Next Article in Journal
Study of an Ecological Cement-Based Composite with a Sustainable Raw Material, Sunflower Stalk Ash
Next Article in Special Issue
Relationship between the Crystal Structure and Tuberculostatic Activity of Some 2-Amidinothiosemicarbazone Derivatives of Pyridine
Previous Article in Journal
Survivability of Suddenly Loaded Arrays of Micropillars
Previous Article in Special Issue
Structures 4-n-propyl Piperazines as Non-Imidazole Histamine H3 Antagonists
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Materials
Volume 14
Issue 23
10.3390/ma14237175
materials-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Single-Crystal X-ray and Solid-State NMR Characterisation of AND-1184 and Its Hydrochloride Form

by
Tomasz Pawlak
1,*,
Małgorzata Szczesio
2 and
Marek J. Potrzebowski
1
1
Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
2
Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2021, 14(23), 7175; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237175
Submission received: 19 October 2021 / Revised: 8 November 2021 / Accepted: 22 November 2021 / Published: 25 November 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crystal Growth and Structure)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
In this study, we report on a structural investigation of AND-1184, with the chemical name N-[3-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]propyl]-3-methylbenzenesulfonamide (MBS), and its hydrochloride form (MBSHCl); AND-1184 is a potential API for the treatment of dementia. The single-crystal X-ray investigation of both forms results in monoclinic crystal systems with P21/c and C2/c symmetry for MBS and MBSHCl, respectively. This solid-state NMR study, combined with quantum-chemical calculations, allowed us to assign all 13C and most 1H signals. The MBS structure was defined as a completely rigid system without significant dynamic behaviours, whereas MBSHCl exhibited limited dynamic motion of the aromatic part of the molecule.

1. Introduction

In-depth structural research on drugs and their active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is required more today than in the past. In 2018, a record-breaking number of over 1000 drugs were introduced to the market, over 60 of which were completely new proposals. This trend has become more and more visible from year to year [1]. Synthesis, as well as biological aspects of synthetised API, are most frequently reported, without structural studies of their solid-state compositions. However, it is well known that different forms of the same pharmaceutically active substance can also differ in their physical properties which may influence pharmaceutical applications [2,3]. Accordingly, the importance of knowledge regarding the differences in drugs’ physical forms has been growing [4,5,6].
From an experimental point of view, we can use several techniques to investigate the solid-state composition of materials. Solid-state magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy [7,8] is one such effective method for determining structure at the atomic level, short-range interactions, or the dynamics of solids. It probes the local atomic environments and does not require long-range order to have constructive conclusions [9]. This explains its wide application nowadays in many fields, from materials to pharmaceutical chemistry [8]. In the latter, the investigation of conformation, as well as crystal packing, is essential to understand the structure–property relationship that can have an influence on the formulation during drug development.
In our study, we aimed to report on a solid-state study of N-[3-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]propyl]-3-methylbenzenesulfonamide (MBS) and its hydrochloride form (MBSHCl) based on single-crystal X-ray, solid-state NMR, and quantum-chemical calculations. The chemical structure of MBS is shown in Scheme 1. This compound is named by code AND-1184 and is not a commercially marketed API; it is still under development and indicated for the treatment of the signs and symptoms of dementia [10,11]. From a chemical point of view, MBS is an indolamine derivative ligand receptor 5-HT6/7 antagonist [10]. To date, dementia is an incurable central nervous system disease, which is connected with many severe behavioural and psychological symptoms [11,12,13]. Antipsychotic drugs are frequently given, but most of them interfere with cognitive function, which is an additional problem for dementia-suffering patients [14]. Therefore, there is a strong need to develop APIs with antipsychotic activity, which do not have side effects that cause additional cognitive problems.
Although MBS and MBSHCl are still waiting for approval for clinical studies, it is not unusual; the delay between discovery and medical application is counted in years for most new proposals. Until now, in the literature, there have been no solid-state studies of this API except the single-crystal X-ray structure of MBSHCl. The aim of this study is to perform a structural investigation and extend the knowledge about the MBS as well as MBSHCl, and therefore simplify their potential applications.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Synthesis and Crystallisation of MBS

The MBS investigated compound was synthesised by JINAN YSPharma Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Company. The purity of MBS was >98%, which was confirmed by HPLC and solution NMR measurements. The crystalline MBS sample was obtained by crystallisation in the chloroform solution at 5 °C. The MBSHCl crystals were obtained through the reaction of the MBS compound and HCl with a 1:1 molar ratio in ethanol at 50 °C and left through crystallisation. It was also possible to obtain the MBSHCl through a mechanochemical reaction between HClaq and MBS.

