Cellulose for the Production of Air-Filtering Systems: A Critical Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Filtering Systems: An Overview
2.1. Properties
2.2. Filtration Mechanisms
2.2.1. Mechanical Filtration
2.2.2. Chemical Filtration
3. Cellulosic Materials as Air filtering Systems
3.1. Cellulose and Nanocellulose-Based Materials
3.1.1. Aerogels
3.1.2. Membranes and Films
3.1.3. Papers
3.1.4. Foams
3.2. Cellulose and Nanocellulose-Reinforced Materials as Air Filtering Media
3.3. Cellulose Acetate-Based Systems
Main Component of the Filtration System | Additional Component of the Filtration System | Type of Filter | Filtration Mechanism | Pollutant Targets | Performance Parameters Investigated | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cellulose | Glutaraldehyde and trimethylchlorosilane | Aerogel | Mechanical and chemical | Oil, organic solvents, lampblack | Sorption capacity, ∆P, η | [62] |
TOCNF | - | Aerogel | Mechanical | PM10 dust | ∆P, η | [65] |
TOCNF | - | Aerogel | Mechanical | Particles (0.125–0.250 μm) | ∆P, η | [13] |
Cellulose | Surfactants | Aerogel | Mechanical | Air atmosphere | δ, % porosity, BET, permeability constant (K, µm2) | [66] |
Wet-beaten softwood and hardwood kraft Pulp | - | Aerogel | Mechanical | NaCl aerosol particles (size 50–500 nm) | ∆P, η | [68] |
Kraft- or sulfite-pulp CNF | A-PAM | Aerogel | Mechanical | NaCl aerosol particles | ∆P, η | [69] |
Cellulose | Activated carbon | Aerogel | Mechanical and chemical | Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene, dust | BET, Adsorption isotherm | [70] |
TOCNF | - | Film | Mechanical | O2 | Young’s modulus | [81] |
TOCN-COONa and TOCN-COOH | - | Film | Mechanical | O2, H2, N2, CO2 | Tensile strength, thickness, ∆P, η | [82,83] |
Bacterial cellulose | Magnetite nanoparticles | Membrane | Mechanical | Isopropanol, n-hexane | Equilibrium (saturation) adsorption capacity, qi∞ (g/g), and mean adsorption rate, vi = qi∞/ τ sat (g/g h) | [85] |
Alkali/urea regenerated cellulose | Alkyl ketene dimer | Film | Mechanical | O2 | Oxygen permeability, tensile strength, Young’s modulus, work of fracture | [84] |
Self-fibrillating cellulose Fibers | - | Paper | Mechanical | O2 | Young’s modulus, strain at break, optical transmittance | [88] |
Softwood bleached kraft pulp | - | Paper | Mechanical | PM0.3 | ∆P, η | [89] |
NBSK, NLF, and CTMP cellulose | VB and HW | Foams paper | Mechanical | NaCl aerosol particles | ∆P, η | [91] |
PLA-filter | TOCNF | Membrane | Mechanical | O2 | Tensile strength, Young’s modulus, elongation, thermal expansion | [93] |
PET-filter | TOCN-COONa and TOCN-COOH | Film | Mechanical | H2, N2, CO2 | Tensile strength, thickness, ∆P, η | [82] |
CNF | HKUST-1 (MOF) | Membrane | Mechanical and chemical | PM2.5 and formaldehyde | η, air flow rate | [95] |
Cellulose | ZIF-8 | Paper | Mechanical | PM0.3 | ∆P, η | [99] |
TOC | MTM nanoplatelets | Film | Mechanical | O2 | Young’s modulus, tensile strength, elongation, ∆P, η | [94] |
Cellulose acetate | - | Electrospun filter | Mechanical | Diethyl hexyl sebacate aerosol particles, NaCl aerosol particles | Fiber diameters, thickness, solidity, ∆P, η | [102] |
Cellulose acetate | Adamantane | Membrane | Mechanical | O2, N2, CH4, CO and CO2 | Permeability coefficient, diffusion coefficient, solubility coefficient | [103] |
Cellulose acetate | Nanoporous silicate | Membrane | Mechanical | CO2, CH4 | Thickness, ∆P, interlayer space | [104] |
Cellulose acetate | Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MMMs) | Membrane | Mechanical | O2, N2, CO2, CH4, He | ∆P, flux, membrane thickness, membrane area | [105] |
Cellulose acetate | Polyacrylonitrile | Electrospun filter | Mechanical | Toluene | Total pores volume, specific surface area, average pores diameters, breakthrough time and capacity | [106] |
Cellulose acetate | Branched polyethylenimine | - | Mechanical and chemical | - | - | [31] |
