Assessing Barriers and Utilization of Sexual and Reproductive Health Services among Female Migrant Workers in Vietnam
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sample Participants
2.2. Sample Size and Recruitment Procedures
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Measurements
2.4.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics
2.4.2. Use of SRH Services
2.4.3. Use of Contraceptives
2.4.4. Barriers to SRH Services
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Participants
3.2. Sexual Activities and Use of Contraceptive Methods
3.3. Barriers to SRH Services
3.4. Factors Associated with Utilization of SRH Services
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Mean (SD) or n (%) |
---|---|
Age (years), mean (SD) | 23.2 (3.3) |
Education, n (%) | |
Under high school | 109 (10.3) |
High school | 842 (79.4) |
Above high school | 110 (10.4) |
Ethnicity, n (%) | |
Kinh (majority) | 735 (69.3) |
Other | 326 (30.7) |
Residence, n (%) | |
Rent cluster | 936 (88.1) |
Dormitory | 125 (11.8) |
Years working in IZ, n (%) | |
≤1 year | 483 (51.7) |
2–5 years | 429 (31.4) |
>5 years | 149 (17.2) |
Working hours per day, n (%) | 810 (76.3) |
8 h | 251 (23.7) |
>8 h | |
Monthly income (USD), mean (SD) | 291.9 (56.5) |
Characteristics | Total n = 1061 (%) | Single n = 755 a (74.8) | Married n = 264 b (25.2) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ever had sexual intercourse | <0.001 | |||
Yes | 512 (50.3) | 215 (29.8) | 297 (100.0) | |
No | 507 (49.7) | 507 (70.2) | 0 (0.0) | |
Used any contraceptive method to avoid a pregnancy during last sexual intercourse b | <0.001 | |||
Yes | 398 (77.7) | 184 (85.6) | 214 (72.1) | |
No | 114 (22.3) | 31 (14.4) | 83 (27.9) | |
Ever had an abortion | <0.001 | |||
Yes | 55 (10.7) | 13 (5.2) | 42 (15.9) | |
No | 457 (89.3) | 235 (94.8) | 222 (84.1) | |
Place where had an abortion | 0.51 | |||
Private clinic | 27 (41.7) | 7 (53.8) | 20 (47.6) | |
Private hospital | 5 (11.1) | 1 (7.7) | 4 (9.5) | |
Commune health center | 6 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (14.3) | |
Public hospital/health Center | 17 (36.1) | 5 (38.5) | 12 (28.6) | |
Used the SRH/HIV service while living in the IZ | <0.001 | |||
Yes | 368 (34.7) | 153 (20.1) | 215 (71.4) | |
No | 693 (65.3) | 607 (79.9) | 86 (28.6) | |
The most common contraceptives methods | ||||
Daily pill | <0.001 ** | |||
Yes | 42 (10.5) | 7 (3.8) | 35 (16.4) | |
No | 356 (89.5) | 177 (96.2) | 179 (83.6) | |
Intrauterine device (IUD) | <0.001 ** | |||
Yes | 35 (8.8) | 0 (0.0) | 35 (16.4) | |
No | 363 (91.2) | 184 (100.0) | 179 (83.6) | |
Condom (male condom) | <0.001 ** | |||
Yes | 304 (76.4) | 167 (90.8) | 137 (64.0) | |
No | 94 (23.6) | 17 (9.2) | 77 (36.0) | |
Withdrawal | 0.183 | |||
Yes | 94 (23.6) | 29 (15.8) | 24 (11.2) | |
No | 345 (86.7) | 155 (84.2) | 190 (88.8) | |
Other contraceptive methods | 0.089 | |||
Yes | 13 (3.3) | 3 (1.6) | 10 (4.7) | |
No | 385 (96.7) | 181(98.4) | 204 (95.3) | |
Person suggested the use of contraceptive methods. | 0.014 * | |||
Partner | 12 (3.0) | 7 (3.8) | 5(2.3) | |
Herself | 76 (19.1) | 24 (13.0) | 52 (24.3) | |
Joint decision | 310 (77.9) | 153 (83.2) | 157 (73.4) |
