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Volume 18
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10.3390/v18010007
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Review

PROs Assessment in Dual (Either Oral or Injectable) Antiretroviral Regimen in People with HIV: A Narrative Review

by
Maria Mazzitelli
1,2,*,
Olivia Bargiacchi
3,
Maria Aurora Carleo
4,
Andrea Giacomelli
5,6,
Camilla Muccini
7,
Lucia Taramasso
8,
Marcello Trizzino
9 and
Antonella Cingolani
1,2
1
Dipartimento di Sicurezza e Bioetica, Sezione di Malattie Infettive, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
2
Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
3
Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Ospedale Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy
4
Infectious Diseases and Gender Medicine Unit, Cotugno Hospital, 80131 Napoli, Italy
5
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan University, 20122 Milan, Italy
6
Infectious Diseases Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy
7
Infectious Diseases Unit, Ospedale San Raffaele IRCSS, 20132 Milano, Italy
8
Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Ospedale San Martino, 16131 Genova, Italy
9
Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico Giaccone, 90127 Palermo, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Viruses 2026, 18(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/v18010007
Submission received: 23 November 2025 / Revised: 10 December 2025 / Accepted: 18 December 2025 / Published: 19 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV in the Context of Chronic Disorders and Aging)
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Abstract

Background: With modern antiretroviral regimens, durable viral suppression is now achieved in most people with HIV (PWH), whose life expectancy approaches that of the general population. Consequently, recent guidelines emphasise, beyond virological and immunological control, health-related quality of life and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) as targets of HIV care, including for dual regimens. Methods: We conducted a narrative review of clinical trials and observational studies evaluating PROs in adults treated with dual antiretroviral therapies, either oral or long-acting injectable. We also examined guideline documents and implementation studies addressing the role, feasibility, and interpretation of PROs in routine HIV care. Results: Trials of dual regimens reported high treatment satisfaction, convenience, and stable or improved quality of life, with some concerns related to injection-site reactions and visit burden for long-acting formulations. Emerging real-world data broadly confirm these findings but remain heterogeneous, with variability in instruments, assessment timing, and analytic approaches, limiting comparability and clinical use. Conclusions: PROs may support shared decision-making and optimise the use of dual therapies in PWH, but their uptake in clinical practice is still limited. Standardised tools, clearer interpretative frameworks, and pragmatic implementation strategies are needed to better integrate PROs into everyday HIV care.
Keywords: PROs; patient-reported outcomes; HIV; people with HIV; two-drug regimens; injectables PROs; patient-reported outcomes; HIV; people with HIV; two-drug regimens; injectables

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MDPI and ACS Style

Mazzitelli, M.; Bargiacchi, O.; Carleo, M.A.; Giacomelli, A.; Muccini, C.; Taramasso, L.; Trizzino, M.; Cingolani, A. PROs Assessment in Dual (Either Oral or Injectable) Antiretroviral Regimen in People with HIV: A Narrative Review. Viruses 2026, 18, 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/v18010007

AMA Style

Mazzitelli M, Bargiacchi O, Carleo MA, Giacomelli A, Muccini C, Taramasso L, Trizzino M, Cingolani A. PROs Assessment in Dual (Either Oral or Injectable) Antiretroviral Regimen in People with HIV: A Narrative Review. Viruses. 2026; 18(1):7. https://doi.org/10.3390/v18010007

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mazzitelli, Maria, Olivia Bargiacchi, Maria Aurora Carleo, Andrea Giacomelli, Camilla Muccini, Lucia Taramasso, Marcello Trizzino, and Antonella Cingolani. 2026. "PROs Assessment in Dual (Either Oral or Injectable) Antiretroviral Regimen in People with HIV: A Narrative Review" Viruses 18, no. 1: 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/v18010007

APA Style

Mazzitelli, M., Bargiacchi, O., Carleo, M. A., Giacomelli, A., Muccini, C., Taramasso, L., Trizzino, M., & Cingolani, A. (2026). PROs Assessment in Dual (Either Oral or Injectable) Antiretroviral Regimen in People with HIV: A Narrative Review. Viruses, 18(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/v18010007

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