Prevalence and Factors Associated with Anaemia and Undernutrition Among Children Aged 6–24 Months in Rural Tanzania
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area, Design and Participants Recruitment
2.2. Sample Size
2.3. Assessment of Anthropometry, Anaemia and Dietary Diversity
2.3.1. Anthropometry Assessment
2.3.2. Anaemia Diagnosis
2.3.3. Dietary Intake Assessment
2.4. Data Analysis
2.5. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Socio-Demographic Characteristics
3.2. Prevalence of Stunting, Wasting, Underweight and Anaemia Among 6–24 Months Old Children
3.3. Food Group Consumption Amongst 6–24 Months Old Children in Hanang and Babati Districts
3.4. Factors Associated with Stunting, Underweight, Wasting and Anaemia Among 6–24 Months Old Children in Babati and Hanang Districts in Unadjusted Odds Ratio
3.5. Factors Associated with Stunting, Underweight, Wasting and Anaemia Among 6–24 Months Old Children in Babati and Hanang Districts in Adjusted Odds Ratio
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
HB | Haemoglobin |
IGF-1 | Insulin-like growth factor 1 |
LAZ | Length for Age |
MDD | Minimum Dietary Diversity |
RCH | Reproductive Child Health |
SPSS | Statistical Package for Social Science |
WAZ | Weight for Age |
WLZ | Weight for Length |
WHO | World Health Organization |
References
- World Health Organization. Haemoglobin Concentrations for the Diagnosis of Anaemia and Assessment of Severity. 2011. Available online: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/85839/WHO_NMH_NHD_MNM_11.1_eng.pdf?ua=1 (accessed on 3 May 2023).
- World Health Organization. Health Topics: Anaemia. Available online: https://www.who.int/health-topics/anaemia#tab=tab_1 (accessed on 10 April 2023).
- WHO. Global Anaemia Estimates, 2021 Edition. Available online: https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/anaemia_in_women_and_children#:~:text=In%202019%2C%20global%20anaemia%20prevlence%20was%2039.8%25%20(95%25,UI%2056.6%25%2C%2063.7%25) (accessed on 12 April 2023).
- World Health Organization. WHO Anthro Survey Analyzer (2019). Available online: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/child-growth/child-growth-standards/software/anthro-survey-analyser-quickguide.pdf?sfvrsn=dc7ddc6f_6 (accessed on 11 April 2023).
- Global Nutrition Report. Country Nutrition Profiles, United Republic of Tanzania. 2020. Available online: https://globalnutritionreport.org/resources/nutrition-profiles/africa/eastern-africa/united-republic-tanzania/ (accessed on 11 April 2023).
- Kejo, D.; Mosha, T.C.E.; Petrucka, P.; Kimanya, M.E. Prevalence and predictors of undernutrition among underfive children in Arusha District, Tanzania. Food Sci. Nutr. 2018, 6, 2264–2274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kebede, D.; Getaneh, F.; Endalamaw, K.; Belay, T.; Fenta, A. Prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among under-five age children in Shanan gibe hospital, Southwest Ethiopia. BMC Pediatr. 2021, 21, 542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sharma, S.; Gade, S.; Kalambe, M.; Gawande, U. Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnancy. ECS Trans. 2022, 107, 15777. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Akombi, J.B.; Agho, K.E.; Hall, J.J.; Wali, N.; Renzaho, A.M.N.; Merom, D. Stunting, Wasting and Underweight in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 863. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gosdin, L.; Martorell, R.; Bartolini, R.M.; Mehta, R.; Srikantiah, S.; Young, M.F. The co-occurrence of anemia and stunting in young children. Matern. Child Nutr. 2018, 14, e12597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Woodruff, B.A.; Wirth, J.P.; Rohner, F. Determinants of Stunting, Wasting and Anemia in Guinean Preschool-Age Children: An Analysis of DHS Data from 1992, 2005 and 2012. Food Nutr. Bull. 2018, 39, 39–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meshram, I.I.; Neeraja, G.; Longvah, T. Vitamin A Deficiency, Anemia and Nutritional Status of under 5-Year Children from Northeast India. Indian J. Community Med. 2021, 46, 673–679. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gaston, R.T.; Habyarimana, F.; Ramroop, S. Joint modelling of anemia and stunting in children less than five years of age in Lesotho: A cross-sectional case study. BMC Public Health 2022, 22, 285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- World Health Organization; United National International Children’s Emergency Fund. Indicators for Assessing Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices: Definition and Measurement Methods. 2021. Available online: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/340706/9789240018389-eng.pdf?sequence=1 (accessed on 3 May 2024).
