Mend the Gap: Online User-Led Adjuvant Treatment for Psychosis: A Systematic Review on Recent Findings
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of the Included Studies
3.1.1. Population and Attrition
3.1.2. Design
3.1.3. Origin
3.2. Types of Intervention
3.2.1. The Four Types of Online User-Led Interventions for SSD
3.2.2. Other Interventions
3.2.3. Overlap of Intervention Types
Study | Study Aim Origin | Outcome (Measures) | Study Design | Sample Size Attrition | Age (Mean) Gender | Duration/Follow-Up | Intervention |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Online Social Cognition Training in Schizophrenia: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Multi-Site Clinical Trial Nahum et al., 2021 [27] | To compare the efficacy of SocialVille training to an active control (computer games) USA | Social Cognition * (Composite—ER40, PROID, PFMT, MSCEIT-ME, EA) Functional Capacity (UPSA-2) Symptom severity (PANSS) Functioning *(VRFCAT, GFS, SFS *, QLS, SLOF) Motivation (TEPS, BIS/BAS) Facial affect perception * (MFT *) Social perception (TASIT) Theory of Mind (FPRT) Source Memory (SMT), Attributional style (AIHQ) | Parallel-Armed Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Multi-Site Clinical Trial | Total: 108 Intervention: 55 Control: 53 Attrition: 27% | Intervention 42.5 years 53% male Control 43.27 years 49% male | 16 weeks | SocialVille Web-Based Therapy An online intervention targeting Social Cognition abilities using 27 individualized SC exercises derived from cognitive training and neuroplasticity principles. |
The Effects of Remote Cognitive Training Combined With a Mobile App Intervention on Psychosis: Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial Fisher et al., 2023 [35] | To assess the efficacy of 30 h of web-based targeted cognitive and social cognitive training combined with the PRIME app as compared to 30 h of a computer games control condition plus PRIME, in the improvement of deficits in cognition and motivation in people with a psychosis spectrum disorder USA | Cognition * (PCNB *) Motivation * (MAPS *, MSQ *, TEPS *, BIS/BAS) Symptom Severity * (QSANS/QSAPS *) Depression * (BDI *, UCLA-LS) Functioning (QLS *, RFS *) | Parallel-Armed Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial | Total: 100 Intervention: 50 Control: 50 Attrition: 22% | Total 33.77 years 58% male | 6 months | PRIME Web-Based Therapy Online Peer Support Auditory Training Module Web-Based Therapy A set of computerized exercises designed to improve the speed and accuracy of auditory information processing while engaging neuromodulatory systems involved in attention and reward Social Cognition Training Module (SocialVille) Web-Based Therapy |
A Smartphone App to Promote Patient Activation and Support Shared Decision-making in People with a Diagnosis of Schizophrenia in Outpatient Treatment Settings (Momentum Trial): Randomized Controlled Assessor-Blinded Trial Vitger et al., 2022 [44] | To investigate the effect of a digital tool (Momentum) to support patient activation and SDM as compared to treatment as usual, in people diagnosed with schizophrenia Denmark | Self-reported level of activation * (CHAI-MH *) Self-efficacy (GSE) Hope (ASHS) Working alliance (WAI-S) Satisfaction (CSQ) Preparedness for treatment * (PrepDM *, PEPPI *) Symptom severity (SAPS, SANS) Functioning (GAF, PSP) Number/length of hospital admissions Adherence to appointments | Parallel-Armed Assessor-Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial | Total: 194 Intervention: 96 Control: 98 Attrition: 8.2% | Total 43.1 years 33.5% male 61.9% female 4.6% non-binary | 6 months | Momentum Web-Based Therapy Web-Based Psycho-Education A digital shared decision-making tool for the process of cocreation among patients, providers and researchers, with preparation for treatment consultation as the main function. |