2.2. Crystal Structure Determination

The single-crystal X-ray measurements were performed on a diffractometer (XtaLAB Synergy, Dualflex, Pilatus 300 K, Rigaku Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) at 100 K. Data reduction was conducted using the CrysAlisPro program (Agilent Technologies UK Ltd., Yarnton, UK) [15]. The SHELX was used for structure refinement [16,17]. Non-hydrogen atoms were anisotropically refined. The drawings and geometrical parameters were obtained using the programs Mercury [18] and PLATON [19].

2.3. NMR Spectroscopy

All solid-state magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR experiments, cross-polarisation (CP) as well as one-pulse 1H or 19F, were performed on a 600 MHz Avance III spectrometer. The operating resonances were 600.13, 564.68, 150.90, and 60.811 MHz for 1H, 19F, 13C, and 15N, respectively. The experiments were conducted on HX MAS probe heads by using 2.5 and 4 mm ZrO2 rotors.
The Hartmann–Hahn conditions for 13C and 15N were set on a 13C, 15N-labeled histidine hydrochloride sample. The 13C CP MAS and 13C DD CP MAS spectra were performed with a CP contact time of 2 ms. For CP, a 1H ramp shape with a 90% to 100% setup and an RF of almost 63.5 kHz was used. A proton 90° pulse length of 4 μs, a spectral width of 40 kHz, a time-domain size of 3.5 k data points, and a repetition delay of 60 and 10 s were set up for MBS and MBSHCl, respectively. The 13C DD CP MAS was acquired with the τDD period of 50 μs. A SPINAL-64 decoupling sequence was used during acquisition time [20]. A proton 90° pulse length of 2.5 μs, a spectral width of 250 kHz, and a repetition delay of 45 s were set for the 19F one pulse MAS experiment.
The PISEMA MAS experiment [21,22,23] was conducted using a 1H pulse strength of 50 kHz. We adjusted the 13C spin-lock field strengths to the first-order sideband condition, ω13C = ω1H ± ωr. The spinning frequency was set to 13 kHz ± 3 Hz. We acquired 256 co-added transients for each of 64 t1 FIDs what corresponds to a 23 h experimental time. The 2D PISEMA MAS experiments incremented the SEMA contact time to a maximum t1 evolution time of 1 ms. The SEMA contact time was changed with a step of 16.28 μs. The data were transformed using the Bruker TopSpin 3.5 program software [24].
The fast MAS spectra were recorded on a 600 MHz Bruker Avance III spectrometer. The operating resonances were 600.13 and 150.90 MHz for 1H and 13C, respectively. The experiments were carried out on an HCN MAS probe head operating in double-resonance mode using 1.3 mm ZrO2 rotors. The spin rate was 60 kHz in all experiments. The pulse sequence for the 13C–1H invHETCOR (for indirect detection of 13C) experiments was described elsewhere [25,26,27]. The following parameters were used: 2 ms, 100 μs, and 2.5 μs, for a first contact time, a second contact time, and a proton 90° pulse length, respectively. Both 1H CP pulses were collected with a 1H ramp shape strength from 0.9 to 1.0. Both cross-polarisation pulses were set up to be 160 and 109 kHz for 1H and 13C, respectively. An SWF-TPPM decoupling sequence was used during acquisition time [28,29]. The 1H decoupling was set up to nutation frequency as low as 10 kHz and a pulse length of 50 μs [20]. The 13C–1H invHETCOR experiment was performed up to maximal evolution times of t1max = 12 ms and t2max = 10 ms. A total experimental time was 20 h what corresponds to 450 t1 FIDs for every 32 co-added transients. The sign discrimination was used by the States-TPPI method [30].
The 13C chemical-shift scale was referenced to Adamantane (resonances at 38.48 and 29.46 ppm) [31,32]. The powdered 15N glycine (resonance at δ = 34.40 ppm) was used as an external secondary reference to neat liquid ammonia [32,33]. The PTFE (resonance at δ = −122.7 ppm) was used as a secondary reference standard to CCl3F [32].

2.4. QM Calculations

The CASTEP 19.11 code was applied for all DFT calculations with periodic boundary conditions [34]. The energy convergence limit was set to 10−7 eV. In all cases, as the input files, the single-crystal X-ray diffraction structures were used. All the calculations were performed by applying the MBD* dispersion correction scheme (DFT-D method) and the PBE functional [35,36]. The maximum plane-wave cutoff energy was 630 eV with ultrasoft pseudopotential [37]. The optimisation algorithm was BFSG [38]. The Brillouin zone was sampled by the Monkhorst−Pack grid method [39]. The gauge including the projected augmented wave (GIPAW) method was used for the computation of all NMR chemical shifts [34,40,41]. Finally, we obtained NMR chemical-shielding values in periodic boundary conditions. NMR chemical-shielding values were recalculated to the chemicals shifts by applying the linear regression between calculated and experimental results.