- Hanselman, B.; Ambikapathi, R.; Mduma, E.; Svensen, E.; Caulfield, L.E.; Patil, C.L. Associations of land, cattle and food security with infant feeding practices among a rural population living in Manyara, Tanzania. BMC Public Health 2018, 18, 159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aboagye, R.G.; Seidu, A.A.; Ahinkorah, B.O.; Arthur-Holmes, F.; Cadri, A.; Dadzie, L.K.; Hagan, J.E., Jr.; Eyawo, O.; Yaya, S. Dietary Diversity and Undernutrition in Children Aged 6–23 Months in Sub-Saharan Africa. Nutrients 2021, 13, 3431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey (TDHS-MIS). 2022. Available online: https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/PR144/PPR144.pdf (accessed on 10 February 2024).
- Gassara, G.; Chen, J. Household Food Insecurity, Dietary Diversity and Stunting in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2021, 13, 4401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lencha, F.M.; Zaza, Z.J.; Digesa, L.E.; Mulatu, A.T. Minimum dietary diversity and associated factors among children under the age of five attending public health facilities in Wolaita Soddo town, Southern Ethiopia, 2021: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2022, 22, 2368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kang, Y.; Ganganaboina, S.; Fang, T.; Tran, A.; Suzuki, A.; Son, J.; Roh, K. Land access, livelihoods, and dietary diversity in a fragile setting in northern Uganda. Front. Sustain. Food Syst. 2023, 7, 178386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martins, V.J.B.; Florencio, T.M.; Grillo, L.P.; Franco, M.C.; Martins, P.A.; Clemente, A.P.G.; Santos, C.D.; de Fatima, A.; Vieira, M.; Sawaya, A.L. Long-Lasting Effects of Undernutrition. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 8, 1817–1846. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beula, N.V.; Premraj, C.F. Effects of Malnutrition—A Social Perspective. Res. Humanit. Soc. Sci. 2017, 7, 191–196. [Google Scholar]
- Melku, M.; Asrie, F.; Shiferaw, E.; Woldu, B.; Yihunew, Y.; Asmelash, D.; Enawgaw, B. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Blood Donation among Graduating Undergraduate Health Science Students at the University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. Ethiop. J. Health Sci. 2018, 28, 582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Govender, I.; Rangiah, S.; Kaswa, R.; Nzaumvila, D. Malnutrition in children under the age of 5 years in a primary health care setting. S. Afr. Fam. Pract. 2021, 63, 5337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Matiysiak, M. Anemia in Children: A pediatrician’s view. Acta Haematol. Pol. 2021, 52, 402–405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mshanga, N.; Kassim, N.; Sonto, S.; Martin, H.; Pirani, M.; Moore, S.; Auma, C.I.; Kimanya, M.; Gong, Y.Y. A Cross-sectional Association between Serum Aflatoxin and Micronutrient Status among Children aged 6–24 months in Rural Tanzania. MCN J. 2025, submitted. [Google Scholar]
- Tanzania Ministry of Agriculture; Food Security and Cooperatives. National Sample Census of Agriculture 2007/2008 Small Holder Agriculture—Regional Report—Manyara Region. 2012. Available online: https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/ess/ess_test_folder/World_Census_Agriculture/Country_info_2010/Eliman_New_uploads/REP1_TZA_ENG_VOLII_2007-08.pdf (accessed on 28 April 2023).
- Mutungi, C.; Makindara, J.; Magoma, R.; Affognon, H. Postharvest Losses in Africa—Analytical Review and Synthesis: The Case of Tanzania; Technical Report: 1–114; African Insect Science for Food and Health: Nairobi, Kenya, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Tanzania Ministry of Agriculture. 2016/17 Annual Agriculture Sample Survey Initial Report. Available online: https://www.nbs.go.tz/nbs/takwimu/Agriculture/2016-17_AASS%20Report%20_Final.pdf (accessed on 28 April 2023).
- Kothari, C.R. Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques; New Age International: New Delhi, India, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, C.; Mitchell, N.J.; Gratz, J.; Houpt, E.R.; Gong, Y.; Egner, P.A.; Groopman, J.D.; Riley, R.T.; Showker, J.L.; Svensen, E.; et al. Exposure to aflatoxin and fumonisin in children at risk for growth impairment in rural Tanzania. Environ. Int. 2018, 115, 29–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Food and Agriculture Organization. Guidelines for Measuring Household and Individual Dietary Diversity. 2010. Available online: https://www.fao.org/3/i1983e/i1983e00.pdf (accessed on 10 March 2024).