Web-based psychoeducational intervention for persons with schizophrenia and their supporters: one-year outcomes Rotondi et al., 2010 [37] | To examine the use of a uniquely designed website and home computers to deliver online multifamily psycho-educational therapy to persons with schizophrenia and their informal supports (family and friends). USA | Symptom Severity * (SAPS *, SANS) Knowledge About Disease * (KAS *) Hospitalization (nature, timing, duration, aftermath) | Parallel-Armed Unblinded Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial | Total: 31 Intervention: 16 Control: 15 Attrition: 3% | Total 37.5 years 79% male | 1 year | SOAR Web-Based Therapy Web-Based Psycho-Education Online Peer Support A psycho-educational website that provides online group therapy (through forums for both schizophrenia patients and their relatives) as well as psycho-education through direct contact with mental health professionals and a library of educational reading materials. |
Single-Session Mobile-Augmented Intervention in Serious Mental Illness: A Three-Arm Randomized Controlled Trial Depp et al., 2019 [34] | To assess the effects of two single-session in-person interventions—CBT2go or Self-Monitoring (SM)—when augmented by mobile interaction with a web-based program (MOBIT) on self-management targets and adaptive beliefs and behaviors of patients with serious mental illness as compared with treatment as usual. USA | Symptom severity * (BPRS-24 *) Functioning * (SLOF *) Defeatist performance beliefs (DPAS) | Three-Armed Assessor-Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial | Total (schizophrenia): 229 (172) Intervention 1 CBT2go: 77 (55) Intervention 2 SM: 69 (54) Control: 83 (63) Attrition: CBT2go—9% SM—15.3% | Intervention 1 51.2 years 54.2% male Intervention 2 49.4 years 47.7% male Control 48.1 years 50.8% male | 6 months | CBT2go A single 90-min in-person CBT-based session containing patient-selected modules that aim to define and reshape patients’ self-management strategies and behaviors. SM (Self-Monitoring) A single 90-min in-person psycho-education-based session about the diagnosis, causes, symptoms and treatments for mental illness, and the importance of self-monitoring symptoms. MOBIT Web-Based Therapy Web-Based Psycho-Education Mobile Online Behavioral Intervention Technology, a web-based program delivering interactive surveys to the mobile device containing personalized elements from the individual session. |
Randomized controlled trial of an internet cognitive behavioral skills-based program for auditory hallucinations in persons with psychosis Gottlieb et al., 2017 [8] | To assess the efficacy of a Web-based CBTp skills program (Coping with Voices) in improving psychosis symptoms in persons with schizophrenia, as compared to usual care. USA | Hallucination Severity * (BPRS-AH item *, PSYRATS-Auditory Hallucination Subscale *) Symptom severity * (BPRS-24 *, PSYRATS Delusion Subscale *, BAVQ-R *, PS, BDI, BAI) Insight (BCIS) Functioning * (SLOF *) | Parallel-Armed Assessor-Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial | Total: 37 Intervention: 19 Control: 18 Attrition: 19% | Intervention 43.79 years 47.6% male Control 40.28 years 77.8% male | 3 months | Coping With Voices (CWV) Web-Based Therapy A 10-module, computerized CBTp intervention for auditory hallucinations that can be completed at the patient’s own pace. |
Digitally supported CBT to reduce paranoia and improve reasoning for people with schizophrenia-spectrum psychosis: the SlowMo RCT Garety et al., 2021 [45] | To examine the effectiveness of SlowMo therapy in reducing paranoia and in improving reasoning, quality of life and well-being in people with schizophrenia spectrum psychosis as compared to treatment as usual. UK | Paranoia * (GPTS *, PSYRATS *, SAPS *) Reasoning * (MADS *, EEI *, JTC-BG, FaST-Q) Well-being * (WEMWBS *) Quality of life* (MANSA *) Schemas * (BCSS *) Service use (CSRI) Worry * (PSQW *) | Parallel-Armed Assessor-blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial | Total: 362 Intervention: 181 Control: 181 Attrition: 20% | Total 42.6 years 69.8% male | 6 months | SlowMo Web-Based Therapy A program consisting of eight individual 60–90-min face-to-face sessions delivered within a 12-week time frame and assisted by the SlowMo web app with interactive features including information, animated vignettes, games and personalized content |