Barriers to SRH Services | Total | Single | Married | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 1061 n (%) | n = 794 (74.8%) | n = 267 (25.2%) | ||
Timing is not convenient. | 0.33 | |||
Yes | 270 (25.5) | 208 (26.2) | 62 (23.2) | |
No | 791 (74.5) | 586 (73.8) | 205 (75.8) | |
Quality of services is not good. | 0.10 | |||
Yes | 13 (1.2) | 12 (1.5) | 1 (0.37) | |
No | 1048 (98.8) | 782 (98.5) | 266 (99.6) | |
Expensive | 0.31 | |||
Yes | 55 (5.2) | 38 (4.8) | 17 (6.4) | |
No | 1006 (94.8) | 756 (95.2) | 250 (93.6) | |
Discrimination | 0.31 | |||
Yes | 7 (0.66) | 6 (0.77) | 1 (0.37) | |
No | 1054 (99.3) | 788 (99.2) | 266 (99.6) | |
Lack of confidentiality | 0.20 | |||
Yes | 13 (1.2) | 11 (1.4) | 2 (0.75) | |
No | 1048 (98.8) | 783 (98.6) | 265 (99.3) | |
The location is too far | 0.01 * | |||
Yes | 85 (8.0) | 73 (9.2) | 12 (4.5) | |
No | 976 (92.0) | 721 (90.8) | 255 (95.5) |
Characteristics | AOR | 95% CI | p |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | |||
18–24 | 1 (ref) | — | |
25–29 | 1.91 | 1.19–3.06 | 0.007 * |
Marital status, n (%) | |||
Unmarried | 1 (ref) | — | |
Married | 5.98 | 3.71–9.63 | <0.001 ** |
Ethnicity | |||
Other minority groups | 1 (ref) | — | |
Kinh | 1.37 | 0.89–2.12 | 0.157 |
Education background | |||
5–9 years | 1 (ref) | — | |
10–12 years | 1.46 | 0.82–2.61 | 0.201 |
≥12 years | 1.42 | 0.65–3.09 | 0.374 |
Monthly income (USD) | 1.02 | 1.01–1.04 | 0.005 * |
Residence type | |||
Dormitory | 1 (ref) | — | |
Rent cluster | 1.65 | 0.89–3.03 | 0.109 |
Knowledge of HIV/AIDS | 1.10 | 0.89–1.35 | 0.362 |
Use of any contraceptive to prevent a pregnancy at last sex | |||
No | 1 (ref) | — | |
Yes | 0.69 | 0.42–1.14 | 0.146 |
Number of health problem | 1.01 | 0.96–1.06 | 0.729 |
Depressive symptoms | |||
No | 1 (ref) | — | |
Yes | 1.06 | 0.43–2.62 | 0.906 |
HIV stigma | |||
Low | 1 (ref) | — | |
High | 1.16 | 0.70– 1.90 | 0.567 |
Perceived HIV risk | |||
Low | 1 (ref) | — | |
Median | 0.88 | 0.57–1.37 | 0.579 |
High | 0.92 | 0.36–2.31 | 0.856 |
Ever having taken HIV test | |||
No | 1 (ref) | — | |
Yes | 1.34 | 0.82–2.17 | 0.240 |
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Ha, T.; Givens, D.; Shi, H.; Nguyen, T.; Nguyen, N.; Shrestha, R.; Frank, L.; Schensul, S.L. Assessing Barriers and Utilization of Sexual and Reproductive Health Services among Female Migrant Workers in Vietnam. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 6368. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20146368
Ha T, Givens D, Shi H, Nguyen T, Nguyen N, Shrestha R, Frank L, Schensul SL. Assessing Barriers and Utilization of Sexual and Reproductive Health Services among Female Migrant Workers in Vietnam. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(14):6368. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20146368
Chicago/Turabian StyleHa, Toan, David Givens, Hui Shi, Trang Nguyen, Nam Nguyen, Roman Shrestha, Linda Frank, and Stephen L. Schensul. 2023. "Assessing Barriers and Utilization of Sexual and Reproductive Health Services among Female Migrant Workers in Vietnam" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 14: 6368. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20146368