Viruses

5 pages, 184 KiB

Open AccessCommentary

Surf and Turf: Mechanism of Enhanced Virus Spread During Poxvirus Infection

by Richard C. Condit

Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100266, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA

Viruses 2010, 2(5), 1050-1054; https://doi.org/10.3390/v2051050 - 28 Apr 2010

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 10966

Commentary on Doceul, V.; Hollinshead, M.; van der Linden, L.; Smith, G.L. Repulsion of superinfecting virions: a mechanism for rapid virus spread. Science 2010, 327, 873-876. Full article

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14 pages, 1025 KiB

Open AccessReview

Role of Cellular Lipids in Positive-Sense RNA Virus Replication Complex Assembly and Function

by Kenneth A. Stapleford¹ and David J. Miller^2,3,*

¹ Section of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA

² Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA

³ Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA

Viruses 2010, 2(5), 1055-1068; https://doi.org/10.3390/v2051055 - 29 Apr 2010

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 24995

Abstract

Positive-sense RNA viruses are responsible for frequent and often devastating diseases in humans, animals, and plants. However, the development of effective vaccines and anti-viral therapies targeted towards these pathogens has been hindered by an incomplete understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in viral [...] Read more.

Positive-sense RNA viruses are responsible for frequent and often devastating diseases in humans, animals, and plants. However, the development of effective vaccines and anti-viral therapies targeted towards these pathogens has been hindered by an incomplete understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in viral replication. One common feature of all positive-sense RNA viruses is the manipulation of host intracellular membranes for the assembly of functional viral RNA replication complexes. This review will discuss the interplay between cellular membranes and positive-sense RNA virus replication, and will focus specifically on the potential structural and functional roles for cellular lipids in this process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Lipids in Virus Replication)

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37 pages, 901 KiB

Open AccessReview

HIV-1 Entry, Inhibitors, and Resistance

by Michael A. Lobritz, Annette N. Ratcliff and Eric J. Arts^*

Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA

Viruses 2010, 2(5), 1069-1105; https://doi.org/10.3390/v2051069 - 29 Apr 2010

Cited by 57 | Viewed by 16816

Abstract

Entry inhibitors represent a new class of antiretroviral agents for the treatment of infection with HIV-1. While resistance to other HIV drug classes has been well described, resistance to this new class is still ill defined despite considerable clinical use. Several potential mechanisms [...] Read more.

Entry inhibitors represent a new class of antiretroviral agents for the treatment of infection with HIV-1. While resistance to other HIV drug classes has been well described, resistance to this new class is still ill defined despite considerable clinical use. Several potential mechanisms have been proposed: tropism switching (utilization of CXCR4 instead of CCR5 for entry), increased affinity for the coreceptor, increased rate of virus entry into host cells, and utilization of inhibitor-bound receptor for entry. In this review we will address the development of attachment, fusion, and coreceptor entry inhibitors and explore recent studies describing potential mechanisms of resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV Drug Resistance 2010)

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4 pages, 26 KiB

Open AccessCommentary

A Potent, Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agent that Targets Viral Membranes

by Jason A. Wojcechowskyj^* and Robert W. Doms

Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA

Viruses 2010, 2(5), 1106-1109; https://doi.org/10.3390/v2051106 - 4 May 2010

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 10921

Abstract

Commentary on Wolf, M.C.; Freiberg, A.N.; Zhang, T.; Akyol-Ataman, Z.; Grock, A.; Hong, P.W.; Li, J.; Watson, N.F.; Fang, A.Q.; Aguilar, H.C.; et al. A broad-spectrum antiviral targeting entry of enveloped viruses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2010, 107, 3157-3162. Full article

36 pages, 254 KiB

Open AccessReview

Interactions of Host Proteins with the Murine Leukemia Virus Integrase

by Barbara Studamire¹ and Stephen P. Goff^2,*

¹ Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Department of Biology, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA

² Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 701 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10028, USA

Viruses 2010, 2(5), 1110-1145; https://doi.org/10.3390/v2051110 - 5 May 2010

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 11540

Abstract

Retroviral infections cause a variety of cancers in animals and a number of diverse diseases in humans such as leukemia and acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Productive and efficient proviral integration is critical for retroviral function and is the key step in establishing a [...] Read more.