Internet-based self-help for psychosis: Findings from a randomized controlled trial Westermann et al., 2020 [38] | To test whether an 8-week, CBT-oriented, Internet-based intervention (IBI) for people with psychosis is feasible, effective and safe compared to care as usual in a waitlist condition. Switzerland, Germany | Symptom Severity * (Composite *: PANSS, LSHS *, PC, MINI) Paranoia (PC) Sleep difficulties (ISI) Hallucination Severity (LSHS) Self-esteem * (RSE *) Meta-cognition (BT) Depression (PHQ-9) Mindfulness * (MAAS *) Worrying (PSWQ-A) Social Competence * (ICQ *) Motivational incongruence (IQ-B) Quality of Life * (WHOQOL *) Internalized Stigma (ISMI) Satisfaction (ZUF-8) Negative experiences/effects (QueSPI) | Parallel-Armed Assessor-blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial | Total: 101 Intervention: 50 Control: 51 Attrition: 14% | Total 40.0 years 42% male | 8 weeks | iCBTp Program Web-Based Therapy Web-Based Psycho-Education Self-Help program organized in 9 modules addressing single symptoms. One module on relapse prevention and 1 module introducing the program, each containing texts, illustrations, explanatory videos and interactive worksheets. The order of completion of the 9 modules was decided by the patient. A supplemental smartphone app was provided. |
Mindfulness and relaxation treatment reduce depressive symptoms in individuals with psychosis Moritz et al., 2015 [26] | To examine the effectiveness of a self-help mindfulness intervention (manual with audio files) in patients with psychosis as compared to a manual on progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) Germany | Symptom Severity * (POD composite: PC, CES-D *, OCI-R *) | Parallel-Armed Assessor-Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial | Total: 90 Intervention: 38 Control: 52 Attrition: 29% | Intervention 38.11 years 42.1% male Control 37.46 years 42.3% male | 6 weeks | Mindfulness Manual Web-Based Therapy 15-page manual on mindfulness exercises accompanied by audio files and delivered over the Internet. |
Effects of online intervention for depression on mood and positive symptoms in schizophrenia Moritz et al., 2016 [39] | To examine whether an online intervention for depression can ameliorate depressive symptoms in schizophrenia as compared to treatment as usual in a waitlist control condition. Germany | Depression (Composite: CES-D *, PC) Symptom Severity (PHQ-9, PC, PANSS) | Parallel-Armed Assessor-Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial | Total: 58 Intervention: 31 Control: 27 Attrition: 16% | Intervention 38.19 years 54.8% male Control 43.41 years 37% male | 12 weeks | HelpID Web-Based Therapy Prompt-Based Intervention Online CBT-based depression training consisting of an individually tailored set of 12 weekly scheduled modules (out of 17 total modules), including videos, interactive exercises and practice sheets, illustrations, photographs, animations and audios. It also made use of motivational SMS (optional) and email reminders as well as personal feedback. |
A web-based tool to support shared decision making for people with a psychotic disorder: randomized controlled trial and process evaluation Van der Kriek et al., 2013 [23] | To assess the efficacy of a Web-based intervention in facilitating shared decision making for people with psychotic disorders as compared to treatment as usual. Netherlands | Patient-perceived involvement (COMRADE) Satisfaction * (CSQ *) | Parallel-Armed Unblinded Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial | Total: 250 Intervention: 124 Control: 126 Attrition: 70.8% | Intervention 37 years 67% male Control 40 years 36% male | 6 weeks | WegWeis (Web-based information and decision tool) Web-Based Psycho-Education Web-based information and decision tool consisting of 3 webpages and a home page aimed at supporting patients in acquiring an overview of their needs and appropriate treatment options provided by their mental health care organization |