- Mollay, C.; Kassim, N.; Stoltzfus, R.; Kimanya, M. Complementary feeding in Kongwa, Tanzania: Findings to inform a mycotoxin mitigation trail. Matern. Child Nutr. 2021, 17, e13188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gichohi-Wainaina, W.N.; Kimanya, M.; Muzanila, Y.C.; Kumwenda, N.C.; Msere, H.; Rashidi, M.; Mponda, O.; Okori, P. Aflatoxin Contamination, Exposure among Rural Smallholder Farming Tanzanian Mothers and Associations with Growth among Their Children. Toxins 2023, 15, 257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ochieng, J.; Afari-Sefa, V.; Lukumay, P.J.; Dubois, T. Determinants of dietary diversity and the potential role of men in improving household nutrition in Tanzania. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0189022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kulwa, K.B.M.; Mamiro, P.S.; Kimanya, M.E.; Mziray, R.; Kolsteren, P.W. Feeding practices and nutrient content of complementary meals in rural central Tanzania: Implications for dietary adequacy and nutritional status. BMC Pediatr. 2015, 15, 171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vitta, B.S.; Benjamin, M.; Pries, A.M.; Champeny, M.; Zehner, E.; Huffman, S.L. Infant and young child feeding practices among children under 2 years of age and maternal exposure to infant and young child feeding messages and promotions in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Matern. Child Nutr. 2016, 12, 77–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kinabo, J.L.; Mwanri, A.W.; Mamiro, P.S.; Kulwa, K.; Bundala, N.H.; Picado, J.; Msuya, J.; Ntwenya, J.; Nombo, A.; Mzimbiri, R.; et al. Infant and young child feeding practices on Unguja Island in Zanzibar, Tanzania: A ProPAN based analysis. Tanzan. J. Health Res. 2017, 19, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ntwenya, J.E.; Kinabo, J.; Msuya, J.; Mamiro, P.; Majili, Z.S. Dietary patterns and household food insecurity in rural populations of Kilosa district, Tanzania. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0126038. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sunguya, B.F.; Zhu, S.; Paulo, L.S.; Ntoga, B.; Abdallah, F.; Assey, V.; Mpembeni, R.; Huang, J. Regional Disparities in the Decline of Anemia and Remaining Challenges among Children in Tanzania: Analyses of the Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey 2004–2015. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mgongo, M.; Chotta, N.A.S.; Hashim, T.H.; Uriyo, J.G.; Damian, D.J.; Stray-Pedersen, B.; Msuya, S.E.; Wandel, M.; Vangen, S. Underweight, Stunting and Wasting among Children in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania; a Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 509. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McDonald, C.M.; Kupka, R.; Manji, K.P.; Okuma, J.; Bosch, R.J.; Aboud, S.; Kisenge, R.; Spiegelman, D.; Fawzi, W.W.; Duggan, C.P. Predictors of stunting, wasting and underweight among Tanzanian children born to HIV-infected women. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2012, 66, 1265–1276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thurstans, S.; Opondo, C.; Seal, A.; Wells, J.; Khara, T.; Dolan, C.; Briend, A.; Myatt, M.; Garenne, M.; Sear, R.; et al. Boys are more likely to be undernourished than girls: A systematic review and meta-analysis of sex differences in undernutrition. BMJ Glob. Health 2020, 5, e004030. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Thurstans, S.; Opondo, C.; Seal, A.; Wells, J.; Khara, T.; Dolan, C.; Briend, A.; Myatt, M.; Garenne, M.; Sear, R.; et al. Understanding Sex Differences in Childhood Undernutrition: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2022, 14, 948. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mboya, I.B.; Mamseri, R.; Leyaro, B.J.; George, J.; Msuya, S.E.; Mgongo, M. Prevalence and factors associated with anemia among children under five years of age in Rombo district, Kilimanjaro region, Northern Tanzania. F1000res. 2020, 9, 1102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gewa, C.A.; Yandell, N. Undernutrition among Kenyan children: Contribution of child, maternal and household factors. Public Health Nutr. 2012, 15, 1029–1038. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- WHO. Addressing Sex and Gender in Epidemic-Prone Infectious Diseases, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. 2007. Available online: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/43644/9789241595346_eng.pdf (accessed on 10 March 2024).