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Carleton, T.A.; Hsiang, S.M. Social and economic impacts of climate. Science 2016, 353, 6304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wang, J.; Wang, S.; Li, S. Examining the spatially varying effects of factors on PM2.5 concentrations in Chinese cities using geographically weighted regression modeling. Environ. Pollut. 2019, 248, 792–803. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lelieveld, J.; Klingmüller, K.; Pozzer, A.; Pöschl, U.; Fnais, M.; Daiber, A.; Münzel, T. Cardiovascular disease burden from ambient air pollution in Europe reassessed using novel hazard ratio functions. Eur. Heart J. 2019, 40, 1590–1596. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Singh, A.V.; Maharjan, R.S.; Kromer, C.; Laux, P.; Luch, A.; Vats, T.; Chandrasekar, V.; Dakua, S.P.; Park, B.W. Advances in Smoking Related in Vitro Inhalation Toxicology: A Perspective Case of Challenges and Opportunities from Progresses in Lung-on-Chip Technologies. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2021, 34, 1984–2002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, X.; Jiao, T.; Liu, Q.; Zhang, L.; Zhou, J.; Li, B.; Peng, Q. Hierarchical electrospun nanofibers treated by solvent vapor annealing as air filtration mat for high-efficiency PM2.5 capture. Sci. China Mater. 2019, 62, 423–436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wang, C.; Sun, S.; Zhang, L.; Yin, J.; Jiao, T.; Zhang, L.; Xu, Y.; Zhou, J.; Peng, Q. Facile preparation and catalytic performance characterization of AuNPs-loaded hierarchical electrospun composite fibers by solvent vapor annealing treatment. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2019, 561, 283–291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, R.; Liu, C.; Hsu, P.C.; Zhang, C.; Liu, N.; Zhang, J.; Lee, H.R.; Lu, Y.; Qiu, Y.; Chu, S.; et al. Nanofiber air filters with high-temperature stability for efficient PM2.5 removal from the pollution sources. Nano Lett. 2016, 16, 3642–3649. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bruntland, G.H. Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future (The Brundtland Report). N. Y. UN Doc. 1987. [Google Scholar]
- Seddiqi, H.; Oliaei, E.; Honarkar, H.; Jin, J.; Geonzon, L.C.; Bacabac, R.G.; Klein-Nulend, J. Cellulose and its derivatives: Towards biomedical applications. Cellulose 2021, 28, 1893–1931. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rouzitalab, Z.; Maklavany, D.M.; Jafarinejad, S.; Rashidi, A. Lignocellulose-based adsorbents: A spotlight review of the effective parameters on carbon dioxide capture process. Chemosphere 2020, 246, 125756. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Podgórski, A.; Bałazy, A.; Gradoń, L. Application of nanofibers to improve the filtration efficiency of the most penetrating aerosol particles in fibrous filters. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2006, 61, 6804–6815. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barhate, R.S.; Ramakrishna, S. Nanofibrous filtering media: Filtration problems and solutions from tiny materials. J. Memb. Sci. 2007, 296, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nemoto, J.; Saito, T.; Isogai, A. Simple Freeze-Drying Procedure for Producing Nanocellulose Aerogel-Containing, High-Performance Air Filters. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, 19809–19815. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Han, S.; Kim, J.; Ko, S.H. Advances in air filtration technologies: Structure-based and interaction-based approaches. Mater. Today Adv. 2021, 9, 100134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hajra, M.G.; Mehta, K.; Chase, G.G. Effects of humidity, temperature, and nanofibers on drop coalescence in glass fiber media. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2003, 30, 79–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bortolassi, A.C.C.; Guerra, V.G.; Aguiar, M.L. Evaluation of Different Hepa Filter Media for Removing Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles from Air Filtration. Tecnol. Metal. Mater. Mineração 2019, 16, 426–431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, P.; Wang, C.; Zhang, Y.; Wei, F. Air filtration in the free molecular flow regime: A review of high-efficiency particulate air filters based on Carbon Nanotubes. Small 2014, 10, 4543–4561. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, T.; Cui, J.; Qu, Q.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, J.; Xiong, R.; Ma, W.; Huang, C. Multistructured Electrospun Nanofibers for Air Filtration: A Review. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 13, 23293–23313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hinds, W.C. Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behaviour, and Measurement of Airborne Particles; John Wiley & Son: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 1982; ISBN 978-0-471-19410-1. [Google Scholar]
- Hung, C.H.; Leung, W.W.F. Filtration of nano-aerosol using nanofiber filter under low Peclet number and transitional flow regime. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2011, 79, 34–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gopal, R.; Kaur, S.; Ma, Z.; Chan, C.; Ramakrishna, S.; Matsuura, T. Electrospun nanofibrous filtration membrane. J. Memb. Sci. 2006, 281, 581–586. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hosseini, S.A.; Tafreshi, H.V. On the importance of fibers’ cross-sectional shape for air filters operating in the slip flow regime. Powder Technol. 2011, 212, 425–431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wan, H.; Wang, N.; Yang, J.; Si, Y.; Chen, K.; Ding, B.; Sun, G.; El-Newehy, M.; Al-Deyab, S.S.; Yu, J. Hierarchically structured polysulfone/titania fibrous membranes with enhanced air filtration performance. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2014, 417, 18–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sambaer, W.; Zatloukal, M.; Kimmer, D. 3D air filtration modeling for nanofiber based filters in the ultrafine particle size range. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2012, 82, 299–311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gao, H.; Yang, Y.; Akampumuza, O.; Hou, J.; Zhang, H.; Qin, X. A low filtration resistance three-dimensional composite membrane fabricated via free surface electrospinning for effective PM2.5 capture. Environ. Sci. Nano 2017, 4, 864–875. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, N.; Yang, Y.; Al-Deyab, S.S.; El-Newehy, M.; Yu, J.; Ding, B. Ultra-light 3D nanofibre-nets binary structured nylon 6-polyacrylonitrile membranes for efficient filtration of fine particulate matter. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 23946–23954. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yun, K.M.; Suryamas, A.B.; Iskandar, F.; Bao, L.; Niinuma, H.; Okuyama, K. Morphology optimization of polymer nanofiber for applications in aerosol particle filtration. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2010, 75, 340–345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, H.; Zhang, S.; Liu, L.; Yu, J.; Ding, B. A Fluffy Dual-Network Structured Nanofiber/Net Filter Enables High-Efficiency Air Filtration. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1904108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, B.; Zhang, S.; Wang, X.; Yu, J.; Ding, B. Efficient and reusable polyamide-56 nanofiber/nets membrane with bimodal structures for air filtration. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2015, 457, 203–211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, H.J.; Park, S.J.; Kim, D.I.; Lee, S.; Kwon, O.S.; Kim, I.K. Moisture Effect on Particulate Matter Filtration Performance using Electro-Spun Nanofibers including Density Functional Theory Analysis. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 7015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bourahla, K.; Lemmouchi, Y.; Jama, C.; Rolando, C.; Mazzah, A. Grafting of amine functions on cellulose acetate fibers by branched polyethylenimine coating. React. Funct. Polym. 2022, 170, 105107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- O’Sullivan, A.C. Cellulose: The structure slowly unravels. Cellulose 1997, 4, 173–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, J. Cellulose as a Smart Material. In Cellulose: Molecular and Structural Biology; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2007; ISBN 978-1-4020-5332-0. [Google Scholar]