The efficacy of SMS text messages to compensate for the effects of cognitive impairments in schizophrenia Pijnenborg et al., 2010 [29] | To evaluate the efficacy of short message service (SMS) text messages to compensate for the effects of cognitive impairments in the daily life of schizophrenia patients, as compared to treatment as usual in a waitlist control condition Netherlands | %Goals achieved * (Appointments *, Medication, Training Programme, Activities and inhibition) Functioning (SFS) Symptom Severity (PANSS) Self-esteem (RSE) | Parallel-Armed Unblinded Un-randomized Waitlist-Controlled Clinical Trial | Total: 62 Intervention: 33 Control: 29 Attrition: 24.2% | Total 28.8. years 79% male | 7 weeks | SMS text messages Prompt-Based Intervention Patient-set scheduled SMS messages designed to motivate the completion of self-identified goals. Two SMS messages were sent around each goal (1 h before and 10 min before). |
A web-based program to empower patients who have schizophrenia to discuss quality of care with mental health providers Steinwachs et al., 2011 [43] | To evaluate a Web-based tool helping patients with schizophrenia communicate with clinicians about evidence-based treatments, as compared to treatment as usual complimented with an educational video USA | Patient Activation * (RIAS) Duration of visit (minutes) * Number of statements per visit * Clinician verbal dominance * Patient-centeredness ratio * | Parallel-Armed Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial | Total: 50 Intervention: 24 Control: 26 Attrition: N/A | Intervention 49 years 63% male Control 50 years 69% male | N/A (Single Sesssion) | YourSchizophreniaCare Web-Based Psycho-Education Web-based tool to help patients with schizophrenia communicate with clinicians about evidence-based treatments, featuring questions aimed at providing individualized feedback recommendations and complemented by 30 s video clips of actors simulating a patient discussing treatment concerns. |
The effect of online group-based acceptance and commitment therapy on psychotic symptoms and functioning levels of individuals with early psychosis Özer et al., 2024 [46] | To examine the effect of online group-based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on early psychosis patients’ symptoms and functionality levels, as compared to treatment as usual. Turkey | Symptom severity * (PANSS *) Functioning * (SFAS *) | Parallel-Armed Assessor Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial | Total: 53 Intervention: 26 Control: 27 Attrition Intervention: 0% Control: 14.8% | Intervention 23.26 years 76.9% male Control 23.55 years 70.4% male | 3 months | Eight-session ACT Web-Based Therapy A program based on online ACT-based 60–90 min bi-weekly group therapy sessions, targeting components of psychological flexibility found at the basis of ACT. |
Engagement, clinical outcomes and therapeutic process in online mindfulness for psychosis groups delivered in routine care Ellet et al., 2022 [30] | To examine engagement, clinical outcomes, participant experience and therapeutic process of online delivery of therapy groups in routine clinical practice. UK | Depression * (PHQ-9 *) Anxiety * (GAD-7 *) Symptom Severity * (BAV-Q *) | Single-Armed Pre–Post Clinical Trial | Total: 21 Attrition: 19% | Total 41.73 years 64.7% male | 3 months | Online Group PCBT Web-Based Therapy Person-Based Cognitive Therapy (Mindfulness-based Intervention combined with CBT principles) delivered through 12 90-min online mindfulness group sessions. |