- Elisaria, E.; Kuwawenaruwa, A.; Nkuba, E. Malnutrition and stunting in Tanzania Trends and Policies. Thrive, Oxford Policy Management. 2024. Available online: https://thrivechildevidence.org/resource-centre/malnutrition-and-stunting-in-tanzania-trends-and-policies/ (accessed on 20 May 2025).
- Mohhamed, T.M.; Nyaruhucha, C.N. Household and Community Factors Affecting Nutritional Status of Under-five Children (6–59 months) in Gairo District Using Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure. Tanzan. J. Sci. 2023, 49, 76–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yisak, H.; Gobena, T.; Mesfin, F. Prevalence and risk factors for under nutrition among children under five at Haramaya district, Eastern Ethiopia. BMC Pediatr. 2015, 15, 212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moshi, C.C.; Sebastian, P.J.; Mushumbusi, D.G.; Azizi, K.A.; Meghji, W.P.; Kitunda, M.E.; Kasankala, L.M. Determinants of underweight among children aged 0–23 months in Tanzania. Food Sci. Nutr. 2022, 10, 1167–1174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khamis, A.G.; Mwanri, A.W.; Ntwenya, J.E.; Kreppel, K. The influence of dietary diversity on the nutritional status of children between 6 and 23 months of age in Tanzania. BMC Pediatr. 2019, 19, 518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Givens, D.I. Milk Symposium review. The importance of milk and dairy foods in the diets of infants, adolescents, pregnant women, adults and the elderly. J. Dairy Sci. 2020, 103, 9681–9699. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stephen, A.; Alles, M.; de Graaf, C.; Fleith, M.; Hadjilucas, E.; Isaacs, E.; Maffeis, C.; Zeinstra, G.; Matthys, C.; Gil, A. The role and requirements of digestible dietary carbohydrates in infants and toddlers. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2012, 66, 765–779. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chaparro, C.M. Setting the Stage for Child Health and Development: Prevention of Iron Deficiency in Early Infancy. J. Nutr. 2008, 138, 2529–2533. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cook, J.D.; Reddy, M.B.; Burri, J.; Juillerat, M.A.; Hurrell, R.F. The influence of different cereal grains on iron absorption from infant cereal foods. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1997, 65, 964–969. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Adongo, A.O.; Matofari, J.W.; Mbuthia, E. Dietary diversity among children aged 6–59 months from settled pastoral communities in Marsabit County, Kenya. Afr. J. Food Agric. Nutr. Dev. 2024, 24, 26554–26582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Variables | n (%) |
---|---|
District | |
Babati | 276 (60%) |
Hanang | 181 (40%) |
Child’s Sex | |
Male | 235 (51%) |
Female | 222 (49%) |
Child’s Age | |
6–12 months | 257 (56%) |
13–24 months | 200 (44%) |
Mother’s Age | |
<18 years | 10 (2%) |
18–29 years | 280 (61%) |
30–39 years | 144 (32%) |
>40 years | 23 (5%) |
Mother Marital Status | |
Single/divorced/widowed | 54 (12%) |
Married | 403 (88%) |
Mother Education Level | |
Illiterate | 52 (11%) |
Primary School | 318 (70%) |
Secondary School | 75 (16%) |
University/College | 12 (3%) |
Exclusive Breastfeeding Practice | |
<than 6 months | 131 (29%) |
Up to 6 months | 326 (71%) |
Continuation of Breastfeeding up to 2 years | |
Yes | 384 (84%) |
No | 73 (16%) |
Variables | N | Stunting | Underweight | Wasting | Anaemia | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | COR (95% CI) | p-Value | n (%) | COR (95% CI) | p-Value | n (%) | COR (95% CI) | p-Value | n (%) | COR (95% CI) | p-Value | ||
Districts | |||||||||||||