- Nishino, T.; Arimoto, N. All-cellulose composite prepared by selective dissolving of fiber surface. Biomacromolecules 2007, 8, 2712–2716. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pierre, G.; Punta, C.; Delattre, C.; Melone, L.; Dubessay, P.; Fiorati, A.; Pastori, N.; Galante, Y.M.; Michaud, P. TEMPO-mediated oxidation of polysaccharides: An ongoing story. Carbohydr. Polym. 2017, 165, 71–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Gallo Stampino, P.; Riva, L.; Punta, C.; Elegir, G.; Bussini, D.; Dotelli, G. Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Cellulose Nanofibres Production Routes from Virgin and Recycled Raw Materials. Molecules 2021, 26, 2558. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, J.H.; Shim, B.S.; Kim, H.S.; Lee, Y.J.; Min, S.K.; Jang, D.; Abas, Z.; Kim, J. Review of nanocellulose for sustainable future materials. Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf.—Green Technol. 2015, 2, 197–213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Thomas, B.; Raj, M.C.; Athira, B.K.; Rubiyah, H.M.; Joy, J.; Moores, A.; Drisko, G.L.; Sanchez, C. Nanocellulose, a Versatile Green Platform: From Biosources to Materials and Their Applications. Chem. Rev. 2018, 118, 11575–11625. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Omran, A.A.B.; Mohammed, A.A.B.A.; Sapuan, S.M.; Ilyas, R.A.; Asyraf, M.R.M.; Koloor, S.S.R.; Petrů, M. Micro-and nanocellulose in polymer composite materials: A review. Polymers 2021, 13, 231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mondal, S. Review on Nanocellulose Polymer Nanocomposites. Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng. 2018, 57, 1377–1391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ng, H.M.; Sin, L.T.; Bee, S.T.; Tee, T.T.; Rahmat, A.R. Review of Nanocellulose Polymer Composite Characteristics and Challenges. Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng. 2017, 56, 687–731. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Riva, L.; Fiorati, A.; Punta, C. Synthesis and application of cellulose-polyethyleneimine composites and nanocomposites: A concise review. Materials 2021, 14, 473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aulin, C.; Gällstedt, M.; Lindström, T. Oxygen and oil barrier properties of microfibrillated cellulose films and coatings. Cellulose 2010, 17, 559–574. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Budtova, T. Cellulose II Aerogels: A Review; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2019; Volume 26, ISBN 1057001821. [Google Scholar]
- Long, L.Y.; Weng, Y.X.; Wang, Y.Z. Cellulose aerogels: Synthesis, applications, and prospects. Polymers 2018, 10, 623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Nakagaito, A.N.; Kondo, H.; Takagi, H. Cellulose nanofiber aerogel production and applications. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 2013, 32, 1547–1552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jin, C.; Han, S.; Li, J.; Sun, Q. Fabrication of cellulose-based aerogels from waste newspaper without any pretreatment and their use for absorbents. Carbohydr. Polym. 2015, 123, 150–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Guidi, P.; Bernardeschi, M.; Palumbo, M.; Scarcelli, V.; Genovese, M.; Protano, G.; Vitiello, V.; Pontorno, L.; Bonciani, L.; Buttino, I.; et al. Cellular responses induced by zinc in zebra mussel haemocytes. Loss of DNA integrity as a cellular mechanism to evaluate the suitability of nanocellulose-based materials in nanoremediation. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 2219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liberatori, G.; Grassi, G.; Guidi, P.; Bernardeschi, M.; Fiorati, A.; Scarcelli, V.; Genovese, M.; Faleri, C.; Protano, G.; Frenzilli, G.; et al. Effect-based approach to assess nanostructured cellulose sponge removal efficacy of zinc ions from seawater to prevent ecological risks. