‘Urban-Rural’ Gradient Analysis of Landscape Changes around Cities in Mountainous Regions: A Case Study of the Hengduan Mountain Region in Southwest China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Remote Sensing Images and Data Processing
2.3. Framework
2.3.1. The ‘Urban-Rural’ Gradient
2.3.2. Landscape Metrics
2.3.3. Urban Sprawl and Relationship with Terrain
3. Results
3.1. Land Use Changes around Cities
3.2. Urban Sprawl and Terrain
3.3. Spatial Heterogeneity of Landscape Patterns around Cities
3.4. Temporal Changes of Landscape Patterns around Cities
4. Discussion
4.1. Scale and Sprawl of Mountain Cities
4.2. Landscape Changes along the ‘Urban-Rural’ Gradient
4.3. Landscape Changes Responses to the Urban Sprawl
4.4. Limitations and Caveats
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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City | The Smallest Circle That Contains All of the Urban Land in 2010 | The Number of the Outermost Buffer | Interval Width |
---|---|---|---|
Chuxiong | 5 | 7 | 1 km |
Lijiang | 5 | 7 | 1 km |
Xichang | 8 | 8 | 1 km |
Shangri-La | 4 | 6 | 1 km |
Panzhihua Eastern City | 11 | 11 | 1 km |
Panzhihua Western City | 9 | 9 | 1 km |
Dali | 6 | 7 | 1 km |
Dali Old City | 6 | 7 | 0.5 km |
Barkam | 6 | 8 | 0.1 km |
Kangding | 14 | 15 | 0.1 km |
Landscape Metrics | Category | Range | Description |
---|---|---|---|
LPI | Area | Range: 0 < LPI ≤ 100 | The percentage of total landscape area comprised by the largest patch. It is a simple measure of dominance. The more noticeable the dominance, the higher the LPI value. |
AWMPFD | Shape | 1 ≤ AWMPFD ≤ 2 | Describes the irregularities or complexity of patch shapes. Values closer to 1 indicate simple shapes. |
CONTAG | Aggregation | 0 < CONTAG ≤ 100 | The value approaches 0 when the patch types are as disaggregated or interspersed as possible. |
SHDI | Diversity | SHDI ≥ 0 | Reflect the diversity of the landscape. The SHDI value increases as the number of different patch types increases. |
PLAND | Area | 0 < PLAND ≤ 100 | The percentage of the total landscape occupied by each patch type. When the value approaches 100, the area of the corresponding patch type increases in the landscape. |
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Dai, E.; Wang, Y.; Ma, L.; Yin, L.; Wu, Z. ‘Urban-Rural’ Gradient Analysis of Landscape Changes around Cities in Mountainous Regions: A Case Study of the Hengduan Mountain Region in Southwest China. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1019. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10041019
Dai E, Wang Y, Ma L, Yin L, Wu Z. ‘Urban-Rural’ Gradient Analysis of Landscape Changes around Cities in Mountainous Regions: A Case Study of the Hengduan Mountain Region in Southwest China. Sustainability. 2018; 10(4):1019. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10041019
Chicago/Turabian StyleDai, Erfu, Yahui Wang, Liang Ma, Le Yin, and Zhuo Wu. 2018. "‘Urban-Rural’ Gradient Analysis of Landscape Changes around Cities in Mountainous Regions: A Case Study of the Hengduan Mountain Region in Southwest China" Sustainability 10, no. 4: 1019. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10041019