Babati | 276 | 86 (31%) | 1 | 50 (18%) | 1 | 12 (4%) | 1 | 68 (25%) | 1 | ||||
Hanang | 181 | 60 (33%) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.2) | 0.39 | 38 (21%) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) | 0.26 | 6 (3%) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.4) | 0.19 | 77 (43%) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.9) | 0.19 |
Age (Months) | |||||||||||||
6–12 | 257 | 26 (10%) | 1 | 10 (4%) | 1 | 12 (5%) | 1 | 63 (24%) | 1 | ||||
13–24 | 200 | 120 (60%) | 15.9 (9.6, 26.3) | <0.001 * | 78 (39%) | 15.8 (7.9, 31.6) | <0.001 * | 6 (3%) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.7) | 0.36 | 82 (41%) | 2.1 (1.4, 3.2) | <0.001 * |
Gender | |||||||||||||
Female | 222 | 69 (31%) | 1 | 38 (17%) | 1 | 4 (1.8%) | 1 | 64 (29%) | 1 | ||||
Male | 235 | 77 (33%) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.6) | 0.59 | 50 (21%) | 1.3(0.8, 2.1) | 0.26 | 14 (6%) | 3.5 (1.1, 10.7) | 0.03 * | 81 (34%) | 1.3 (0.9, 2.0) | 0.19 |
Number of Under-five Children a mother had | |||||||||||||
1 | 236 | 70 (29%) | 1 | 37 (16%) | 1 | 6 (3%) | 1 | 76 (32%) | 1 | ||||
2 | 176 | 51 (29%) | 1.01(0.6, 1.5) | 0.94 | 38 (22%) | 1.4 (0.8, 2.4) | 0.12 | 11 (6%) | 2.5 (0.9, 7.0) | 0.07 | 57 (32%) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) | 0.96 |
≥3 | 45 | 25 (56%) | 3.4 (1.7, 6.9) | <0.001 * | 13 (29%) | 2.2 (1.0, 4.5) | 0.03 * | 1 (2%) | 0.8 (0.1, 7.4) | 0.90 | 12 (27%) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.5) | 0.76 |
MDD | |||||||||||||
Adequate | 152 | 41 (30%) | 1 | 25 (16%) | 1 | 5 (3%) | 1 | 49 (32%) | 1 | ||||
Inadequate | 305 | 105 (34%) | 1.4 (0.9, 2.2) | 0.12 | 63 (21%) | 1.3 (0.8, 2.2) | 0.28 | 13 (4%) | 1.3 (0.5, 3.7) | 0.62 | 96 (31%) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.5) | 0.87 |
Consumption of Food Group in Preceding 24 h | |||||||||||||
Cereals, grains, roots and tubers | |||||||||||||
No | 24 | 13 (54%) | 1 | 6 (25%) | 1 | 2 (8%) | 1 | 9 (38%) | 1 | ||||
Yes | 433 | 133 (31%) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.9) | 0.02 * | 82 (20%) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.8) | 0.47 | 16 (4%) | 0.4 (0.09, 1.9) | 0.27 | 136 (31%) | 0.8 (0.3, 1.8) | 0.53 |
Legumes and Nuts | |||||||||||||
No | 367 | 128 (35%) | 1 | 77 (21%) | 1 | 16 (4%) | 1 | 121 (33%) | 1 | ||||
Yes | 90 | 18 (20%) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) | 0.008 * | 11 (12%) | 0.5 (0.3,1.03) | 0.06 | 2 (2%) | 0.5 (0.1, 2.2) | 0.35 | 24 (27%) | 0.7(0.4, 1.2) | 0.25 |
Dairy Products | |||||||||||||
No | 119 | 50 (42%) | 1 | 32 (27%) | 1 | 2 (2%) | 1 | 48 (40%) | 1 | ||||
Yes | 338 | 96 (28%) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) | 0.003 * | 56 (17%) | 0.54 (0.3, 0.9) | 0.015 * | 16 (5%) | 2.9 (0.7, 12.8) | 0.16 | 97 (29%) | 0.5 (0.4, 1.2) | 0.08 |
Flesh Foods | |||||||||||||
No | 403 | 127 (32%) | 1 | 82 (20%) | 1 | 15 (4%) | 1 | 123 (31%) | 1 | ||||
Yes | 54 | 19 (35%) | 1.2 (0.7, 2.2) | 0.52 | 6 (11%) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.2) | 0.11 | 3 (5%) | 1.5 (0.4, 5.4) | 0.51 | 22 (41%) | 1.5 (0.9, 2.8) | 0.13 |
Eggs | |||||||||||||
No | 412 | 133 (32%) | 1 | 80 (19%) | 1 | 18 (4%) | 1 | 130 (32%) | 1 | ||||
Yes | 45 | 13 (29%) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.5) | 0.51 | 8 (18%) | 0.9 (0.4, 2.0) | 0.79 | 0 (0%) | 0.4 (0.06–1.7) | 0.17 | 15 (33%) | 1.1 (0.6, 2.1) | 0.80 |
Vitamin A-Rich Fruits and Vegetables | |||||||||||||
No | 287 | 104 (36%) | 1 | 65 (23%) | 1 | 10 (3%) | 1 | 94 (33%) | 1 | 1 | |||
Yes | 170 | 42 (25%) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) | 0.01 * | 23 (14%) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.9) | 0.018 * | 8 (5%) | 1.4 (0.5, 3.5) | 0.52 | 51 (30%) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) | 0.54 |
