The Effects of Physical Activity, Exercise, and Sports Programs on Depressive Symptoms in Individuals with Disabilities: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Eligibility Criteria
2.2. Inclusion Criteria
2.3. Exclusion Criteria
2.4. Information Sources and Research Strategies
2.5. Data Extraction Process
2.6. Methodological Quality of Study
2.7. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Selection of Studies
3.2. Studies Characteristics
3.3. Methodological Quality of Studies
3.4. Results of Interventions
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Search Strategy | (“cerebral palsy” OR “motor disability” OR “motor disorder” OR “physical disability” OR “vision impairment” OR “visual impairment” OR “vision disability” OR “vision disorders” OR “intellectual disability” OR “mental retardation” OR “intellectual disabilities” OR “intellectual developmental disorder” OR “intellectual impairment” OR “hearing impairment” OR “hearing disability” OR “hearing loss” OR “multiple disabilities” OR “para athletes” OR “para-athlete” OR “paralympian” OR “paralympians” OR “paralympic athletes”) AND (“physical activity” OR “exercise” OR “sports” OR “training”) AND (“depression” OR “depressive disorder” OR “depressive symptom” OR “negative emotion”) |
Studies | Aims | Participants | Duration/Frequency | Exercise/Intensity | Measurements | Results | Methodology Quality |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carraro and Gobbi [46], Italy | Effects of exercise intervention for depressive symptoms. | n = 27 (♂:16); 40.1 ± 6.2 y; IDD. Randomized groups: intervention group (n = 14) and control group (n = 13). | 12 weeks; 2 × week; 60 min/session. | Individual, paired, and group movement situations using small sports equipment (e.g., balls, ropes, and dumbbells), group cooperative situations, and adapted games. | The modified 19-item version of the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. | Intervention group (pre vs. post): 32.36 ± 1.5 vs. 23.71 ± 0.91. Control group (pre vs. post): 32 ± 1.73 vs. 29.77 ± 2.01. | 21 (excellent) |
Coyle and Santiago [47], United State of America | Effects of aerobic exercise on fitness and psychological health. | n =19 Physical disabilities. Nonrandomized groups: intervention group (n = 7, 35 to 57 y) and control group (n = 12, 26 to 52 y). | 10–12 weeks; 2–4 × week; 20–60 min/session. | 67–82% HRmax; Stationary cycle or an aerobic exercise videotape and continuous upper body and/or lower body movement. | Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. | Intervention group (pre vs. post): 4.71 ± 4.11 vs. 2.14 ± 3.58. Control group (pre vs. post): 3.42 ± 3.2 vs. 3.17 ± 3.38. | 15 (good) |
Hardoy et al. [48], Italy | Evaluating the efficacy of mini tennis programme as a therapeutic aid in the psychosocial rehabilitation of IDD. | n = 24; 18 to 40 y; IDD. Nonrandomized groups: intervention group (n = 12, 27.6 ± 6.7 y) and control group (n = 12, 26.9 ± 10.2). | 24 weeks; 2 × week; 180 min/session. | Mini-tennis divided into 2 phases: (i): exercises to familiarise participants with equipment; (ii): development of coordination skills: visuo-manual, general dynamic, and temporospatial skills; (iii) learning of the basic tennis techniques. | Assessment and Information Rating Profile. | Intervention group (pre vs. post): 6.5 ± 4.3 vs. 5.3 ± 3.7. Control group (pre vs. post): 5.8 ± 3.7 vs. 5.9 ± 4.3. | 15 (good) |
Perić et al. [49], Serbia | Effects of adapted soccer on the motor learning and psychosocial characteristics. | n = 25 (♂); 15 to 17 y; Mean age: 15 y; Down Syndrome; Randomized groups: intervention group (n = 12) and control group (n = 13). | 16 weeks; 2 × week; 45 min/session. | Soccer; 10 min warm-up (running and shuttle run with ball), 45 min of soccer-adapted training, and a 5 min of cool-down (stretching exercises). | Psychosocial variables assessment by 51 items based on previously used instruments whose metrics are available in the literature. | Intervention group (pre vs. post): 49.51 ± 10.08 vs. 43.53 ± 6.2. Control group (pre vs. post): 50.6 ± 10.47 vs. 55.91 ± 7.84. | 21 (excellent) |
van Schijndel-Speet et al. [50], Netherlands | Effects of physical activity programme. | n = 131; Down Syndrome; Randomized groups: intervention group (n = 66, mean age: 58.2) and control group (n = 65, mean age: 57.9). | 24 weeks; 2 × week; 45 min/session (education sessions). 16 weeks; 24 × week; 15–45 min/session (physical activity sessions). | Discussions about experiences with physical activities and perceived barriers. PA structure to address the fitness components of muscular strength, endurance, balance, and flexibility. Feasible activities were selected and described for each of the selected components: 14 strength exercises, 18 endurance exercises, 17 balance exercises, and 6 flexibility exercises. | Dutch informant-report Signalizing Depression List. | Intervention group (pre vs. post): 27.3 ± 5.7 vs. 27.4 ± 5.6. Control group (pre vs. post): 27 ± 6.2 vs. 27 ± 6.4. | 18 (good) |
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Jacinto, M.; Monteiro, D.; Oliveira, J.; Diz, S.; Frontini, R.; Matos, R.; Antunes, R. The Effects of Physical Activity, Exercise, and Sports Programs on Depressive Symptoms in Individuals with Disabilities: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 6134. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20126134
Jacinto M, Monteiro D, Oliveira J, Diz S, Frontini R, Matos R, Antunes R. The Effects of Physical Activity, Exercise, and Sports Programs on Depressive Symptoms in Individuals with Disabilities: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(12):6134. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20126134
Chicago/Turabian StyleJacinto, Miguel, Diogo Monteiro, Joana Oliveira, Susana Diz, Roberta Frontini, Rui Matos, and Raul Antunes. 2023. "The Effects of Physical Activity, Exercise, and Sports Programs on Depressive Symptoms in Individuals with Disabilities: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 12: 6134. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20126134