The Horyzons project: a randomized controlled trial of a novel online social therapy to maintain treatment effects from specialist first-episode psychosis services Alvarez-Jimenez et al., 2021 [42] | To determine the effectiveness of a new digital intervention (Horyzons) in patients with first-episode psychosis, after 2 years, as compared to treatment as usual. Australia | Social Functioning (PSP) Symptom Severity * (PANSS *) Hospitalization Visit to emergency services * Vocational/Educational Recovery * (work/college) Depression (CDSS) Loneliness (UCLA-LS) Social Support (MOS-SSS) Self-esteem (SERS-SF) Self-efficacy (MHCS) Satisfaction with Life (SWLS) Quality of Life (AQoL-8D) | Parallel-Armed Assessor Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial | Total: 170 Intervention: 86 Control: 84 Attrition: 26.7% | Total 20.91 years 52.9% male | 18 months | Horyzons Web-Based Therapy Web-Based Psycho-Education Online Peer Support A digital platform merging peer-to-peer social networking (“café” forum), psycho-education and therapeutic interventions through a number of online “pathways” addressing distinct strategies and aspects of the illness. |
Supplementing Intensive Targeted Computerized Cognitive Training with Social Cognitive Exercises for People with Schizophrenia: An Interim Report Fisher et al., 2017 [6] | To investigate the effects of supplementing computerized neurocognitive training with social cognitive exercises, in schizophrenia patients, as compared to neurocognitive training alone. USA | Neurocognition * (MCCB, HVLT-R, BVMT-R) Social Cognition * (MSCEIT, PROID *, FPRT *) Motivation * (TEPS *) Symptom Severity (PANSS) Functional Capacity * (UPSA-Brief *) Quality of Life (QLS) | Parallel-Armed Double Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial | Total: 111 Intervention: 57 Control: 54 Attrition: 37% | Intervention 44.08 years 77.2% male Control 42.37 years 64.8% male | 6 months (interim report) | SocialVille + TCT Web-Based Therapy An online intervention targeting social cognition abilities using 27 individualized SC exercises derived from cognitive training and neuroplasticity principles, complemented in this study with Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT). |
Six-month durability of targeted cognitive training supplemented with social cognition exercises in schizophrenia Miley et al., 2020 [21] | To investigate the long-term effects, 6 months after supplementing computerized neurocognitive training with social cognitive exercises, in schizophrenia patients, as compared to neurocognitive training alone. USA | Neurocognition * (MCCB, HVLT-R, BVMT-R) Social Cognition * (MSCEIT *, PROID *, FPRT *) Motivation * (TEPS *) Symptom Severity * (PANSS *) Functional Capacity * (UPSA-Brief *) Quality of Life (QLS) | Parallel-Armed Double Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial | Total: 34 Intervention: 18 Control: 16 Attrition: 48% | Not specified | 12 months 6 months after interim report listed above | SocialVille + TCT Web-Based Therapy An online intervention targeting Social Cognition abilities using 27 individualized SC exercises derived from cognitive training and neuroplasticity principles. Complemented in this study with Targeted Cognitive Training (TCT). |
Creating Live Interactions to Mitigate Barriers (CLIMB): a mobile intervention to improve social functioning in people with chronic psychotic disorders. Biagianti et al., 2016 [31] | To investigate the feasibility of delivering 6 weeks of CLIMB to people with Chronic Psychotic Disorders and explore the initial effects on outcomes. USA and Canada | Social Cognition * (PROID *, BLERT *) Quality of Life (SQLS *) Symptom Severity (PANSS) | Single-Armed Pre–Post Clinical Trial | Total: 27 Attrition: 22% | Total 28.1 years 63% male | 6 weeks | CLIMB Web-Based Therapy Creating Live Interactions to Mitigate Barriers, an intervention comprised of 2 treatment components: a computerized social cognition training (SCT) program—SocialVille—and optimized remote group therapy (ORGT) consisting of weekly group teletherapy through group texting. |