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 1283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Riva, L.; Pastori, N.; Panozzo, A.; Antonelli, M.; Punta, C. Nanostructured cellulose-based sorbent materials for water decontamination from organic dyes. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 1570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guidi, P.; Bernardeschi, M.; Palumbo, M.; Genovese, M.; Scarcelli, V.; Fiorati, A.; Riva, L.; Punta, C.; Corsi, I.; Frenzilli, G. Suitability of a cellulose-based nanomaterial for the remediation of heavy metal contaminated freshwaters: A case-study showing the recovery of cadmium induced dna integrity loss, cell proliferation increase, nuclear morphology and chromosomal alterations. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 1837. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fiorati, A.; Grassi, G.; Graziano, A.; Liberatori, G.; Pastori, N.; Melone, L.; Bonciani, L.; Pontorno, L.; Punta, C.; Corsi, I. Eco-design of nanostructured cellulose sponges for sea-water decontamination from heavy metal ions. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 246, 119009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Riva, L.; Fiorati, A.; Sganappa, A.; Melone, L.; Punta, C.; Cametti, M. Naked-Eye Heterogeneous Sensing of Fluoride Ions by Co-Polymeric Nanosponge Systems Comprising Aromatic-Imide-Functionalized Nanocellulose and Branched Polyethyleneimine. Chempluschem 2019, 84, 1512–1518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Melone, L.; Bonafede, S.; Tushi, D.; Punta, C.; Cametti, M. Dip in colorimetric fluoride sensing by a chemically engineered polymeric cellulose/ bPEI conjugate in the solid state. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 83197–83205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fiorati, A.; Turco, G.; Travan, A.; Caneva, E.; Pastori, N.; Cametti, M.; Punta, C.; Melone, L. Mechanical and drug release properties of sponges from cross-linked cellulose nanofibers. Chempluschem 2017, 82, 848–858. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Riva, L.; Punta, C.; Sacchetti, A. Co-Polymeric Nanosponges from Cellulose Biomass as Heterogeneous Catalysts for amine-catalyzed Organic Reactions. ChemCatChem 2020, 12, 6214–6222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Riva, L.; Lotito, A.D.; Punta, C.; Sacchetti, A. Zinc- and Copper-Loaded Nanosponges from Cellulose Nanofibers Hydrogels: New Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Synthesis of Aromatic Acetals. Gels 2022, 8, 54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zaman, A.; Huang, F.; Jiang, M.; Wei, W.; Zhou, Z. Preparation, Properties, and Applications of Natural Cellulosic Aerogels: A Review. Energy Built Environ. 2020, 1, 60–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Duchemin, B.J.C.; Staiger, M.P.; Tucker, N.; Newman, R.H. Aerocellulose based on all-cellulose composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2010, 115, 216–221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baghaei, B.; Skrifvars, M. All-Cellulose Composites: A Review of Recent Studies on Structure, Properties and Applications. Molecules 2020, 25, 2836. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roy, D.; Semsarilar, M.; Guthrie, J.T.; Perrier, S. Cellulose modification by polymer grafting: A review. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2009, 38, 2046–2064. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fan, P.; Yuan, Y.; Ren, J.; Yuan, B.; He, Q.; Xia, G.; Chen, F.; Song, R. Facile and green fabrication of cellulosed based aerogels for lampblack filtration from waste newspaper. Carbohydr. Polym. 2017, 162, 108–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gong, C.; Ni, J.P.; Tian, C.; Su, Z.H. Research in porous structure of cellulose aerogel made from cellulose nanofibrils. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2021, 172, 573–579. