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Journal of Eye Movement Research is published by MDPI from Volume 18 Issue 1 (2025). Previous articles were published by another publisher in Open Access under a CC-BY (or CC-BY-NC-ND) licence, and they are hosted by MDPI on mdpi.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Bern Open Publishing (BOP).

J. Eye Mov. Res., Volume 10, Issue 2 (March 2017) – 6 articles

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8 pages, 335 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Negative versus Positive Priming: When Are Distractors Inhibited?

by Stefan Van der Stigchel and Martijn Meeter

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2017, 10(2), 1-8; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.10.2.6 - 20 May 2017

Viewed by 35

Abstract

Visual attention is guided by the history of selections in previous trials, an effect usually referred to as intertrial priming. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether such priming in visual search is due to a strengthening of the target signal, or the suppression of the distractor signal. In two experiments, we examined the deviation of saccade endpoints in situations in which the target and distractors were presented in relative close proximity. We found both negative and positive priming, irrespective of whether the repeating feature was relevant or irrelevant. This finding is in contrast to previous results with this paradigm, based on which we concluded that visual priming is strictly the result of boosting perceptual target signals. Based on the differences between these experiments, we conclude that the number of distractors is essential in observing negative priming. We propose that negative priming is solely observed when multiple distractors result in either strong inhibition of distractor features, or strong adaptation to them. Whereas positive priming seems to be a robust mechanism, negative priming is only present if there are multiple distractors. Full article

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9 pages, 685 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Magnification and Contrast on Reading Performance in Different Types of Simulated Low Vision

by Michael Christen and Mathias Abegg

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2017, 10(2), 1-9; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.10.2.5 - 16 May 2017

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 58

Abstract

Low vision therapy, such as magnifiers or contrast enhancement, is widely used. Scientific evidence proving its efficacy is scarce however. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the benefits of magnification and contrast enhancement depended on the origin of low vision. For this purpose we measured reading speed with artificially induced low vision in 12 healthy subjects in conditions of a simulated central scotoma, blurred vision and oscillopsia. Texts were either blurred, set in motion or blanked at the gaze position by using eye tracking and gaze contingent display. The simulated visual impairment was calibrated such that all types of low vision caused equal reading impairment. We then tested the effect of magnification and contrast enhancement among the different types of low vision. We found that reading speed improved with increasing magnification and with higher contrast in all conditions. The effect of magnification was significantly different in the three low vision conditions: The gain from magnification was highest in simulated blur and least in central scotoma. Magnification eventually led to near normal reading speed in all conditions. High contrast was less effective than high magnification and the effect of contrast enhancement was similar in all low vision conditions. From these results we conclude that the type of low vision determines the benefit that can be expected from magnification. Contrast enhancement leads to similar improved reading speed in all low vision types. We provide evidence that supports the use of low vision aids. Full article

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13 pages, 913 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How a Distractor Influences Fixations During the Exploration of Natural Scenes

by Hélène Devillez, Anne Guérin-Dugué and Nathalie Guyader

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2017, 10(2), 1-13; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.10.2.2 - 10 Apr 2017

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 47

Abstract

The distractor effect is a well-established means of studying different aspects of fixation programming during the exploration of visual scenes. In this study, we present a taskirrelevant distractor to participants during the free exploration of natural scenes. We investigate the control and programming of fixations by analyzing fixation durations and locations, and the link between the two. We also propose a simple mixture model evaluated using the Expectation-Maximization algorithm to test the distractor effect on fixation locations, including fixations which did not land on the distractor. The model allows us to quantify the influence of a visual distractor on fixation location relative to scene saliency for all fixations, at distractor onset and during all subsequent exploration. The distractor effect is not just limited to the current fixation, it continues to influence fixations during subsequent exploration. An abrupt change in the stimulus not only increases the duration of the current fixation, it also influences the location of the fixation which occurs immediately afterwards and to some extent, in function of the length of the change, the duration and location of any subsequent fixations. Overall, results from the eye movement analysis and the statistical model suggest that fixation durations and locations are both controlled by direct and indirect mechanisms. Full article