Randomized clinical trial with e-MotionalTraining® 1.0 for social cognition rehabilitation in schizophrenia Maroño Souto et al., 2018 [41] | To test the efficacy of an online self-training program, e-Motional Training®, on social cognition in schizophrenia patients as compared treatment as usual. Spain | Symptom Severity * (PANSS) * Cognitive Ability (K-BIT) Social Cognition * (E60FT *, HT *, FPRT, FHSS, MASC *, AIHQ) Emotional Intelligence (MSCEIT) Social Functioning (SFS) | Parallel-Armed Assessor-Blind Randomized Controlled Multicenter Clinical Trial | Total: 60 Intervention: 30 Control: 30 Attrition: 0% | Total 39.17 years 78.3% male | 12 weeks | e-Motional Training® Web-Based Therapy A website-delivered online self-training program in social cognition composed of 12 1 h sessions containing tutorials and minigames as well as an animated short film. |
Feasibility and outcomes of a multi-function mobile health approach for the schizophrenia spectrum: App4Independence (A4i) Kidd et al., 2019 [32] | To evaluate the feasibility and outcomes of a novel mHealth strategy for schizophrenia and other psychoses called App4independence (A4i). Canada | Symptom Severity * (BSI *) Engagement in Recovery (PROM) Treatment Adherence * (BARS *) | Single-Armed Pre–Post Clinical Trial | Total: 38 Attrition: 0% | Total 31.4 years 71% male | 1 month | App4Independence (A4i) Web-Based Therapy Web-Based Psycho-Education Online Peer Support Prompt-Based Intervention A multi-feature self-management app that includes (i) daily prompts for wellness and goal attainment, (ii) evidence-informed content that makes suggestions and provides relevant information and strategies, (iii) a peer–peer engagement platform and (iv) a toolkit and voice detector for offline use. |
Feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a smartphone intervention for schizophrenia Ben-Zeev et al., 2014 [20] | To assess the feasibility, acceptability and preliminary efficacy of FOCUSA, a user-centered smartphone system for schizophrenia patients. USA | Symptom Severity * (PANSS *) Depression * (BDI-II *) Sleep Difficulties (ISI) Treatment Adherence (BMQ) | Single-Armed Pre–Post Clinical Trial | Total: 33 Attrition: 3% | Total 45.9 years 61% male | 1 month | FOCUS Web-Based Therapy Web-Based Psycho-Education Prompt-Based Intervention Automated real-time/real-place illness management system, comprising 3 apps and a web-based dashboard. It includes brief interactive exchanges accompanied by illustrative images, photographs, cartoons and reminder buttons that can serve as useful information, therapeutic strategy suggestions or reminders. |
Improving social cognition in schizophrenia: A pilot intervention combining computerized social cognition training with cognitive remediation Lindenmayer et al., 2012 [25] | To examine whether cognitive remediation (CR; COGPACK) combined with MRIGE, a computerized Emotion Perception intervention (Mind Reading: Interactive Guide to Emotions), improves emotion perception in schizophrenia patients, as compared with CR alone. USA | Social Cognition * (FEIT *, FEDT *, MSCEIT *) Social Functioning * (PSP *) Neurocognition * (MCCB-MATRICS *) Symptom Severity (PANSS) | Parallel Arm Unblinded Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial | Total: 59 Intervention: 32 Control: 27 Attrition: 13% | Total 43.8 years 82% male | 3 months | COGPACK CR + MRIGE Web-Based Therapy Computerized Cognitive Remediation Therapy through a computerized, commercially available CR program, combined with MRIGE (Mind Reading: Interactive Guide to Emotions), an interactive computerized program practicing the recognition of emotions and mental states, accessible in library form, as a game or as a learning lesson. |