Retroviral infections cause a variety of cancers in animals and a number of diverse diseases in humans such as leukemia and acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Productive and efficient proviral integration is critical for retroviral function and is the key step in establishing a stable and productive infection, as well as the mechanism by which host genes are activated in leukemogenesis. Host factors are widely anticipated to be involved in all stages of the retroviral life cycle, and the identification of integrase interacting factors has the potential to increase our understanding of mechanisms by which the incoming virus might appropriate cellular proteins to target and capture host DNA sequences. Identification of MoMLV integrase interacting host factors may be key to designing efficient and benign retroviral-based gene therapy vectors; key to understanding the basic mechanism of integration; and key in designing efficient integrase inhibitors. In this review, we discuss current progress in the field of MoMLV integrase interacting proteins and possible roles for these proteins in integration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Retroviral Enzymes)

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Graphical abstract

35 pages, 933 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Lipids in Retrovirus Replication

by Abdul A. Waheed^* and Eric O. Freed

Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA

Viruses 2010, 2(5), 1146-1180; https://doi.org/10.3390/v2051146 - 6 May 2010

Cited by 92 | Viewed by 18556

Abstract

Retroviruses undergo several critical steps to complete a replication cycle. These include the complex processes of virus entry, assembly, and budding that often take place at the plasma membrane of the host cell. Both virus entry and release involve membrane fusion/fission reactions between [...] Read more.

Retroviruses undergo several critical steps to complete a replication cycle. These include the complex processes of virus entry, assembly, and budding that often take place at the plasma membrane of the host cell. Both virus entry and release involve membrane fusion/fission reactions between the viral envelopes and host cell membranes. Accumulating evidence indicates important roles for lipids and lipid microdomains in virus entry and egress. In this review, we outline the current understanding of the role of lipids and membrane microdomains in retroviral replication. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Lipids in Virus Replication)

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4 pages, 152 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Special Issue: Retroviral Enzymes

by Luis Menéndez-Arias

Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” [Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid], Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain

Viruses 2010, 2(5), 1181-1184; https://doi.org/10.3390/v2051181 - 7 May 2010

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 8409

Abstract

The retroviral RNA genome encodes for three enzymes essential for virus replication: (i) the viral protease (PR), that converts the immature virion into a mature virus through the cleavage of precursor polypeptides; (ii) the reverse transcriptase (RT), responsible for the conversion of the [...] Read more.

The retroviral RNA genome encodes for three enzymes essential for virus replication: (i) the viral protease (PR), that converts the immature virion into a mature virus through the cleavage of precursor polypeptides; (ii) the reverse transcriptase (RT), responsible for the conversion of the single-stranded genomic RNA into double-stranded proviral DNA; and (iii) the integrase (IN) that inserts the proviral DNA into the host cell genome. All of them are important targets for therapeutic intervention. This Special Issue provides authoritative reviews on the most recent research towards a better understanding of structure-function relationships in retroviral enzymes. The Issue includes three reviews on retroviral PRs, seven on RT and reverse transcription, and four dedicated to viral integration. [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Retroviral Enzymes)

5 pages, 319 KiB

Open AccessCommentary

Retrovirus Integrase-DNA Structure Elucidates Concerted Integration Mechanisms

by Duane Grandgenett^1,* and Sergey Korolev²

¹ Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Institute for Molecular Virology, 1100 S. Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA

² Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1100 S. Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA

Viruses 2010, 2(5), 1185-1189; https://doi.org/10.3390/v2051185 - 10 May 2010

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 7411

Abstract

Commentary on Hare, S.; Gupta, S.S.; Valkov, E.; Engelman, A.; Cherepanov, P. Retroviral intasome assembly and inhibition of DNA strand transfer. Nature 2010, 464, 232-236. Full article

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5 pages, 34 KiB

Open AccessCommentary

HIV Nuclear Entry: Clearing the Fog

by Vaibhav B. Shah and Christopher Aiken^*

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, A 5301 Medical Center North, Nashville TN 37232-2363, USA

Viruses 2010, 2(5), 1190-1194; https://doi.org/10.3390/v2051190 - 11 May 2010

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 10182

Abstract

HIV-1 and other lentiviruses have the unusual capability of infecting nondividing cells, but the mechanism by which they cross an intact nuclear membrane is mysterious. Recent work, including a new study (Lee, K.; Ambrose, Z.; Martin, T.D.; Oztop, I.; Mulky, A.; Julias, J.G.; [...] Read more.