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Svensson, A.; Larsson, P.T.; Salazar-Alvarez, G.; Wågberg, L. Preparation of dry ultra-porous cellulosic fibres: Characterization and possible initial uses. Carbohydr. Polym. 2013, 92, 775–783. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yoon, Y.; Kim, S.; Ahn, K.H.; Ko, K.B.; Kim, K.S. Fabrication and characterization of micro-porous cellulose filters for indoor air quality control. Environ. Technol. 2016, 37, 703–712. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ganesan, K.; Barowski, A.; Ratke, L. Gas permeability of cellulose aerogels with a designed dual pore space system. Molecules 2019, 24, 2688. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Xu, P.; Yu, B. Developing a new form of permeability and Kozeny-Carman constant for homogeneous porous media by means of fractal geometry. Adv. Water Resour. 2008, 31, 74–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mao, J.; Grgic, B.; Finlay, W.H.; Kadla, J.F.; Kerekes, R.J. Wood pulp based filters for removal of sub-micrometer aerosol particles. Nord. Pulp. Pap. Res. J. 2008, 23, 420–425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- MacFarlane, A.L.; Kadla, J.F.; Kerekes, R.J. High performance air filters produced from freeze-dried fibrillated wood pulp: Fiber network compression due to the freezing process. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2012, 51, 10702–10711. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, S.Y.; Yoon, Y.H.; Kim, K.S. Performance of activated carbon-impregnated cellulose filters for indoor VOCs and dust control. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 13, 2189–2198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Azeredo, H.M.C.; Rosa, M.F.; Mattoso, L.H.C. Nanocellulose in bio-based food packaging applications. Ind. Crops Prod. 2017, 97, 664–671. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, D.; Zhu, Y.; Cheng, W.; Chen, W.; Wu, Y.; Yu, H. Cellulose-Based Flexible Functional Materials for Emerging Intelligent Electronics. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2000619. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ichihashi, S.; Fernández-Colino, A.; Wolf, F.; Rojas-González, D.M.; Kichikawa, K.; Jockenhoevel, S.; Schmitz-Rode, T.; Mela, P. Bio-Based Covered Stents: The Potential of Biologically Derived Membranes. Tissue Eng. Part B Rev. 2019, 25, 2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Babu, R.P.; O’Connor, K.; Seeram, R. Current progress on bio-based polymers and their future trends. Prog. Biomater. 2013, 2, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hauenstein, O.; Rahman, M.M.; Elsayed, M.; Krause-Rehberg, R.; Agarwal, S.; Abetz, V.; Greiner, A. Biobased Polycarbonate as a Gas Separation Membrane and “Breathing Glass” for Energy Saving Applications. Adv. Mater. Technol. 2017, 2, 1700026. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Doshi, B.; Sillanpää, M.; Kalliola, S. A review of bio-based materials for oil spill treatment. Water Res. 2018, 135, 262–277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Thakur, V.K.; Voicu, S.I. Recent advances in cellulose and chitosan based membranes for water purification: A concise review. Carbohydr. Polym. 2016, 146, 148–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fahr, A.; Liu, X. Drug delivery strategies for poorly water-soluble drugs. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 2007, 4, 403–416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ikram, S.; Ahmed, S. Natural Polymers: Derivatives, Blends and Composites; Nova Science Publishers, Inc.: Hauppauge, NY, USA, 2016; Volume I, ISBN 9781634858533. [Google Scholar]