3. Results

3.1. Single-Crystal X-ray Determination of the MBS and Its Comparison with the MBSHCl Form

The crystal data, details of data collection, and structure’s refinement parameters are summarised in Table 1. The structure is deposited in CCDC under no. 2115171. The molecular structure of the studied compound is shown in Figure 1. The compound crystallised in the monoclinic P21/c space group. The crystal was in the form of a colourless plate. The asymmetric unit consists of one molecule.
The N1–H1...N2 hydrogen bond connects molecules into the infinite chain C(6) according to graph-set analysis (Table 2 and Figure 2) [42]. Additionally, weaker hydrogen bonds of the C–H...O type are formed with the SO2 group (Figure 3).
In the crystallographic base of CSD [43], there is a compound in the form of hydrochloride (WINKIQ) [44], denoted in this study as MBSHCl. The protonation of the molecule occurs on nitrogen in pyridine. This compound is also crystallised with one non-dependent molecule in a monoclinic crystal system. In this structure, the molecule is disordered on the aromatic ring system. The disorder also occurs on the six-membered ring due to rotation around the C-S bond. Molecules assume a similar conformation, differing in the arrangement of the two-ring system (Figure 4). The chlorine atom creates two hydrogen bonds with NH groups (from pyridine and from the molecule chain), and a chain of hydrogen bonds is created (C1,2 (8)). In both structures, there is a chain of hydrogen bonds, which causes a similar packing of molecules in the direction of the b axis, and, in the case of a protonated compound, the chlorine atom creates a ‘bridge’ between the molecules (Figure 5).

3.2. Solid-State NMR and DFT-D Characterisation of the MBS and MBSHCl

The solid-state NMR investigation of MBS, as well as the MBSHCl forms, which were started from the analysis of the 13C CP MAS spectra, is shown in Figure 6. It can be observed that, for both structures, the number of resonance lines matches quite well the number of carbons in the molecule. The plots show significant differences, allowing us to quickly distinguish and identify both studied objects. The observed chemical distinctions between both forms are also reflected on the 19F MAS NMR spectra shown in the Supplementary Materials (Figure S1).
The same quality of MBSHCl material was obtained through the classical reaction between MBS and HCl in ethanol, as well as in the mechanochemical synthesis, by using ball milling. The second method is especially interesting since it is reduced to the minimum number of necessary components by eliminating solvent from the reaction area, which is very desirable and reflects a green chemistry philosophy.
The high crystallinity of materials is apparent and appears slightly better for MBS considering the shape of peaks. The aromatic signals of MBSHCl are broad and partially overlapped. These features, as well as much less intensity of the C-1 (-CH3 group) signal for the MBSHCl than for the MBS sample, are understandable, taking into consideration the disorder appearing in this part of the molecule, which was discussed in the previous section by using the single-crystal X-ray method. Since molecular dynamic processes usually cause a decrease in the magnetisation transfer efficiency, we performed a molecular dynamic investigation by using the PISEMA MAS NMR sequence. Our observations show no evidence of a high amplitude molecular dynamic process of both studied objects. However, we cannot exclude small-angle wobbling (<180°) of the aromatic part of the molecule in MBSHCl. More details are included in the Supplementary Information.
The presented assignment of signals (Figure 6) was supported by characterising the protonation state of carbons. Especially, it was important for a crowded part of spectra where it was not easy to predict the correct order of signals. For this purpose, we used a spectral-editing technique in the dipolar dephasing experiment [45]. The 13C DD CP MAS pulse sequences are shown in Figure 7. The spectra (Figure 8) were acquired without proton decoupling at the time of the τDD period. As a result, we obtained only the resonances with weak dipolar coupling to protons as methyl and quaternary carbons. Finally, there are no overlapped peaks between the 13C DD CP MAS and 13C CP MAS spectrum that belong to categories different from those previously mentioned (i.e., they are exclusively =CH- and -CH2- carbon signals).
The final assignments were performed with the help of advanced theoretical calculations using the gauge including projector augmented waves (GIPAW) methodology, which is currently the gold standard for computing NMR parameters in solid-state systems [34,40,41]. More technical details regarding the employed computational method are included in the Methods Section. The plots of correlation between experimental and theoretical NMR values are presented in Figure 9 and yield RMS values as low as 1.0 and 1.6 ppm for MBS and MBSHCl, respectively. Each graph contains over 19 unique experimental chemical shifts as linear functions of theoretical results, which finally confirms the high confidence of the presented assignment of signals.
Although both investigated models have significant structural differences, their 15N CP MAS spectra, or, more specifically, nitrogen signal positions, are nearly identical (Figure 10). This is a bit surprising especially for atom N-2 which is the protonation site undergoing reaction with HCl. The chemical properties of this position are significantly different in the protonated (MBSHCl) and non-protonated (MBS) forms but remain almost magnetically equivalent. This is sp3-hybridised type nitrogen for which, in the literature, a similar effect has been observed in the liquid state. This observation was explained by the fact that, although protonation of the nitrogen lone pair resulted in lowering the shielding effect, it was compensated for by increasing the shielding protonation effect which came from the N–C bonds, therefore a totally vanished effect [46]. Since our investigation was made for solid-state forms, there is an additional effect, as crystal structure packing may have an influence on NMR parameters. We employed the GIPAW methodology to estimate the influence of intermolecular interactions on the observed NMR chemical shift of nitrogen. For the purpose of this investigation, we created theoretical models of isolated MBS molecules in a box of size 27,000 Å3 to prevent any intermolecular interactions. Table S1 presents the comparison of theoretical 15N chemical shift values using these two conditions. It is easily seen that the maximum crystal packing effect on the 15N chemical shifts is up to 10 ppm and has similar impacts for the MBS as well as MBSHCl form.