HIV-1 and other lentiviruses have the unusual capability of infecting nondividing cells, but the mechanism by which they cross an intact nuclear membrane is mysterious. Recent work, including a new study (Lee, K.; Ambrose, Z.; Martin, T.D.; Oztop, I.; Mulky, A.; Julias, J.G.; Vandergraaff, N.; Baumann, J.G.; Wang, R.; Yuen, W. et al. Flexible use of nuclear import pathways by HIV-1. Cell Host Microbe 2010,7, 221-233) confirms that the viral capsid plays a key role in HIV-1 nuclear entry in both dividing and nondividing cells. The identification of mutations in the viral capsid that alter the virus’s dependence on host cell nucleoporins represents an important advance in this poorly understood stage of the virus life cycle. Full article

23 pages, 254 KiB

Open AccessReview

Lipid Metabolism and HCV Infection

by Paul Targett-Adams¹, Steeve Boulant², Mark W. Douglas³ and John McLauchlan^4,*

¹ Pfizer Global Research & Development, Infectious Diseases Group, Sandwich Laboratories, Sandwich, CT13 9NJ, UK

² Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Boston, MA 02115, USA

³ Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, PO Box 412, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia

⁴ MRC Virology Unit, Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK

Viruses 2010, 2(5), 1195-1217; https://doi.org/10.3390/v2051195 - 11 May 2010

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 19531

Abstract

Chronic infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV) can lead to severe liver disease and is a global healthcare problem. The liver is highly metabolically active and one of its key functions is to control the balance of lipid throughout the body. A number [...] Read more.

Chronic infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV) can lead to severe liver disease and is a global healthcare problem. The liver is highly metabolically active and one of its key functions is to control the balance of lipid throughout the body. A number of pathologies have been linked to the impact of HCV infection on liver metabolism. However, there is also growing evidence that hepatic metabolic processes contribute to the HCV life cycle. This review summarizes the relationship between lipid metabolism and key stages in the production of infectious HCV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Lipids in Virus Replication)

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18 pages, 1529 KiB

Open AccessReview

Role of Lipids on Entry and Exit of Bluetongue Virus, a Complex Non-Enveloped Virus

by Bishnupriya Bhattacharya and Polly Roy^*

London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK

Viruses 2010, 2(5), 1218-1235; https://doi.org/10.3390/v2051218 - 18 May 2010

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 11786

Abstract

Non-enveloped viruses such as members of Picornaviridae and Reoviridae are assembled in the cytoplasm and are generally released by cell lysis. However, recent evidence suggests that some non-enveloped viruses exit from infected cells without lysis, indicating that these viruses may also utilize alternate [...] Read more.

Non-enveloped viruses such as members of Picornaviridae and Reoviridae are assembled in the cytoplasm and are generally released by cell lysis. However, recent evidence suggests that some non-enveloped viruses exit from infected cells without lysis, indicating that these viruses may also utilize alternate means for egress. Moreover, it appears that complex, non-enveloped viruses such as bluetongue virus (BTV) and rotavirus interact with lipids during their entry process as well as with lipid rafts during the trafficking of newly synthesized progeny viruses. This review will discuss the role of lipids in the entry, maturation and release of non-enveloped viruses, focusing mainly on BTV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Lipids in Virus Replication)

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3 pages, 22 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Viruses and Lipids

by Akira Ono

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 5736 Medical Science Building II, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0620, USA

Viruses 2010, 2(5), 1236-1238; https://doi.org/10.3390/v2051236 - 20 May 2010

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 8868

Abstract

As obligatory intracellular pathogens, viruses exploit various cellular molecules and structures, such as cellular membranes, for their propagation. Enveloped viruses acquire lipid membranes as their outer coat through interactions with cellular membranes during morphogenesis within, and egress from, infected cells. In contrast, non-enveloped [...] Read more.

As obligatory intracellular pathogens, viruses exploit various cellular molecules and structures, such as cellular membranes, for their propagation. Enveloped viruses acquire lipid membranes as their outer coat through interactions with cellular membranes during morphogenesis within, and egress from, infected cells. In contrast, non-enveloped viruses typically exit cells by cell lysis, and lipid membranes are not part of the released virions. However, non-enveloped viruses also interact with lipid membranes at least during entry into target cells. Therefore, lipids, as part of cellular membranes, inevitably play some roles in life cycle of viruses. [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Lipids in Virus Replication)

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Viruses, Volume 2, Issue 5 (May 2010) – 13 articles , Pages 1050-1260

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