- Gao, S.; Tang, G.; Hua, D.; Xiong, R.; Han, J.; Jiang, S.; Zhang, Q.; Huang, C. Stimuli-responsive bio-based polymeric systems and their applications. J. Mater. Chem. B 2019, 7, 709–729. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodionova, G.; Saito, T.; Lenes, M.; Eriksen, Ø.; Gregersen, Ø.; Fukuzumi, H.; Isogai, A. Mechanical and oxygen barrier properties of films prepared from fibrillated dispersions of TEMPO-oxidized Norway spruce and Eucalyptus pulps. Cellulose 2012, 19, 705–711. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fukuzumi, H.; Fujisawa, S.; Saito, T.; Isogai, A. Selective permeation of hydrogen gas using cellulose nanofibril film. Biomacromolecules 2013, 14, 1705–1709. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fujisawa, S.; Okita, Y.; Fukuzumi, H.; Saito, T.; Isogai, A. Preparation and characterization of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibril films with free carboxyl groups. Carbohydr. Polym. 2011, 84, 579–583. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, Q.; Saito, T.; Isogai, A. Facile fabrication of transparent cellulose films with high water repellency and gas barrier properties. Cellulose 2012, 19, 1913–1921. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ion, V.A.; Pârvulescu, O.C.; Dobre, T. Volatile organic compounds adsorption onto neat and hybrid bacterial cellulose. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2015, 335, 137–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fan, X.; Wang, Y.; Kong, L.; Fu, X.; Zheng, M.; Liu, T.; Zhong, W.H.; Pan, S. A Nanoprotein-Functionalized Hierarchical Composite Air Filter. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2018, 6, 11606–11613. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Balgis, R.; Murata, H.; Goi, Y.; Ogi, T.; Okuyama, K.; Bao, L. Synthesis of Dual-Size Cellulose-Polyvinylpyrrolidone Nanofiber Composites via One-Step Electrospinning Method for High-Performance Air Filter. Langmuir 2017, 33, 6127–6134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gorur, Y.C.; Larsson, P.A.; Wågberg, L. Self-Fibrillating Cellulose Fibers: Rapid in Situ Nanofibrillation to Prepare Strong, Transparent, and Gas Barrier Nanopapers. Biomacromolecules 2020, 21, 1480–1488. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lu, Z.; Su, Z.; Song, S.; Zhao, Y.; Ma, S.; Zhang, M. Toward high-performance fibrillated cellulose-based air filter via constructing spider-web-like structure with the aid of TBA during freeze-drying process. Cellulose 2018, 25, 619–629. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Radvan, B.; Gatward, A.P.J. The Formation of Wet-Laid Webs by a Foaming Process. Tappi 1972, 55, 748–751. [Google Scholar]
- Jahangiri, P.; Korehei, R.; Zeinoddini, S.S.; Madani, A.; Sharma, Y.; Phillion, A.; Martinez, D.M.; Olson, J.A. On filtration and heat insulation properties of foam formed cellulose based materials. Nord. Pulp Pap. Res. J. 2014, 29, 584–591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ukkola, J.; Lampimäki, M.; Laitinen, O.; Vainio, T.; Kangasluoma, J.; Siivola, E.; Petäjä, T.; Liimatainen, H. High-performance and sustainable aerosol filters based on hierarchical and crosslinked nanofoams of cellulose nanofibers. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 310, 127498. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fukuzumi, H.; Saito, T.; Iwata, T.; Kumamoto, Y.; Isogai, A. Transparent and high gas barrier films of cellulose nanofibers prepared by TEMPO-mediated oxidation. Biomacromolecules 2009, 10, 162–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, C.N.; Saito, T.; Fujisawa, S.; Fukuzumi, H.; Isogai, A. Ultrastrong and high gas-barrier nanocellulose/clay-layered composites. Biomacromolecules 2012, 13, 1927–1932. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, X.; Chen, L.; Guo, Y.; Ma, X.; Li, Z.; Ying, W.; Peng, X. Porous cellulose nanofiber stringed HKUST-1 polyhedron membrane for air purification. Appl. Mater. Today 2019, 14, 96–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chui, S.S.Y.; Lo, S.M.F.; Charmant, J.P.H.; Orpen, A.G.; Williams, I.D. A chemically functionalizable nanoporous material [Cu3(TMA)2 (H2O)3](n). Science 1999, 283, 1148–1150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Britt, D.; Tranchemontagne, D.; Yaghi, O.M. Metal-organic frameworks with high capacity and selectivity for harmful gases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105, 11623–11627. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Park, K.S.; Ni, Z.; Côté, A.P.; Choi, J.Y.; Huang, R.; Uribe-Romo, F.J.; Chae, H.K.; O’Keeffe, M.; Yaghi, O.M. Exceptional chemical and thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103, 10186–10191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Su, Z.; Zhang, M.; Lu, Z.; Song, S.; Zhao, Y.; Hao, Y. Functionalization of cellulose fiber by in situ growth of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) nanocrystals for preparing a cellulose-based air filter with gas adsorption ability. Cellulose 2018, 25, 1997–2008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Puleo, A.C.; Paul, D.R.; Kelley, S.S. The effect of degree of acetylation on gas sorption and transport behavior in cellulose acetate. J. Memb. Sci. 1989, 47, 301–332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scholes, C.A.; Stevens, G.W.; Kentish, S.E. Membrane gas separation applications in natural gas processing. Fuel 2012, 96, 15–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chattopadhyay, S.; Hatton, T.A.; Rutledge, G.C. Aerosol filtration using electrospun cellulose acetate fibers. J. Mater. Sci. 2015, 51, 204–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chen, J.; Zhang, J.; Feng, Y.; Wu, J.; He, J.; Zhang, J. Synthesis, characterization, and gas permeabilities of cellulose derivatives containing adamantane groups. J. Memb. Sci. 2014, 469, 507–514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, W.-g.; Lee, J.S.; Bucknall, D.G.; Koros, W.J.; Nair, S. Nanoporous layered silicate AMH-3/cellulose acetate nanocomposite membranes for gas separations. J. Memb. Sci. 2013, 441, 129–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moghadassi, A.R.; Rajabi, Z.; Hosseini, S.M.; Mohammadi, M. Fabrication and modification of cellulose acetate based mixed matrix membrane: Gas separation and physical properties. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2014, 20, 1050–1060. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ju, Y.W.; Oh, G.Y. Behavior of toluene adsorption on activated carbon nanofibers prepared by electrospinning of a polyacrylonitrile-cellulose acetate blending solution. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 2017, 34, 2731–2737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, K.; Li, Z.; Kang, W.; Deng, N.; Yan, J.; Ju, J.; Liu, Y.; Cheng, B. Preparation and characterization of tree-like cellulose nanofiber membranes via the electrospinning method. Carbohydr. Polym. 2018, 183, 62–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Branton, P.J.; McAdam, K.G.; Winter, D.B.; Liu, C.; Duke, M.G.; Proctor, C.J. Reduction of aldehydes and hydrogen cyanide yields in mainstream cigarette smoke using an amine functionalised ion exchange resin. Chem. Cent. J. 2011, 5, 15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Chen, Y.; Zhang, L.; Yang, Y.; Pang, B.; Xu, W.; Duan, G.; Jiang, S.; Zhang, K. Recent Progress on Nanocellulose Aerogels: Preparation, Modification, Composite Fabrication, Applications. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2005569. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fiorati, A.; Bellingeri, A.; Punta, C.; Corsi, I.; Venditti, I. Silver nanoparticles forwater pollution monitoring and treatments: Ecosafety challenge and cellulose-based hybrids solution. Polymers 2020, 12, 1635. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Lippi, M.; Riva, L.; Caruso, M.; Punta, C. Cellulose for the Production of Air-Filtering Systems: A Critical Review. Materials 2022, 15, 976. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15030976
Lippi M, Riva L, Caruso M, Punta C. Cellulose for the Production of Air-Filtering Systems: A Critical Review. Materials. 2022; 15(3):976. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15030976
Chicago/Turabian StyleLippi, Martina, Laura Riva, Manfredi Caruso, and Carlo Punta. 2022. "Cellulose for the Production of Air-Filtering Systems: A Critical Review" Materials 15, no. 3: 976. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15030976