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Coase, R.H. The problem of social cost. J. Law Econ. 2013, 56, 837–877. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bullard, R.D. The legacy of American apartheid and environmental racism. J. Civ. Rights Econ. Dev. 1994, 9, 3. [Google Scholar]
- Duncan, O.D.; Duncan, B. The Negro Population of Chicago. A Study of Residential Succession; University of Chicago Press: Chicago, IL, USA, 1957. [Google Scholar]
- Hoover, E.M.; Vernon, R. Anatomy of a Metropolis. The Changing Distribution of People and Jobs within the New York Metropolitan Region; Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1959; p. 345. [Google Scholar]
- Taub, R.P.; Taylor, D.G.; Dunham, J.D. Paths of Neighborhood Change: Race and Crime in Urban America; University of Chicago Press: Chicago, IL, USA, 1984; ISBN 0226790010. [Google Scholar]
- Silliman, J. Making the connections: Women’s health and environmental justice. Race Gend. Cl. 1997, 5, 104–129. [Google Scholar]
- Freeman, A.M., III; Herriges, J.A.; Kling, C.L. The Measurement of Environmental and Resource Values: Theory and Methods; Routledge: London, UK, 2014; ISBN 1317703936. [Google Scholar]
- Fujita, M. Urban Economic Theory: Land Use and City Size; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1989; ISBN 0521346622. [Google Scholar]
- Alonso, W. A reformulation of classical location theory and its relation to rent theory. Pap. Reg. Sci. 1967, 19, 23–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Weinberg, A.S. The environmental justice debate: A commentary on methodological issues and practical concerns. In Sociological Forum; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 1998; Volume 13, pp. 25–32. [Google Scholar]
- Hess, D.J. Science Studies: An Advanced Introduction; NYU Press: New York, NY, USA, 1997; ISBN 0814773230. [Google Scholar]
- Hirsch, J.E. An index to quantify an individual’s scientific research output. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102, 16569–16572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Egghe, L. Theory and practise of the g-index. Scientometrics 2006, 69, 131–152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Braam, R.R.; Moed, H.F.; Van Raan, A.F.J. Mapping of science by combined co-citation and word analysis I. Structural aspects. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. 1991, 42, 233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rip, A. Mapping of science: Possibilities and limitations. In Handbook of Quantitative Studies of Science and Technology; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1988. [Google Scholar]
- Neff, M.; Corley, E. 35 years and 160,000 articles: A bibliometric exploration of the evolution of ecology. Scientometrics 2009, 80, 657–682. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, C.; Chen, Y.; Horowitz, M.; Hou, H.; Liu, Z.; Pellegrino, D. Towards an explanatory and computational theory of scientific discovery. J. Informetr. 2009, 3, 191–209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grubesic, T.H.; Matisziw, T.C.; Murray, A.T.; Snediker, D. Comparative approaches for assessing network vulnerability. Int. Reg. Sci. Rev. 2008, 31, 88–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wasserman, S.; Faust, K. Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications; Cambridge University Press: London, UK, 1994; Volume 8, ISBN 0521387078. [Google Scholar]
- Barthelemy, M. Betweenness centrality in large complex networks. Eur. Phys. J. B 2004, 38, 163–168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wei, F.; Grubesic, T. A typology of rural airports in the United States: Evaluating network accessibility. Rev. Reg. Stud. 2015, 45, 57. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, C. Science Mapping: A Systematic Review of the Literature. J. Data Inf. Sci. 2017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mongeon, P.; Paul-Hus, A. The journal coverage of Web of Science and Scopus: A comparative analysis. Scientometrics 2016, 106, 213–228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gould, K.A.; Gould, K.; Schnaiberg, A.; Weinberg, A.S. Local Environmental Struggles: Citizen Activism in the Treadmill of Production; Cambridge University Press: London, UK, 1996; ISBN 0521555213. [Google Scholar]
- Charles, C.Z. The Dynamics of Racial Residential Segregation. Ann. Rev. Sociol. 2003, 29, 167–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohai, P.; Pellow, D.; Roberts, J.T. Environmental justice. Ann. Rev. Environ. Resour. 2009, 34, 405–430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pulido, L. Rethinking environmental racism: White privilege and urban development in Southern California. Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 2000, 90, 12–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Been, V.; Gupta, F. Coming to the nuisance or going to the barrios? A longitudinal analysis of environmental justice claims. Ecol. Law Q. 1997, 24, 1–56. [Google Scholar]
