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Neurology International
Volume 12
Issue 1
10.4081/ni.2020.8292
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Neurology International is published by MDPI from Volume 12 Issue 3 (2020). Previous articles were published by another publisher in Open Access under a CC-BY licence, and they are hosted by MDPI on mdpi.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with PAGEPress.
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Article

Determining the association between polymorphisms of the DAT1 and DRD4 genes with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children from Java Island

by
Cempaka Thursina
1,2,
Dian Kesumapramudya Nurputra
3,4,
Indra Sari Kusuma Harahap
2,
Nur Imma Fatimah Harahap
4,
Nihayatus Sa’adah
5,
Samekto Wibowo
2,
Sri Sutarni
2,
Ahmad Hamim Sadewa
5,
Hermawan Hanjaya
2,* and
Hisahide Nishio
4,6
1
Doctoral Programme of Medical and Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta
2
Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta
3
Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
4
Department of Community Medicine and Social Health Care Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe
5
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta
6
Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate school of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Neurol. Int. 2020, 12(1), 8292; https://doi.org/10.4081/ni.2020.8292
Submission received: 29 August 2019 / Accepted: 9 September 2019 / Published: 10 July 2020

Abstract

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurobehavioural in the children. Genetic factor is known one of the factors which contributed in ADHD development. VNTR polymorphism in 3’UTR exon 15 of DAT1 gene and exon 3 of DRD4 gene are reported to be associated in ADHD. In this study we examine the association of ADHD with VNTR polymorphism of DAT1 and DRD4 gene in Indonesian children. Sixty-five ADHD children and 70 normal children (6- 13 years of age), were included in the study, we matched by age and gender. ADHD was diagnosed by DSM-IV. We performed a casecontrol study to found the association between ADHD and VNTR polymorphism of DAT1 and DRD4 genes. The 10-repeat allele of DAT1 and 2-repeat allele of DRD4 were higher in Indonesian children. Although the frequency of these allele was higher, but it was similar both in ADHD and control groups. Neither DAT1 nor DRD4 gene showed showed significant difference in genotype distribution and frequency allele between both groups (p > 0.05). No association between ADHD and VNTR polymorphism of DAT1 and DRD4 genes found in Indonesian children. This data suggest that DAT1 and DRD4 do not contribute to etiology of ADHD in Indonesian children. Further studies are needed to clarify association between VNTR polymorphism of DAT1 and DRD4 genetic with ADHD of Indonesian children in larger sample size and family based study.
Keywords: Children; ADHD; DAT; DRD4; Indonesian; case-control study Children; ADHD; DAT; DRD4; Indonesian; case-control study

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MDPI and ACS Style

Thursina, C.; Nurputra, D.K.; Harahap, I.S.K.; Harahap, N.I.F.; Sa’adah, N.; Wibowo, S.; Sutarni, S.; Sadewa, A.H.; Hanjaya, H.; Nishio, H. Determining the association between polymorphisms of the DAT1 and DRD4 genes with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children from Java Island. Neurol. Int. 2020, 12, 8292. https://doi.org/10.4081/ni.2020.8292

AMA Style

Thursina C, Nurputra DK, Harahap ISK, Harahap NIF, Sa’adah N, Wibowo S, Sutarni S, Sadewa AH, Hanjaya H, Nishio H. Determining the association between polymorphisms of the DAT1 and DRD4 genes with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children from Java Island. Neurology International. 2020; 12(1):8292. https://doi.org/10.4081/ni.2020.8292

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thursina, Cempaka, Dian Kesumapramudya Nurputra, Indra Sari Kusuma Harahap, Nur Imma Fatimah Harahap, Nihayatus Sa’adah, Samekto Wibowo, Sri Sutarni, Ahmad Hamim Sadewa, Hermawan Hanjaya, and Hisahide Nishio. 2020. "Determining the association between polymorphisms of the DAT1 and DRD4 genes with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children from Java Island" Neurology International 12, no. 1: 8292. https://doi.org/10.4081/ni.2020.8292

APA Style

Thursina, C., Nurputra, D. K., Harahap, I. S. K., Harahap, N. I. F., Sa’adah, N., Wibowo, S., Sutarni, S., Sadewa, A. H., Hanjaya, H., & Nishio, H. (2020). Determining the association between polymorphisms of the DAT1 and DRD4 genes with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children from Java Island. Neurology International, 12(1), 8292. https://doi.org/10.4081/ni.2020.8292

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