The Way of Water: Unravelling White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) Transmission Dynamics in Litopenaeus vannamei Shrimp
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Animals and Rearing Conditions
2.2. Experimental Conditions
2.3. WSSV Stock and Peroral Inoculation
2.4. In Vivo WSSV Challenges
2.4.1. Characterization of WSD Progression
2.4.2. WSSV Infection in Relation to Population Density
2.4.3. The Effect of Isolation on WSSV Epidemic Dynamics
2.4.4. Role of Molted Cuticles, Feces, and Rearing Water in WSSV Transmission Dynamics
2.5. Confirmation of Viral Infection and Shedding
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. In Vivo Titrations of WSSV-Positive Tissue Inocula
3.2. In Vivo WSSV Challenges
3.2.1. Characterization of WSD Progression
3.2.2. WSSV Infection in Relation to Population Density
3.2.3. The Effect of Isolation on WSSV Epidemic Dynamics
3.2.4. Role of Molted Cuticles, Feces, and Rearing Water in WSSV Transmission Dynamics
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group (n = 50) | Number of Shrimp/10 L | Number of Replicates | Probability of Infection |
---|---|---|---|
G10 | 10 | 5 | 1.00 a |
G5 | 5 | 10 | 0.60 b |
G3 | 3 | 17 | 0.59 b |
G2 | 2 | 25 | 0.36 c |
INDI | 1 | 40 | 0.18 d |
Group | GI5h | GI48h | G∞ | INDI | GI72h |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GI48h | 0.195 ns | - | - | - | - |
G∞ | <0.001 * | 0.001 * | - | - | - |
INDI | 0.116 ns | 0.004 * | <0.001 * | - | - |
GI72h | 0.004 * | 0.111 ns | 0.204 ns | <0.001 * | - |
GI30h | 0.578 ns | 0.064 ns | <0.001 * | 0.293 ns | <0.001 * |
Group | № of Shrimp 10 L−1 | № of Replicates | № of Infected Populations/ Total № of Populations | Probability of Infection |
---|---|---|---|---|
GI5h_sentinel | 10 | 4 | 4/4 | 1.00 a |
GI30h_sentinel | 10 | 4 | 0/4 | 0.00 b |
GI48h_sentinel | 10 | 4 | 2/4 | 0.50 c |
GI72h_sentinel | 10 | 4 | 3/4 | 0.75 c |
Group (n = 50) | № of Shrimp 10 L−1 | № of Replicates | Environmental Component | № of Infected Populations/ Total № of Populations | Probability of Infection |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
G10-C | 10 | 5 | Molted cuticles | 0/5 | 0.00 a |
G10-F | 10 | 5 | Feces | 1/5 | 0.20 b |
G10-LT50-W | 10 | 5 | Water and biofilter material | 5/5 | 1.00 c |
G10-LT50-SW | 10 | 5 | Water (no particles > 250 µm) | 4/5 | 0.80 c |
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Cox, N.; De Swaef, E.; Corteel, M.; Van Den Broeck, W.; Bossier, P.; Dantas-Lima, J.J.; Nauwynck, H.J. The Way of Water: Unravelling White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) Transmission Dynamics in Litopenaeus vannamei Shrimp. Viruses 2023, 15, 1824. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15091824
Cox N, De Swaef E, Corteel M, Van Den Broeck W, Bossier P, Dantas-Lima JJ, Nauwynck HJ. The Way of Water: Unravelling White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) Transmission Dynamics in Litopenaeus vannamei Shrimp. Viruses. 2023; 15(9):1824. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15091824
Chicago/Turabian StyleCox, Natasja, Evelien De Swaef, Mathias Corteel, Wim Van Den Broeck, Peter Bossier, João J. Dantas-Lima, and Hans J. Nauwynck. 2023. "The Way of Water: Unravelling White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) Transmission Dynamics in Litopenaeus vannamei Shrimp" Viruses 15, no. 9: 1824. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15091824