3.3. Fast MAS NMR Final Validation of Structures by Means of 1H Chemical Shifts

In this section, we describe the solid-state MAS NMR characterisation of both studied forms. We applied the fast MAS technique, which allowed us to record the 1H NMR spectra with reasonable resolution. The fast MAS opened a new area in the solid-state NMR enabling acquisition of 2D heteronuclear experiments with indirect inverse (inv) observations via 1H. In our study, we applied the 13C–1H invHETCOR MAS NMR experiment that allowed us to record 1H–13C correlations. Figure 11 shows the 13C–1H invHETCOR MAS spectra recorded with a spinning rate of νR = 60 kHz and a short second contact time. This method allowed us to observe correlations corresponding to short C…H distances only. In that way, it was possible to accurately assign most of the 1H directly bonded to the 13C.
One of the advantages of the 1H fast MAS spectra is the fact that the 1H nuclei are very sensitive probes for structural intermolecular factors. The well-established method to verify structure determined by X-ray diffraction is to compare the 1H experimental solid-state NMR chemical shifts with the GIPAW calculated results and then evaluate the quality of such correlation [47,48,49,50,51,52]. Figure 12 shows the correlation between experimental and theoretical results for the MBS and MBSHCl crystal structures (after DFT geometry optimisation). Table S2 presents the numerical values. A high-quality agreement is observed between the experimental and GIPAW calculated chemical shifts. The root-mean-squared deviation (RMSE) values are up to 0.5 ppm. In the literature, we have found that RMSE values below 0.5 ppm relate to excellent agreement between experimental and calculated values [53]. Since our results are close to this limit, it proves that the single-crystal X-ray solutions of both MBS and MBSHCl structures defined the bulk material.

4. Conclusions

The structural studies of chemical substances that have potential medical applications are now needed more than in the past. In this study, we reported the comprehensive solid-state characterisation of AND-1184 (MBS) and its hydrochloride form (MBSHCl) as potential agents for the treatment of dementia. The studied forms were both characterised by using various structural techniques. Since both forms crystalise in different crystal systems exhibiting different molecular conformations—namely, P21/c and C2/c for MBS and MBSHCl, respectively, their 13C solid-state NMR spectra represent easily accessible fingerprints of studied materials. The advanced solid-state NMR experiments, combined with quantum-chemical calculations, allowed us to assign all the 13C and most 1H signals identifying the crucial differences between protonated and non-protonated forms. Finally, the single-crystal X-ray method and the PISEMA solid-state NMR experiment identified the MBS structure as a completely rigid system without significant dynamic processes. Even the large chemical changes from MBS to MBSHCl do not change this feature significantly. The MBSHCl exhibit only limited dynamic motion of the aromatic part of the molecule and have surprisingly similar 15N spectra to the non-protonated form. MBS and MBSHCl differ significantly in their solubility, which has a strong influence on bioavailability, and thus on the therapeutic effect. In our study, we showed that the more soluble MBSHCl (as compared with MBS) can be easily obtained using a mechanochemical approach. Such a procedure is quick, ecologically, and economically justified.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ma14237175/s1. Figure S1: 19F MAS NMR spectra of MBS and MBSHCl recorded at a spinning rate of 12 kHz at an ambient temperature, Figure S2: 2D PISEMA MAS spectra for sample MBS and MBSHCl. Spectra were acquired at a 13 kHz spinning rate, Table S1: 15N NMR GIPAW calculated chemical shifts for MBS and MBSHCl in the box and crystal, Table S2: 1H NMR experimental and GIPAW calculated chemical shifts for MBS and MBSHCl.

Author Contributions

Conceptualisation, T.P. and M.J.P.; data curation, T.P. and M.S.; formal analysis, M.S.; investigation, T.P., M.S. and M.J.P.; methodology, T.P., M.S. and M.J.P.; project administration, T.P.; software, T.P. and M.S.; supervision, M.S. and M.J.P.; writing—original draft preparation, T.P., M.S. and M.J.P.; writing—review and editing, T.P., M.S. and M.J.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The computational resources were partially provided by the Polish Infrastruc-ture for Supporting Computational Science in the European Research Space (PL-GRID). Project no. 04.04.00-00-4374/17-01 (Homing/2017 4/37) is carried out within the HOMING programme of the Foundation for Polish Science, co-financed by the European Union under the European Regional Development Fund.