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15 pages, 842 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Role of Expectation and Working Memory Constraints in Hindi Comprehension: An Eye-tracking Corpus Analysis

by Arpit Agrawal, Sumeet Agarwal and Samar Husain

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2017, 10(2), 1-15; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.10.2.4 - 4 Apr 2017

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 55

Abstract

We used the Potsdam-Allahabad Hindi eye-tracking corpus to investigate the role of wordlevel and sentence-level factors during sentence comprehension in Hindi. Extending previous work that used this eye-tracking data, we investigate the role of surprisal and retrieval cost metrics during sentence processing. While controlling for word-level predictors (word complexity, syllable length, unigram and bigram frequencies) as well as sentence-level predictors such as integration and storage costs, we find a significant effect of surprisal on first-pass reading times (higher surprisal value leads to increase in FPRT). Effect of retrieval cost was only found for a higher degree of parser parallelism. Interestingly, while surprisal has a significant effect on FPRT, storage cost (another predictionbased metric) does not. A significant effect of storage cost shows up only in total fixation time (TFT), thus indicating that these two measures perhaps capture different aspects of prediction. The study replicates previous findings that both prediction-based and memorybased metrics are required to account for processing patterns during sentence comprehension. The results also show that parser model assumptions are critical in order to draw generalizations about the utility of a metric (e.g., surprisal) across various phenomena in a language. Full article

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13 pages, 8034 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Coefficient K to Distinguish Ambient/Focal Visual Attention During Cartographic Tasks

by Krzysztof Krejtz, Arzu Çöltekin, Andrew T. Duchowski and Anna Niedzielska

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2017, 10(2), 1-13; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.10.2.3 - 3 Apr 2017

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 73

Abstract

We demonstrate the use of the ambient/focal coefficient Κ for studying the dynamics of visual behavior when performing cartographic tasks. Participants viewed a cartographic map and satellite image of Barcelona while performing a number of map-related tasks. Cartographic maps can be viewed as summary representations of reality, while satellite images are typically more veridical, and contain considerably more information. Our analysis of traditional eye movement metrics suggests that the satellite representation facilitates longer fixation durations, requiring greater scrutiny of the map. The cartographic map affords greater peripheral scanning, as evidenced by larger saccade amplitudes. Evaluation of Κ elucidates task dependence of ambient/focal attention dynamics when working with geographic visualizations: localization progresses from ambient to focal attention; route planning fluctuates in an ambient-focalambient pattern characteristic of the three stages of route end point localization, route following, and route confirmation. Full article

18 pages, 338 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mobile Eye Tracking During Real-World Night Driving: A Selective Review of Findings and Recommendations for Future Research

by Markus Grüner and Ulrich Ansorge

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2017, 10(2), 1-18; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.10.2.1 - 15 Mar 2017

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 69

Abstract

We exhaustively review the published research on eye movements during real-world night driving, which is an important field of research as fatal road traffic accidents at night out-number fatal accidents during the daytime. Eye tracking provides a unique window into the underlying cognitive processes. The studies were interpreted and evaluated against the back-ground of two descriptions of the driving task: Gibson and Crooks’ description of driving as the visually guided selection of a driving path through the unobstructed field of safe travel; and Endsley’s situation awareness model, highlighting the influence of drivers’ interpreta-tions and mental capacities (e.g., cognitive load, memory capacity, etc.) for successful task performance. Our review unveiled that drivers show expedient looking behavior, directed to the boundaries of the field of safe travel and other road users. Thus, the results indicated that controlled (intended) eye movements supervened, but some results could have also reflected automatic gaze attraction by salient but task-irrelevant distractors. Also, it is not entirely certain whether a wider dispersion of eye fixations during daytime driving (compared to night driving) reflected controlled and beneficial strategies, or whether it was (partly) due to distraction by stimuli unrelated to driving. We concluded by proposing a more fine-grained description of the driving task, in which the contribution of eye movements to three different subtasks is detailed. This model could help filling an existing gap in the reviewed research: Most studies did not relate eye movements to other driving performance measurements for the evaluation of real-world night driving performance. Full article

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