- Mohai, P.; Saha, R. Reassessing racial and socioeconomic disparities in environmental justice research. Demography 2006, 43, 383–399. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Boone, C.G.; Buckley, G.L.; Grove, J.M.; Sister, C. Parks and people: An environmental justice inquiry in Baltimore, Maryland. Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 2009, 99, 767–787. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morello-Frosch, R.; Pastor, M.; Sadd, J. Environmental Justice and Southern California’s “Riskscape”: The Distribution of Air Toxics Exposures and Health Risks among Diverse Communities. Urban Aff. Rev. 2001, 36, 551–578. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morello-Frosch, R.; Jesdale, B.M. Separate and unequal: Residential segregation and estimated cancer risks associated with ambient air toxics in US metropolitan areas. Environ. Health Perspect. 2006, 114, 386–393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ash, M.; Fetter, T.R. Who Lives on the Wrong Side of the Environmental Tracks? Evidence from the EPA’s Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators Model. Soc. Sci. Q. 2004, 85, 441–462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walker, G. Globalizing Environmental Justice: The Geography and Politics of Frame Contextualization and Evolution. Glob. Soc. Policy 2009, 9, 355–382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Landry, S.M.; Chakraborty, J. Street Trees and Equity: Evaluating the Spatial Distribution of an Urban Amenity. Environ. Plan. A 2009, 41, 2651–2670. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wolch, J.R.; Byrne, J.; Newell, J.P. Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities “just green enough”. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2014, 125, 234–244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ramos, J. Using tf-idf to determine word relevance in document queries. In Proceedings of the First Instructional Conference on Machine Learning, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 3–8 December 2003; Volume 242, pp. 133–142. [Google Scholar]
- Deerwester, S.; Dumais, S.T.; Furnas, G.W.; Landauer, T.K.; Harshman, R. Indexing by latent semantic analysis. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. 1990, 41, 391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dunning, T. Accurate methods for the statistics of surprise and coincidence. Comput. Linguist. 1993, 19, 61–74. [Google Scholar]
- Lee, Y.-C.; Chen, C.; Tsai, X.-T. Visualizing the knowledge domain of nanoparticle drug delivery technologies: A scientometric review. Appl. Sci. 2016, 6, 11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rousseeuw, P.J. Silhouettes: A graphical aid to the interpretation and validation of cluster analysis. J. Comput. Appl. Math. 1987, 20, 53–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Synnestvedt, M.B.; Chen, C.; Holmes, J.H. CiteSpace II: Visualization and Knowledge Discovery in Bibliographic Databases. AMIA Ann. Symp. Proc. 2005, 2005, 724–728. [Google Scholar]
- Perkins, H.A.; Heynen, N.; Wilson, J. Inequitable access to urban reforestation: The impact of urban political economy on housing tenure and urban forests. Cities 2004, 21, 291–299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sovacool, B.K.; Burke, M.; Baker, L.; Kotikalapudi, C.K.; Wlokas, H. New frontiers and conceptual frameworks for energy justice. Energy Policy 2017, 105, 677–691. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Country | Centrality | Year | Article Count |
---|---|---|---|
U.S. | 0.24 | 2000 | 1553 |
England | 0.55 | 2000 | 258 |
Canada | 0.1 | 2001 | 178 |
Australia | 0.04 | 2001 | 93 |
Spain | 0.06 | 2001 | 73 |
Germany | 0.04 | 2002 | 73 |
Scotland | 0.06 | 2005 | 57 |
The Netherlands | 0.08 | 2004 | 56 |
China | 0.04 | 2005 | 48 |
Author/s | Title | Year | Cite Frequency | Burst Level | Burst Year/s | Centrality | Journal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boone, et al. | Parks and People: An Environmental Justice Inquiry in Baltimore, Maryland | 2009 | 57 | 13.60 | 2012–2017 | 0.03 | Ann Assoc Am Geogr |
Mohai, P.; Pellow, D.; Roberts, T. | Environmental Justice | 2009 | 129 | 31.15 | 2012–2017 | 0.09 | Annu Rev Env Resour |
Walker, G. | Beyond Distribution and Proximity: Exploring the Multiple Spatialities of Environmental Justice | 2009 | 68 | 19.25 | 2013–2017 | 0.03 | Antipode |
Brulle, R.J.; Pellow, D. | Environmental Justice: Human and Environmental Inequalities | 2006 | 67 | 19.97 | 2008–2014 | 0.03 | Annu Rev Public Health |
Morello-Frosch, R.; Pastor, M.; Sadd, J. | Environmental Justice and Southern California “Riskscape” | 2001 | 45 | 14.23 | 2004–2009 | 0.07 | Urban Aff Rev |
Pulido, L. | Rethinking Environmental racism: White Privilege and Urban Development in Southern California | 2000 | 48 | 15.82 | 2002–2008 | 0.10 | Ann Assoc Am Geogr |
Mohai, P.; Saha, R. | Reassessing Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities in Environmental Justice Research | 2006 | 51 | 16.74 | 2008–2014 | 0.03 | Demography |
Been, V.; Gupta, F. | Coming to the nuisance or going to the barrios? A longitudinal analysis of environmental justice claims | 1997 | 33 | 13.00 | 2000–2002 | 0.09 | Eco. Law Quar. |
Schlosberg, D. | Theorizing Environmental Justice: The Expanding Sphere of a Discourse | 2013 | 71 | 27.71 | 2014–2017 | 0.03 | Environ Polit |
Cluster ID | Size | Silhouette | Mean (Year) | Top Terms (LSI) | Top Term (LLR) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 100 | 0.789 | 2008 | Air quality | Environmental health hazard |
1 | 80 | 0.793 | 1996 | Emissions | Re-thinking environmental racism |
2 | 79 | 0.841 | 2010 | Human Health | Energy Justice |
3 | 70 | 0.776 | 2000 | Impacts | Urban Traffic |
4 | 51 | 0.934 | 2008 | Access | Observed park |
5 | 51 | 0.855 | 2001 | Urban political ecology | Unsustainable development |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Nelson, J.R.; Grubesic, T.H. Environmental Justice: A Panoptic Overview Using Scientometrics. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1022. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10041022
Nelson JR, Grubesic TH. Environmental Justice: A Panoptic Overview Using Scientometrics. Sustainability. 2018; 10(4):1022. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10041022
Chicago/Turabian StyleNelson, Jake R., and Tony H. Grubesic. 2018. "Environmental Justice: A Panoptic Overview Using Scientometrics" Sustainability 10, no. 4: 1022. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10041022