Data Availability Statement

Data is contained within this article or supplementary material. CCDC: 2115171 contains the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. The data is provided free of charge by The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/structures.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Agnieszka Jóźwiak and Marcelina Bukowska for technical support.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. FDA Today | Generic Drug Approvals Fell in 2020 (and Are likely to Fall again in 2021). Available online: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/fda-today-generic-drug-approvals-fell-2020-likely-gaffney-ms-rac (accessed on 19 August 2021).
  2. Braun, D.E.; Nartowski, K.P.; Khimyak, Y.Z.; Morris, K.R.; Byrn, S.R.; Griesser, U.J. Structural Properties, Order–Disorder Phenomena, and Phase Stability of Orotic Acid Crystal Forms. Mol. Pharm. 2016, 13, 1012–1029. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  3. Beyer, T.; Day, G.M.; Price, S.L. The Prediction, Morphology, and Mechanical Properties of the Polymorphs of Paracetamol. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5086–5094. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Brittain, H.G. Polymorphism in Pharmaceutical Solids; Dekker, M., Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 1999; ISBN 978-0-585-15829-7. [Google Scholar]
  5. Raza, K.; Kumar, P.; Ratan, S.; Malik, R.; Arora, S. Polymorphism: The Phenomenon Affecting the Performance of Drugs. SOJ Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2014, 1, 10. [Google Scholar]
  6. Yu, L.; Reutzel, S.M.; Stephenson, G.A. Physical Characterization of Polymorphic Drugs: An Integrated Characterization Strategy. Pharm. Sci. Technol. Today 1998, 1, 118–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Duer, M.J. Introduction to Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy; Blackwell: Oxford, UK; Malden, MA, USA, 2004; ISBN 978-1-4051-0914-7. [Google Scholar]
  8. Ashbrook, S.E.; Griffin, J.M.; Johnston, K.E. Recent Advances in Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. 2018, 11, 485–508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  9. Harris, R.K. Applications of Solid-State NMR to Pharmaceutical Polymorphism and Related Matters. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2007, 59, 225–239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Schechter, L.E.; Lin, Q.; Smith, D.L.; Zhang, G.; Shan, Q.; Platt, B.; Brandt, M.R.; Dawson, L.A.; Cole, D.; Bernotas, R.; et al. Neuropharmacological Profile of Novel and Selective 5-HT6 Receptor Agonists: WAY-181187 and WAY-208466. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008, 33, 1323–1335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  11. Liperoti, R.; Pedone, C.; Corsonello, A. Antipsychotics for the Treatment of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD). Curr. Neuropharmacol. 2008, 6, 117–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  12. Hersch, E. Management of the Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia. Clin. Interv. Aging 2008, 2, 611–621. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  13. Jeste, D.V.; Blazer, D.; Casey, D.; Meeks, T.; Salzman, C.; Schneider, L.; Tariot, P.; Yaffe, K. ACNP White Paper: Update on Use of Antipsychotic Drugs in Elderly Persons with Dementia. Neuropsychopharmacol 2008, 33, 957–970. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Carson, S.; McDonagh, M.S.; Peterson, K. A Systematic Review of the Efficacy and Safety of Atypical Antipsychotics in Patients with Psychological and Behavioral Symptoms of Dementia: Atypical Antipsychotics in Dementia. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2006, 54, 354–361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. CrysAlisPro. Rigaku Oxford Diffraction; Agilent Technologies UK Ltd.: Oxford, UK, 2017. [Google Scholar]
  16. Sheldrick, G.M. A Short History of SHELX. Acta Cryst A 2008, 64, 112–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  17. Sheldrick, G.M. Crystal Structure Refinement with SHELXL. Acta Cryst C 2015, 71, 3–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Macrae, C.F.; Bruno, I.J.; Chisholm, J.A.; Edgington, P.R.; McCabe, P.; Pidcock, E.; Rodriguez-Monge, L.; Taylor, R.; van de Streek, J.; Wood, P.A. Mercury CSD 2.0—New Features for the Visualization and Investigation of Crystal Structures. J. Appl. Cryst. 2008, 41, 466–470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Spek, A.L. PLATON SQUEEZE: A Tool for the Calculation of the Disordered Solvent Contribution to the Calculated Structure Factors. Acta Cryst. C Struct. Chem. 2015, 71, 9–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  20. Fung, B.M.; Khitrin, A.K.; Ermolaev, K. An Improved Broadband Decoupling Sequence for Liquid Crystals and Solids. J. Magn. Reson. 