Other Fruits and Vegetables | |||||||||||||
No | 213 | 70 (33%) | 1 | 47 (22%) | 1 | 10 (4%) | 1 | 72 (34%) | 1 | 1 | |||
Yes | 244 | 76 (31%) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) | 0.66 | 41 (17%) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.1) | 0.15 | 8 (3%) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.7) | 0.44 | 73 (30%) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.2) | 0.37 |
Variable | Stunting AOR (95% CI) | p-Value | Underweight AOR (95% CI) | p-Value | Wasting AOR (95% CI) | p-Value | Anaemia AOR (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (Months) | ||||||||
6–12 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
13–24 | 17.4 (10.3, 29.4) | <0.001 * | 15.9 (7.9, 32.0) | <0.001 * | 0.58 (0.2, 1.6) | 0.30 | 2.1 (1.4, 3.1) | 0.001 * |
Gender | ||||||||
Female | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Male | 1.1 (0.6, 1.9) | 0.57 | 1.3 (0.8, 2.2) | 0.32 | 3.5 (1.1, 10.9) | 0.03 * | 1.3 (0.9, 2.0) | 0.21 |
Number of Under-five Children in a Household | ||||||||
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
2 | 0.9 (0.5, 1.5) | 0.71 | 1.3 (0.7, 2.3) | 0.29 | 2.7 (0.9, 7.7) | 0.05 | 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) | 0.84 |
≥3 | 2.0 (0.8, 4.6) | 0.09 | 1.1 (0.5, 2.6) | 0.65 | 1.04 (0.1, 9.2) | 0.97 | 0.5 (0.2, 1.2) | 0.15 |
Consumption of Food Group in Preceding 24 h | ||||||||
Cereals, Grains, Roots and Tubers | ||||||||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Yes | 0.2 (0.1, 0.8) | 0.02 * | 0.8 (0.3, 2.3) | 0.65 | 0.4 (0.08, 2.0) | 0.28 | 0.8 (0.3, 1.8) | 0.56 |
Legumes and Nuts | ||||||||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Yes | 0.3 (0.2, 0.6) | 0.001 * | 0.5 (0.2, 1.0) | 0.07 | 0.6 (0.1, 2.5) | 0.46 | 0.7 (0.4, 1.3) | 0.29 |
Dairy Products | ||||||||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Yes | 0.8 (0.5, 1.4) | 0.48 | 0.9 (0.5, 1.76) | 0.97 | 0.4 (0.1, 1.8) | 0.23 | 1.4 (0.9, 2.3) | 0.11 |
Vitamin A-rich Fruits and Vegetables | ||||||||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Yes | 1.2 (0.7, 2.2) | 0.51 | 1.3 (0.07, 2.5) | 0.35 | 0.5 (0.02, 1.5) | 0.21 | 0.9 (0.6, 1.5) | 0.72 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Mshanga, N.; Moore, S.; Kassim, N.; Auma, C.I.; Gong, Y.Y.; Martin, H.D. Prevalence and Factors Associated with Anaemia and Undernutrition Among Children Aged 6–24 Months in Rural Tanzania. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22, 962. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060962
Mshanga N, Moore S, Kassim N, Auma CI, Gong YY, Martin HD. Prevalence and Factors Associated with Anaemia and Undernutrition Among Children Aged 6–24 Months in Rural Tanzania. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2025; 22(6):962. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060962
Chicago/Turabian StyleMshanga, Naelijwa, Sally Moore, Neema Kassim, Carolyn I. Auma, Yun Yun Gong, and Haikael D. Martin. 2025. "Prevalence and Factors Associated with Anaemia and Undernutrition Among Children Aged 6–24 Months in Rural Tanzania" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 22, no. 6: 962. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060962
APA StyleMshanga, N., Moore, S., Kassim, N., Auma, C. I., Gong, Y. Y., & Martin, H. D. (2025). Prevalence and Factors Associated with Anaemia and Undernutrition Among Children Aged 6–24 Months in Rural Tanzania. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(6), 962. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060962