The Relationship between Empathy and Attachment in Children and Adolescents: Three-Level Meta-Analyses
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The Concept and Measurement of Empathy
1.2. The Concept and Measurement of Attachment
1.3. The Relationship between Empathy and Attachment
1.4. Possible Moderating Variables
1.4.1. Gender
1.4.2. Age
1.4.3. Dimension of Empathy
1.4.4. Culture
1.4.5. Attachment Figures
1.4.6. Other Covariates
1.5. The Present Study
2. Methods
2.1. Search and Inclusion Criteria
2.2. Coding the Studies
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Results of Sensitive Analysis and Model Comparison
3.2. Results of Publication Bias Test and Pooled Effect Size
3.3. Moderating Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Empathy and Attachment
4.2. The Influence of Covariates
5. Research Deficiencies and Prospects
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Author (First) | Year | Journal/University | Article Title |
---|---|---|---|
Panfile, T. M. | 2012 | Merrill-Palmer Quarterly | Attachment Security and Child’s Empathy: The Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation |
You, S. | 2015 | Psychology in the Schools | Bullying Among Korean Adolescents: The Role of Empathy and Attachment |
Shoshani | 2021 | Computers in Human Behavior | Video Games and Close Relations: Attachment and Empathy as Predictors of Children’s and Adolescents’ Video Game Social Play and Socio-emotional Functioning |
Burnette, J. L. | 2009 | Personality and Individual Differences | Insecure Attachment and Depressive Symptoms: The Mediating Role of Rumination, Empathy, and Forgiveness |
McGinley | 2018 | The Journal of Genetic Psychology | Can Hovering Hinder Helping? Examining the Joint Effects of Helicopter Parenting and Attachment on Prosocial Behaviors and Empathy in Emerging Adults |
Catrinel A. Ştefan | 2016 | Early Child Development and Care | The Multifaceted Role of Attachment During Preschool: Moderator of Its Indirect Effect on Empathy Through Emotion Regulation |
Wei, M. | 2011 | Journal of Personality | Attachment, Self-Compassion, Empathy, and Subjective Well-Being Among College Students and Community Adults |
Lisa et al. | 2020 | Social Development | Toddlers’ Preference for Prosocial versus Antisocial Agents: No Associations with Empathy or Attachment Security |
Yu, G. | 2012 | Public Personnel Management | Improving Public Service Quality from a Developmental Perspective: Empathy, Attachment, and Gender Differences |
You | 2016 | School Psychology International | Understanding Aggression Through Attachment and Social Emotional Competence in Korean Middle School Students |
Panfile, T. M. | 2013 | International Journal of Behavioral Development | The Influence of Attachment Security on Preschool Children’s Empathetic Concern |
Schoeps | 2020 | PLOS ONE | The Impact of Peer Attachment on Prosocial Behavior, Emotional Difficulties and Conduct Problems in Adolescence: The Mediating Role of Empathy |
Britton, P. C. | 2010 | The Journal of Social Psychology | The Relations Among Varieties of Adult Attachment and the Components of Empathy |
Zhao, K. | 2017 | Chinese Journal of Ergonomics | The Effect of attachment on College Students’ Internet Altruistic Behavior: Mediating Model of Trust and Empathy |
Wang, H. | 2020 | Henan University | A Research on The Relationships Between Peer Attachment, Empathy and Prosocial Behavior of High School Students |
Zhao, X. | 2015 | Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology | Mediating Effect of Empathy between Attachment and Social Skills in College Students |
Shi, Y. | 2020 | Tanjin Nornal University | The Relationship between Parent-Child Attachment and Altruistic Behavior in High School Students: The Mediating Roles of Peer Attachment and Empathy |
Yue, H. | 2020 | Tanjin Nornal University | Attachment and Interpersonal distress in High School students: The Mediating role of Empathy |