2000, 142, 97–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Dvinskikh, S.V.; Zimmermann, H.; Maliniak, A.; Sandström, D. Heteronuclear Dipolar Recoupling in Liquid Crystals and Solids by PISEMA-Type Pulse Sequences. J. Magn. Reson. 2003, 164, 165–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Dvinskikh, S.V.; Sandström, D. Frequency Offset Refocused PISEMA-Type Sequences. J. Magn. Reson. 2005, 175, 163–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Ramamoorthy, A.; Opella, S.J. Two-Dimensional Chemical Shift/Heteronuclear Dipolar Coupling Spectra Obtained with Polarization Inversion Spin Exchange at the Magic Angle and Magic-Angle Sample Spinning (PISEMAMAS). Solid State Nucl. Magn. Reson. 1995, 4, 387–392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Bruker Biospin Gmbh. In Topspin Software, Version 3.5; Bruker Biospin Gmbh: Karlsruhe, German, 2017.
  25. Mao, K.; Wiench, J.W.; Lin, V.S.-Y.; Pruski, M. Indirectly Detected Through-Bond Chemical Shift Correlation NMR Spectroscopy in Solids under Fast MAS: Studies of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Materials. J. Magn. Reson. 2009, 196, 92–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Ishii, Y.; Tycko, R. Sensitivity Enhancement in Solid State 15N NMR by Indirect Detection with High-Speed Magic Angle Spinning. J. Magn. Reson. 2000, 142, 199–204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  27. Wiench, J.W.; Bronnimann, C.E.; Lin, V.S.-Y.; Pruski, M. Chemical Shift Correlation NMR Spectroscopy with Indirect Detection in Fast Rotating Solids: Studies of Organically Functionalized Mesoporous Silicas. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 12076–12077. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  28. Thakur, R.S.; Kurur, N.D.; Madhu, P.K. Swept-Frequency Two-Pulse Phase Modulation for Heteronuclear Dipolar Decoupling in Solid-State NMR. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2006, 426, 459–463. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Vinod Chandran, C.; Madhu, P.K.; Kurur, N.D.; Bräuniger, T. Swept-Frequency Two-Pulse Phase Modulation (SW f -TPPM) Sequences with Linear Sweep Profile for Heteronuclear Decoupling in Solid-State NMR. Magn. Reson. Chem. 2008, 46, 943–947. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  30. Marion, D.; Ikura, M.; Tschudin, R.; Bax, A. Rapid Recording of 2D NMR Spectra without Phase Cycling. Application to the Study of Hydrogen Exchange in Proteins. J. Magn. Reson. (1969) 1989, 85, 393–399. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Morcombe, C.R.; Zilm, K.W. Chemical Shift Referencing in MAS Solid State NMR. J. Magn. Reson. 2003, 162, 479–486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Harris, R.K.; Becker, E.D.; Cabral de Menezes, S.M.; Goodfellow, R.; Granger, P. NMR Nomenclature. Nuclear Spin Properties and Conventions for Chemical Shifts(IUPAC Recommendations 2001). Pure Appl. Chem. 2001, 73, 1795–1818. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Bertani, P.; Raya, J.; Bechinger, B. 15N Chemical Shift Referencing in Solid State NMR. Solid State Nucl. Magn. Reson. 2014, 61–62, 15–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Clark, S.J.; Segall, M.D.; Pickard, C.J.; Hasnip, P.J.; Probert, M.J.; Refson, K.; Payne, M.C. First Principles Methods Using CASTEP. Z. Kristall. 2005, 220, 567–570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  35. McNellis, E.R.; Meyer, J.; Reuter, K. Azobenzene at Coinage Metal Surfaces: Role of Dispersive van Der Waals Interactions. Phys. Rev. B 2009, 80, 205414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  36. Ambrosetti, A.; Reilly, A.M.; DiStasio, R.A.; Tkatchenko, A. Long-Range Correlation Energy Calculated from Coupled Atomic Response Functions. J. Chem. Phys. 2014, 140, 18A508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  37. Vanderbilt, D. Soft Self-Consistent Pseudopotentials in a Generalized Eigenvalue Formalism. Phys. Rev. B 1990, 41, 7892–7895. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  38. Nocedal, J.; Wright, S.J. Numerical Optimization; Springer Science & Business Media: New York, NY, USA, 2006; ISBN 978-0-387-40065-5. [Google Scholar]