A new computerized cognitive and social cognition training specifically designed for patients with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder in early stages of illness: A pilot study. Fernandez-Gonzalo et al., 2015 [36] | To assess the efficacy of a new computerized cognitive and social cognition program, NPT-MH, for patients with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder with recent diagnosis, as compared to non-specific computer training. Spain | Neurocognition * (WAIS-III, WmS-III, CPT-II, RAVLT, TMT A, TMT B*, SWCT, VFT, TOL) Social Cognition * (PoFA *, FHSS, HT, RMET, IPSAQ) Symptom Severity (PANSS) Anxiety (STI-trait) Functioning (SFS) Quality of Life (QoLI) | Parallel-Armed Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial | Total: 53 Intervention: 28 Control: 25 Atrition: 24.5% | Intervention 30.9 years 60.7% male Control 30.02 years 68% male | 4 months | NPT-MH Web-Based Therapy NeuroPersonalTrainer-Mental Health, a new computerized cognitive and social cognition program, comprising 2 modules: (1) a cognition module which includes attention, memory and executive functions tasks with different levels of complexity, and (2) a social cognition module with 43 tasks based around pictures, stories and videos of common social situations |
Efficacy of PRIME, a Mobile App Intervention Designed to Improve Motivation in Young People with Schizophrenia Schlosser et al., 2018 [40] | To assess the efficacy of PRIME, a mobile-based digital health intervention, in improving motivation and quality of life in people with recent-onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders, as compared to treatment as usual in a waitlist control condition. USA | Motivation * (TT *) Defeatist beliefs * (MAP-SR *) Depression * (BDI-II *) Functioning (RFS) Quality of Life (QLS-A) Self-efficacy * (R-SES *) Symptom Severity (PANSS) | Parallel-Armed Assessor -Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial | Total: 43 Intervention: 22 Control: 21 Attrition: 23 % | Intervention 24.32 years 60% male Control 23, 79 years 65% male | 3 months | PRIME Web-Based Therapy Online Peer Support Personalized real-time intervention for motivational enhancement, a mobile-based digital health intervention designed to improve motivation and quality of life, through completing sequential, patient-set challenges and sharing them with the PRIME community. |
Mobile Assessment and Treatment for Schizophrenia (MATS): a pilot trial of an interactive text-messaging intervention for medication adherence, socialization, and auditory hallucinations Granholm et al., 2012 [33] | To assess the efficacy of ambulatory monitoring methods and cognitive behavioral therapy interventions in improving medication adherence, socialization and auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia patients. USA | Daily assessment question for Treatment adherence * Hallucination severity * Socialization * Symptom Severity (PANSS) Depression (BDI-II) Functioning (ILSS) Cognition (ANART) | Single-Armed Pre–Post Clinical Trial | Total: 55 Atrtition: 24% | Not specified | 3 months | MATS Web-Based Therapy Prompt-Based Intervention Mobile Assessment and Treatment for Schizophrenia, ambulatory monitoring methods and CBT-based interventions to assess and improve outcomes in consumers with schizophrenia through mobile phone text messaging targeting 1 of the 3 intervention domains: medication adherence, socialization or auditory hallucinations. |
3.3. Narrative Analysis
3.4. Outcomes
3.4.1. Symptom Severity
Findings
Outcomes Measures
3.4.2. Depression and Anxiety
Findings
Outcome Measures
3.4.3. Functioning
Findings
Outcome Measures
3.4.4. Motivation
Findings
Outcome Measures
3.4.5. Mindfulness
Findings
Outcome Measures
3.4.6. Social Cognition
Findings
Outcome Measures
3.4.7. Neurocognition
Findings
Outcome Measures
3.4.8. Quality of Life
Findings
Outcome Measures
3.4.9. Involvement in Treatment
Findings
Outcome Measures
3.4.10. Other Outcomes
4. Discussion
Limitations and Future Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Interventions with Significant Results | Type | Interventions Without Significant Results | Type |
---|---|---|---|
SocialVille + TCT [6,21] | • | SocialVille [27] | • |
E-motional Training® [10] | • | HelpID [39] | • |
CBT2go + MOBIT [34] | • | CLIMB [31] | • |
Coping with Voices [8] | • | MRIGE + COGPACK CR [25] | • |
SlowMo [45] | • | NPT-MH [36] | • |
iCBTp Program [38] | • | SMS [29] | • |
Mindfulness Manual [26] | • | Momentum [44] | •• |
