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Volume 33
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Article

Sleep Disorders in Climacteric Women: Glutathione, Glutathione S-Transferase P1 and Gut Microbiome Interrelation

by
Natalya Semenova
*,
Nadezhda Garashchenko
,
Olga Nikitina
,
Sergey Kolesnikov
,
Natalia Belkova
,
Elizaveta Klimenko
,
Nadezhda Smurova
,
Elizaveta Novikova
,
Irina Madaeva
and
Liubov Kolesnikova
Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pathophysiology 2026, 33(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathophysiology33010003
Submission received: 26 November 2025 / Revised: 17 December 2025 / Accepted: 19 December 2025 / Published: 26 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Systemic Pathophysiology)
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Abstract

Background: Menopause, a critical period during a woman’s life, is characterized by various changes, including disturbances in their oxidative balance and circadian rhythm. Currently, the gut microbiome is suggested as an important participant in these processes. Methods: This study involved 96 menopausal women. Their sleep quality was assessed using three questionnaires: the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). The GSH and GSTP1 contents in the serum were measured by means of immunoassay methods, while the composition of the gut microbiome was determined via molecular genetic methods. Results: E. coli, K. oxytoca, S. aureus, Enterobacter spp., Shigella spp., Streptococcus spp., Prevotella spp., and M. stadmanae were found to correlate with the GSH content in different sleep groups, while the presence of K. oxytoca, S. aureus, Enterococcus spp., K. pneumoniae, and M. stadmanae is also important for the GSH level in several of these groups. F. prausnitzii, S. aureus, P. micra, Acinetobacter spp., and E. rectale are associated with GSTP1 concentration in various sleep groups, while the presence of F. nucleatum and P. micra is also relevant for the GSTP1 content in some of these groups. Conclusions: Thus, in menopausal women, the composition and structure of the gut microbiota are associated with sleep disorders. GSH and GSTP1 are associated with some gut microbiome markers in menopausal women, but these relationships differ in different sleep disorders.
Keywords: glutathione; glutathione S-transferase; gut microbiome; menopause; insomnia; sleep disorders glutathione; glutathione S-transferase; gut microbiome; menopause; insomnia; sleep disorders

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MDPI and ACS Style

Semenova, N.; Garashchenko, N.; Nikitina, O.; Kolesnikov, S.; Belkova, N.; Klimenko, E.; Smurova, N.; Novikova, E.; Madaeva, I.; Kolesnikova, L. Sleep Disorders in Climacteric Women: Glutathione, Glutathione S-Transferase P1 and Gut Microbiome Interrelation. Pathophysiology 2026, 33, 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathophysiology33010003

AMA Style

Semenova N, Garashchenko N, Nikitina O, Kolesnikov S, Belkova N, Klimenko E, Smurova N, Novikova E, Madaeva I, Kolesnikova L. Sleep Disorders in Climacteric Women: Glutathione, Glutathione S-Transferase P1 and Gut Microbiome Interrelation. Pathophysiology. 2026; 33(1):3. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathophysiology33010003

Chicago/Turabian Style

Semenova, Natalya, Nadezhda Garashchenko, Olga Nikitina, Sergey Kolesnikov, Natalia Belkova, Elizaveta Klimenko, Nadezhda Smurova, Elizaveta Novikova, Irina Madaeva, and Liubov Kolesnikova. 2026. "Sleep Disorders in Climacteric Women: Glutathione, Glutathione S-Transferase P1 and Gut Microbiome Interrelation" Pathophysiology 33, no. 1: 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathophysiology33010003

APA Style

Semenova, N., Garashchenko, N., Nikitina, O., Kolesnikov, S., Belkova, N., Klimenko, E., Smurova, N., Novikova, E., Madaeva, I., & Kolesnikova, L. (2026). Sleep Disorders in Climacteric Women: Glutathione, Glutathione S-Transferase P1 and Gut Microbiome Interrelation. Pathophysiology, 33(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathophysiology33010003

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