Environmental Influences on the Behavioural and Emotional Outcomes of Children: A Network Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Toenail Sample Collection and Laboratory Analysis
2.3. Questionnaires
2.4. Anthropometric Measurement
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographics
3.2. Descriptive Summary
3.3. Network Analysis
3.4. Associations between CBCL, Mn Concentration and Other Factors
4. Discussion
4.1. Network Analysis
4.2. Manganese Concentrations
4.3. Manganese Concentrations and Behaviour Problems
4.4. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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(A) | |||||||||
Externalized CBCL Quartile | Children (n) | Mean | Std Dev | Geo-mean | Min | Max | Median | 25th Percentile | 75th Percentile |
1 | 69 | 3.9 | 4.4 | 2.5 | 0.1 | 31.3 | 2.8 | 1.4 | 5.4 |
2 | 85 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 16.7 | 2.6 | 1.1 | 4.7 |
3 | 51 | 4.8 | 4.0 | 3.3 | 0.4 | 18.1 | 3.5 | 1.5 | 6.9 |
4 | 68 | 7.2 | 10.2 | 4.0 | 0.1 | 70.3 | 4.0 | 2.3 | 8.2 |
(B) | |||||||||
Externalising Clinical Range | Children (n) | Mean | Std Dev | Geo-mean | Min | Max | Median | 25th Percentile | 75th Percentile |
1 | 190 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 2.5 | 0.03 | 31.3 | 2.9 | 1.3 | 5.4 |
2 | 47 | 6.4 | 10.3 | 3.6 | 0.1 | 70.3 | 3.9 | 2.3 | 8.0 |
3 | 40 | 7.2 | 7.9 | 4.3 | 0.2 | 35.1 | 4.9 | 2.2 | 8.1 |
Quartile Groups: | |||||||||
Fe: | |||||||||
Externalized CBCL Quartile | Children (n) | Mean | Std Dev | Geo-mean | Min | Max | Median | 25th Percentile | 75th Percentile |
1 | 69 | 81.4 | 57.2 | 65.3 | 13.7 | 246.4 | 62.9 | 39.1 | 106.2 |
2 | 85 | 114.8 | 215.8 | 70.5 | 16.0 | 1868.7 | 60.2 | 40.4 | 116.3 |
3 | 51 | 117.2 | 84.9 | 93.5 | 22.7 | 403.0 | 95.5 | 55.4 | 148.7 |
4 | 68 | 107.0 | 115.9 | 79.0 | 17.5 | 823.8 | 76.3 | 50.9 | 114.3 |
Cu: | |||||||||
Externalized CBCL Quartile | Children (n) | Mean | Std Dev | Geo-mean | Mini | Maxi | Median | 25th Percentile | 75th Percentile |
1 | 69 | 18.6 | 9.0 | 17.04 | 5.4 | 64.6 | 17.0 | 13.0 | 21.1 |
2 | 85 | 18.0 | 9.9 | 16.47 | 7.8 | 78.0 | 15.5 | 13.0 | 20.5 |
3 | 51 | 18.4 | 6.7 | 17.36 | 9.1 | 41.3 | 17.3 | 13.8 | 21.6 |
4 | 68 | 22.0 | 14.5 | 19.34 | 2.5 | 116.8 | 19.0 | 14.4 | 25.6 |
B: | |||||||||
Externalized CBCL Quartile | Children (n) | Mean | Std Dev | Geo-mean | Mini | Maxi | Median | 25th Percentile | 75th Percentile |
1 | 69 | 0.29 | 0.13 | 0.27 | 0.12 | 0.87 | 0.27 | 0.22 | 0.32 |
2 | 85 | 0.28 | 0.13 | 0.27 | 0.12 | 0.99 | 0.27 | 0.21 | 0.32 |
3 | 51 | 0.28 | 0.11 | 0.27 | 0.16 | 0.67 | 0.28 | 0.21 | 0.32 |
4 | 68 | 0.33 | 0.14 | 0.30 | 0.09 | 0.78 | 0.28 | 0.24 | 0.38 |
On Clinical Defined Groups: | |||||||||
Fe: | |||||||||
Externalising Using CBCL Criteria | Children (n) | Mean | Std Dev | Geo-mean | Mini | Maxi | Median | 25th Percentile | 75th Percentile |
Normal | 190 | 103.6 | 153.4 | 72.5 | 13.7 | 1868.7 | 65.4 | 42.7 | 121.3 |
Borderline | 47 | 102.8 | 76.8 | 83.2 | 23.0 | 369.3 | 83.5 | 54.1 | 117.7 |
Clinical | 40 | 114.7 | 138.8 | 79.9 | 17.5 | 823.8 | 74.7 | 48.7 | 121.9 |
Cu: | |||||||||
Externalising CBCL Criteria Range | Children (n) | Mean | Std Dev | Geo-mean | Mini | Maxi | Median | 25th Percentile | 75th Percentile |
Normal | 190 | 18.2 | 8.9 | 16.8 | 5.4 | 78.0 | 16.3 | 13.1 | 21.1 |
Border line | 47 | 21.3 | 9.3 | 19.7 | 11.9 | 54.4 | 18.9 | 14.5 | 26.2 |
Clinical | 40 | 22.0 | 17.2 | 18.7 | 2.5 | 116.8 | 18.6 | 13.9 | 24.7 |
B: | |||||||||
Externalising CBCL Criteria | Children (n) | Mean | Std Dev | Geo-mean | Mini | Maxi | Median | 25th Percentile | 75th Percentile |
Normal | 190 | 0.29 | 0.12 | 0.27 | 0.12 | 0.99 | 0.27 | 0.21 | 0.32 |
Border line | 47 | 0.32 | 0.14 | 0.30 | 0.17 | 0.76 | 0.28 | 0.22 | 0.38 |
Clinical | 40 | 0.32 | 0.14 | 0.30 | 0.09 | 0.78 | 0.29 | 0.24 | 0.38 |
Cd | Mg | Zn | Ca | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cd | 1 | |||
Mg | −0.71 | 1 | ||
Zn | −0.76 | 0.86 | 1 | |
Ca | −0.74 | 0.89 | 0.97 | 1 |
Se | Mo | Hg | I | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Se | 1 | |||
Mo | 0.91 | 1 | ||
Hg | −0.94 | −0.89 | 1 | |
I | −0.76 | −0.73 | 0.78 | 1 |
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Karatela, S.; Ward, N.I.; Paterson, J.; Zeng, I.S. Environmental Influences on the Behavioural and Emotional Outcomes of Children: A Network Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8479. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148479
Karatela S, Ward NI, Paterson J, Zeng IS. Environmental Influences on the Behavioural and Emotional Outcomes of Children: A Network Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(14):8479. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148479
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaratela, Shamshad, Neil I. Ward, Janis Paterson, and Irene Suilan Zeng. 2022. "Environmental Influences on the Behavioural and Emotional Outcomes of Children: A Network Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14: 8479. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148479