Huang, Y. | 2017 | Sichan Normal University | The Influence of Parent—child Attachment on the Acceptance of “The second child” by the Only Child——The role of empathy and self–esteem |
Yang, N. | 2012 | Zhengzhou University | The Study of Influential Factors of Adolescence’s Empathy |
Song, X. | 2020 | Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology | Peer Attachment and Cyberbullying Among Junior High School Students: The Mediating Roles of Empathy and Positive Attitudes toward Cyberbullying |
Yang, J | 2019 | Community psychology research | Childhood Emotional Neglect Predicts College Students’ Empathy Ability |
Shen, J. | 2020 | Hunan Normal University | The Influence of Attachment on Interpersonal Sensitivity of Secondary Vocational Nursing Students: the mediating role of Empathy |
Ayellet Boussi | 2017 | Long Island University | Numbness or Social Reconnection: The Effects of Rejection on Behavior and The Role of Empathy, Attachment, Rejection Sensitivity, and Effortful Control |
Gelb | 2001 | Pace University | The Relationship between Empathy and Attachment in The Adolescent Population |
Joireman | 2001 | North American Journal of Psychology | Relationships Between Dimensions of Attachment and Empathy |
Profe, W. B. | 2021 | Journal of Social and Personal Relationships | Adolescents’ Responses to The Distress of Others: The Influence of Multiple Attachment Figures Via Empathetic Concern |
Ibrahim TAS | 2019 | Eurasian Journal of Educational Research | The Pattern of Relationship between Attachment Styles, Gaming Addiction and Empathetic Tendency among Adolescents |
Kenny, M. B. | 2002 | Journal of Adolescence | Instrumental and Social/Relational Correlates of Perceived Maternal And Paternal Attachment in Adolescence |
Laible, D. | 2004 | Journal of Adolescence | Pathways to Self-Esteem in Late Adolescence: The Role of Parent and Peer Attachment, Empathy, and Social Behaviors |
Laible, D. | 2000 | Journal of Youth and Adolescence | The Differential Relations of Parent and Peer Attachment to Adolescent Adjustment. |
Li, S. | 2015 | Personality and Individual Differences | Indirect Aggression and Parental Attachment in Early Adolescence: Examining the Role of Perspective Taking and Empathetic Concern |
Llorca-Mestre | 2017 | Behavior and personality | Parenting Style and Peer Attachment as Predictors of Emotional Instability in Children |
Murphy, T. P. | 2015 | The Journal of Genetic Psychology | Attachment’s Links with Adolescents’ Social Emotions: The Roles of Negative Emotionality and Emotion Regulation |
Ingrid L. van der Mark et al. | 2002 | Social Development | Development of Empathy in Girls During the Second Year of Life: Associations with Parenting, Attachment, and Temperament |
Curcio, A. L. | 2016 | New Zealand Journal of Australian | Predictors of Delinquency among Adolescents and Young Adults: A New Psychosocial Control Perspective |
T Hünefeldt | 2013 | Journal of Adolescence | The Relationship between ‘ToM’ and Attachment Related Anxiety and Avoidance in Italian Adolescents |
Anne Greig | 2001 | British Journal of Developmental Psychology | Social Understanding, Attachment Security of Preschool Children and Maternal Mental Health |
Fiorenzo Laghi | 2009 | Social Indicators Research | Attachment Representations and Time Perspective in Adolescence |
Laible, D. J. | 2004 | Journal of Adolescence | Pathways to Self–Esteem in Late Adolescence: The Role of Parent and Peer Attachment, Empathy, and Social Behaviors |
Pyeong Hwa | 2017 | Fam.environ.res | The Relationship between Attachment and Children’s Friendship Network and Friendship Quality: Focusing on the Mediating Effect of Empathy |
Howard Steele | 2008 | Attachment and Human Development | Early Attachment Predicts Emotion Recognition at 6 and 11 Years Old |
anam | 2013 | Fwu Journal of Social Sciences | Perceived Parental Attachment and Emotional Empathy among Adolescents. |
Rosnay, M. D. | 2002 | Attachment and Human Development50 | Individual Differences in Children’s Understanding of Emotion: The Roles of Attachment and Language |
Raikes, H. A. | 2006 | British Journal of Developmental Psychology | Family Emotional Climate, Attachment Security and Young Children’s Emotion Knowledge in a High Risk Sample |
Repacholi, R. | 2004 | British Journal of Developmental Psychology | Attachment and Preschool Children’s Understanding of Maternal Versus Non-Maternal Psychological States |
Lenna, L. | 2002 | Social Development | Patterns of Attachment and Maternal Discourse Effects on Children’s Emotion Understanding From 3 to 5 Years of Age |
Steele, H. | 2001 | Social Development | Infant-Mother Attachment at One Year Predicts Children’s Understanding of Mixed Emotions at Six Years |
Waters, S. F. | 2010 | Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment | Emotion Regulation and Attachment: Unpacking Two Constructs and Their Association |
Lee | 2018 | Family and Environment Research | The Relationship between Attachment and Children’s Friendship Network and Friendship Quality: Focusing on the Mediating Effect of Empathy |
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Models | Empathy and Security Attachment | Empathy and Anxious Attachment | Empathy and Avoidant Attachment | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AIC | BIC | LRT | AIC | BIC | LRT | AIC | BIC | LRT | |
Model 1 | −47.83 | −38.73 | 20.65 | 24.85 | 5.65 | 9.43 | |||
Model 2 | 1111.83 | 1117.89 | 1161.65 *** | 20.01 | 22.82 | 1.37 | 3.66 | 6.17 | 0.00 |
Model 3 | −38.76 | −32.70 | 11.06 *** | 337.56 | 340.36 | 318 *** | 100.69 | 103.20 | 97.03 *** |
Models | Egger’s Z Value | k | n | Q | r | 95% CI | Level 2 I2 | Level 3 I2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.356 | 51 | 154 | 2751.56 *** | 0.259 | [0.218, 0.299] | 69.90% | 25.05% |
2 | 0.761 | 13 | 31 | 745.44 *** | 0.034 | [−0.101, 0.168] | 78.11% | 17.64% |
3 | 0.067 | 11 | 27 | 267.67 *** | −0.103 | [−0.195, −0.010] | 90.33% | 0.91% |
4 | 1.214 | 16 | 58 | 1244.89 *** | 0.313 | [0.235, 0.387] | 44.12% | 52.99% |
5 | 0.277 | 31 | 90 | 1435.29 *** | 0.212 | [0.161, 0.262] | 80.82% | 9.50% |
6 | −1.429 | 24 | 44 | 820.84 *** | 0.328 | [0.265, 0.388] | 49.86% | 43.38% |
7 | −0.733 | 25 | 51 | 327.12 *** | 0.260 | [0.196, 0.321] | 57.36% | 30.85% |
8 | −0.724 | 21 | 59 | 776.56 *** | 0.163 | [0.109, 0.216] | 91.47% | 3.53% |
9 | −1.40 | 19 | 85 | 1203.01 *** | 0.185 | [0.135, 0.234] | 79.08% | 15.67% |
10 | 6 | 20 | 593.06 *** | 0.367 | [0.274, 0.453] | 96.44% | 0 | |
11 | 9 | 16 | 25.54 * | 0.220 | [0.124, 0.313] | 41.56% | 0 | |
12 | 6 | 40 | 313.18 *** | 0.154 | [0.083, 0.233] | 68.61% | 20.29% | |
13 | −0.412 | 45 | 114 | 2049.75 *** | 0.279 | [0.235, 0.321] | 80.39% | 15.09% |
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Xu, X.; Liu, Z.; Gong, S.; Wu, Y. The Relationship between Empathy and Attachment in Children and Adolescents: Three-Level Meta-Analyses. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1391. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031391
Xu X, Liu Z, Gong S, Wu Y. The Relationship between Empathy and Attachment in Children and Adolescents: Three-Level Meta-Analyses. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(3):1391. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031391
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Xizheng, Zhiqiang Liu, Shaoying Gong, and Yunpeng Wu. 2022. "The Relationship between Empathy and Attachment in Children and Adolescents: Three-Level Meta-Analyses" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3: 1391. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031391
APA StyleXu, X., Liu, Z., Gong, S., & Wu, Y. (2022). The Relationship between Empathy and Attachment in Children and Adolescents: Three-Level Meta-Analyses. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1391. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031391