  39. Monkhorst, H.J.; Pack, J.D. Special Points for Brillouin-Zone Integrations. Phys. Rev. B 1976, 13, 5188–5192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Pickard, C.J.; Mauri, F. All-Electron Magnetic Response with Pseudopotentials: NMR Chemical Shifts. Phys. Rev. B 2001, 63, 245101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  41. Yates, J.R.; Pickard, C.J.; Mauri, F. Calculation of NMR Chemical Shifts for Extended Systems Using Ultrasoft Pseudopotentials. Phys. Rev. B 2007, 76, 024401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Bernstein, J.; Davis, R.E.; Shimoni, L.; Chang, N.-L. Patterns in Hydrogen Bonding: Functionality and Graph Set Analysis in Crystals. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1555–1573. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Groom, C.R.; Bruno, I.J.; Lightfoot, M.P.; Ward, S.C. The Cambridge Structural Database. Acta Crystallogr. Sect. B Struct. Sci. Cryst. Eng. Mater. 2016, 72, 171–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Kalinowska-Tłuścik, J.; Piaskowska, A.; Kołaczkowski, M. Multifunctional Aryl sulfonamide Derivatives with 5-HT6/5-HT7 Receptor Antagonistic Activity: A Structural Study. Acta Crystallogr. Sect. C Struct. Chem. 2018, 74, 1477–1486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Opella, S.J.; Frey, M.H. Selection of Nonprotonated Carbon Resonances in Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 5854–5856. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Semenov, V.A.; Samultsev, D.O.; Krivdin, L.B. Theoretical and Experimental Study of 15 N NMR Protonation Shifts: 15 N NMR Protonation Shifts. Magn. Reson. Chem. 2015, 53, 433–441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Pinon, A.C.; Rossini, A.J.; Widdifield, C.M.; Gajan, D.; Emsley, L. Polymorphs of Theophylline Characterized by DNP Enhanced Solid-State NMR. Mol. Pharm. 2015, 12, 4146–4153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Pawlak, T.; Potrzebowski, M.J. Fine Refinement of Solid-State Molecular Structures of Leu- and Met-Enkephalins by NMR Crystallography. J. Phys. Chem. B 2014, 118, 3298–3309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Webber, A.L.; Emsley, L.; Claramunt, R.M.; Brown, S.P. NMR Crystallography of Campho[2,3-c]Pyrazole ( Z ′ = 6): Combining High-Resolution 1 H- 13 C Solid-State MAS NMR Spectroscopy and GIPAW Chemical-Shift Calculations. J. Phys. Chem. A 2010, 114, 10435–10442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Kerr, H.E.; Mason, H.E.; Sparkes, H.A.; Hodgkinson, P. Testing the Limits of NMR Crystallography: The Case of Caffeine–Citric Acid Hydrate. CrystEngComm 2016, 18, 6700–6707. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  51. Dudenko, D.V.; Yates, J.R.; Harris, K.D.M.; Brown, S.P. An NMR Crystallography DFT-D Approach to Analyse the Role of Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding and π–π Interactions in Driving Cocrystallisation of Indomethacin and Nicotinamide. CrystEngComm 2013, 15, 8797. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Tatton, A.S.; Blade, H.; Brown, S.P.; Hodgkinson, P.; Hughes, L.P.; Lill, S.O.N.; Yates, J.R. Improving Confidence in Crystal Structure Solutions Using NMR Crystallography: The Case of β-Piroxicam. Cryst. Growth Des. 2018, 18, 3339–3351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Paruzzo, F.M.; Hofstetter, A.; Musil, F.; De, S.; Ceriotti, M.; Emsley, L. Chemical Shifts in Molecular Solids by Machine Learning. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 4501. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Materials 14 07175 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Chemical structure of MBS with numbering system.
Scheme 1. Chemical structure of MBS with numbering system.
Materials 14 07175 sch001
Materials 14 07175 g001 550
Figure 1. The molecular structure of MBS including the atom-labelling scheme. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level and H atoms are shown as small spheres of arbitrary radii.
Figure 1. The molecular structure of MBS including the atom-labelling scheme. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level and H atoms are shown as small spheres of arbitrary radii.
Materials 14 07175 g001
Materials 14 07175 g002 550
Figure 2. The intermolecular hydrogen bonds in MBS.
Figure 2. The intermolecular hydrogen bonds in MBS.
Materials 14 07175 g002
Materials 14 07175 g003 550
Figure 3. The crystal packing of MBS, viewed along the b axis, where (a–c) denote unit cell axes.
Figure 3. The crystal packing of MBS, viewed along the b axis, where (a–c) denote unit cell axes.
Materials 14 07175 g003
Materials 14 07175 g004 550
Figure 4. Overlay of MBS (red) and MBSHCl (blue) molecules extracted from their crystal structures.
Figure 4. Overlay of MBS (red) and MBSHCl (blue) molecules extracted from their crystal structures.
Materials 14 07175 g004
Materials 14 07175 g005 550