8-session ACT [46] | • | PRIME [40] | •• |
Online Group PCBT [30] | • | MATS [33] | •• |
PRIME + SocialVille + Auditory Training [35] | •• | ||
HORYZONS [42] | ••• | ||
SOAR [37] | ••• | ||
FOCUS [20] | ••• | ||
App4Independence [32] | •••• |
Interventions with Significant Results | Type | Interventions Without Significant Results | Type |
---|---|---|---|
Mindfulness Manual [26] | • | CBT2go + MOBIT [34] | • |
SlowMo [45] | • | Coping with Voices [8] | • |
HelpID [39] | • | iCBTp Program [38] | • |
FOCUS [20] | • | NPT-MH [36] | • |
PRIME + SocialVille + Auditory Training [35] | •• | MATS [33] | •• |
Online Group PCBT [30] | ••• | HORYZONS [42] | ••• |
Interventions with Significant Results | Type | Interventions Without Significant Results | Type |
---|---|---|---|
SocialVille [27] | • | NPT-MH [36] | • |
SocialVille + TCT [6,21] | • | E-motional Training® [41] | • |
SocialVille + PRIME + Auditory Training [35] | •• | SMS [29] | • |
CBT2go + MOBIT [34] | • | Momentum [44] | •• |
Coping with Voices [8] | • | MATS [33] | •• |
8-session ACT [46] | • | PRIME [40] | •• |
HORYZONS [42] | ••• |
Interventions with Significant Results | Type | Interventions Without Significant Results | Type |
---|---|---|---|
SocialVille + PRIME + Auditory Training [35] | •• | SocialVille [27] | • |
PRIME [40] | •• | SMS [29] | • |
SocialVille + TCT [6,21] | • | HORYZONS [42] | ••• |
iCBTp Program [38] | • |
Interventions with Significant Results | Type | Interventions Without Significant Results | Type |
---|---|---|---|
SlowMo [45] | • | Momentum [44] | •• |
iCBTp Program [38] | • |
Interventions with Significant Results | Type | Interventions Without Significant Results | Type |
---|---|---|---|
SocialVille [27] | • | ||
SocialVille + TCT [6,21] | • | ||
iCBTp Program [38] | • | ||
CLIMB [31] | • | ||
E-motional Training® [41] | • | ||
MRIGE + COGPACK CR [25] | • | ||
NPT-MH [36] | • |
Interventions with Significant Results | Type | Interventions Without Significant Results | Type |
---|---|---|---|
SocialVille + TCT [6,21] | • | SocialVille [25] | • |
MRIGE + COGPACK CR [25] | • | iCBTp Program [38] | • |
NPT-MH [36] | • | E-motional Training® [41] | • |
SocialVille + PRIME + Auditory Training [35] | •• | MATS [33] | •• |
Interventions with Significant Results | Type | Interventions Without Significant Results | Type |
---|---|---|---|
SlowMo [45] | • | SocialVille + TCT [6,21] | • |
iCBTp Program [38] | • | HORYZONS [42] | ••• |
CLIMB [31] | • | NPT-MH [36] | • |
PRIME [40] | •• |
Interventions with Significant Results | Type | Interventions Without Significant Results | Type |
---|---|---|---|
YourSchizophreniaCare [25] | • | WegWeis [23] | • |
Momentum [44] | •• | HORYZONS [42] | ••• |
SOAR [37] | ••• | FOCUS [20] | ••• |
App4Independence [32] | •••• | ||
SMS [29] | • | ||
PRIME [40] | •• | ||
MATS [33] | •• |
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Andrade, P.; Sanfins, N.; Azevedo, J. Mend the Gap: Online User-Led Adjuvant Treatment for Psychosis: A Systematic Review on Recent Findings. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22, 1024. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22071024
Andrade P, Sanfins N, Azevedo J. Mend the Gap: Online User-Led Adjuvant Treatment for Psychosis: A Systematic Review on Recent Findings. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2025; 22(7):1024. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22071024
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrade, Pedro, Nuno Sanfins, and Jacinto Azevedo. 2025. "Mend the Gap: Online User-Led Adjuvant Treatment for Psychosis: A Systematic Review on Recent Findings" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 22, no. 7: 1024. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22071024
APA StyleAndrade, P., Sanfins, N., & Azevedo, J. (2025). Mend the Gap: Online User-Led Adjuvant Treatment for Psychosis: A Systematic Review on Recent Findings. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(7), 1024. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22071024