Figure 5. The crystal packing of MBSHCl, viewed along the b axis. Coordinates taken from [44].
Figure 5. The crystal packing of MBSHCl, viewed along the b axis. Coordinates taken from [44].
Materials 14 07175 g005
Materials 14 07175 g006 550
Figure 6. 13C CP MAS NMR spectra of MBS (a) and MBSHCl (b) recorded at a spinning rate of 8 kHz at an ambient temperature. Asterisks indicate spinning sidebands.
Figure 6. 13C CP MAS NMR spectra of MBS (a) and MBSHCl (b) recorded at a spinning rate of 8 kHz at an ambient temperature. Asterisks indicate spinning sidebands.
Materials 14 07175 g006
Materials 14 07175 g007 550
Figure 7. 13C DD CP MAS NMR pulse sequence.
Figure 7. 13C DD CP MAS NMR pulse sequence.
Materials 14 07175 g007
Materials 14 07175 g008 550
Figure 8. 13C DD CP MAS NMR spectra of MBS (a) and MBSHCl (b) recorded at a spinning rate of 8 kHz at an ambient temperature. Dephasing delay was 50 μs.
Figure 8. 13C DD CP MAS NMR spectra of MBS (a) and MBSHCl (b) recorded at a spinning rate of 8 kHz at an ambient temperature. Dephasing delay was 50 μs.
Materials 14 07175 g008
Materials 14 07175 g009 550
Figure 9. The correlation of experimental 13C chemical shift values (δ) and calculated nuclear shielding (σ) values of the MBS (a) and MBSHCl (b).
Figure 9. The correlation of experimental 13C chemical shift values (δ) and calculated nuclear shielding (σ) values of the MBS (a) and MBSHCl (b).
Materials 14 07175 g009
Materials 14 07175 g010 550
Figure 10. 15N CP MAS NMR spectra of MBS recorded at a spinning rate of 12 kHz (a) and 25 kHz (b) at an ambient temperature. Asterisks indicated spinning sidebands.
Figure 10. 15N CP MAS NMR spectra of MBS recorded at a spinning rate of 12 kHz (a) and 25 kHz (b) at an ambient temperature. Asterisks indicated spinning sidebands.
Materials 14 07175 g010
Materials 14 07175 g011 550
Figure 11. 13C–1H invHETCOR MAS NMR spectra of MBS (a) and MBSHCl (b) recorded at 90 °C with a spinning rate of 60 kHz at a 1H Larmor frequency of 600.1 MHz with a second 13C → 1H CP contact time of 100 μs. A one-pulse 1H MAS spectrum is shown at the top and 13C CP MAS in the left.
Figure 11. 13C–1H invHETCOR MAS NMR spectra of MBS (a) and MBSHCl (b) recorded at 90 °C with a spinning rate of 60 kHz at a 1H Larmor frequency of 600.1 MHz with a second 13C → 1H CP contact time of 100 μs. A one-pulse 1H MAS spectrum is shown at the top and 13C CP MAS in the left.
Materials 14 07175 g011
Materials 14 07175 g012 550
Figure 12. The correlation of experimental 1H chemical shift values (δ) and calculated nuclear shielding (σ) values of the MBS (a) and MBSHCl (b).
Figure 12. The correlation of experimental 1H chemical shift values (δ) and calculated nuclear shielding (σ) values of the MBS (a) and MBSHCl (b).
Materials 14 07175 g012
Table
Table 1. Experimental details.
Table 1. Experimental details.
Crystal Data
Chemical formulaC22H26FN3O3S
Mr431.52
Crystal system, space groupMonoclinic, P21/c
Temperature (K)100
a, b, c (Å)13.9487 (1), 8.4474 (1), 17.5121 (2)
β (°)92.163 (1)
V (Å3)2061.98 (4)
Z4
Radiation typeCu Kα
DiffractometerXtaLAB Synergy, Dualflex, Pilatus 300 K
No. of measured, independent, and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections59,889, 4409, 3970
Rint0.060
(sin θ/λ)max (Å−1)0.637
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S0.035, 0.091, 1.04
No. of reflections4409
No. of parameters276
Δ〉max, Δ〉min (e Å−3)0.51, −0.48
Table
Table 2. Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °) for 1.
Table 2. Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °) for 1.
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
N1—H1···N2 i0.87 (2)2.13 (2)2.9863 (18)168.4 (19)
C5—H5···O1 ii0.932.493.3683 (18)159
C19—H19···O2 iii0.932.593.2589 (17)130
Symmetry codes: i −x + 1, y + 1/2, −z + 1/2; ii −x + 1, −y + 2, -z + 1; iii x + 1, y − 1, z.
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Pawlak, T.; Szczesio, M.; Potrzebowski, M.J. Single-Crystal X-ray and Solid-State NMR Characterisation of AND-1184 and Its Hydrochloride Form. Materials 2021, 14, 7175. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237175

AMA Style

Pawlak T, Szczesio M, Potrzebowski MJ. Single-Crystal X-ray and Solid-State NMR Characterisation of AND-1184 and Its Hydrochloride Form. Materials. 2021; 14(23):7175. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237175

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pawlak, Tomasz, Małgorzata Szczesio, and Marek J. Potrzebowski. 2021. "Single-Crystal X-ray and Solid-State NMR Characterisation of AND-1184 and Its Hydrochloride Form" Materials 14, no. 23: 7175. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237175

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop