Disability-Free Life Expectancy among People Over 60 Years Old by Sex, Urban and Rural Areas in Jiangxi Province, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Liu, J.; Chen, G.; Song, X.; Chi, I.; Zheng, X. Trends in disability-free life expectancy among Chinese older adults. J. Aging Health 2009, 21, 266–285. [Google Scholar]
- Cai, L.; Lubitz, J. Was There Compression of Disability for Older Americans From 1992 to 2003? Demography 2007, 44, 479–495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Crimmins, E.M.; Saito, Y. Trends in healthy life expectancy in the United States, 1970–1990: Gender, racial, and educational differences. Soc. Sci. Med. 2001, 52, 1629–1641. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zeng, Y.; Gu, D.; Land, K.C. A new method for correcting under-estimation of disabled life expectancy and an application to the Chinese oldest-old. Demography 2004, 41, 335–361. [Google Scholar]
- Zimmer, Z.; Hidajat, M.; Saito, Y. Changes in total and disability-free life ex-pectancy among older adults in China: Do they portend a compression of morbidity? Int. J. Popul. Stud. 2015, 1, 4–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, J.; Chen, G.; Chi, I.; Wu, J.; Pei, L.; Song, X.; Zhang, L.; Pang, L.; Han, Y.; Zheng, X. Regional variations in and correlates of disability-free life expectancy among older adults in China. BMC Public Health 2010, 10, 446. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Islam, M.S.; Tareque, M.I.; Mondal, M.N.; Fazle Rabbi, A.M.; Khan, H.T.A.; Begum, S. Urban-rural differences in disability-free life expectancy in Bangladesh using the 2010 HIES data. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e179987. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Saito, Y.; Robine, J.; Crimmins, E.M. The methods and materials of health expectancy. Stat. J. IAOS 2014, 30, 209–223. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Kyu, H.H.; Abate, D.; Abate, K.H.; Abay, S.M.; Abbafati, C.; Abbasi, N.; Abbastabar, H.; Abd-Allah, F.; Abdela, J.; Abdelalim, A.; et al. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2018, 392, 1859–1922. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Robine, J.M.; Ritchie, K. Healthy life expectancy: Evaluation of global indicator of change in population health. BMJ 1991, 302, 457–460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Moreno, X.; Lera, L.; Albala, C. Disability-free life expectancy and life expectancy in good self-rated health in Chile: Gender differences and compression of morbidity between 2009 and 2016. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e232445. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gutierrez-Fisac, J.L.; Gispert, R.; Sola, J. Factors explaining the geographical differences in Disability Free Life Expectancy in Spain. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2000, 54, 451–455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cambois, E.; Clavel, A.; Romieu, I.; Robine, J.M. Trends in disability-free life expectancy at age 65 in France: Consistent and diverging patterns according to the underlying disability measure. Eur. J. Ageing 2008, 5, 287–298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Chan, A.; Malhotra, R.; Matchar, D.B.; Ma, S.; Saito, Y. Gender, educational and ethnic differences in active life expectancy among older Singaporeans. Geriatr. Gerontol. Int. 2016, 16, 466–473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chiu, C. Living arrangements and disability-free life expectancy in the United States. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e211894. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Crimmins, E.M.; Hayward, M.D.; Hagedorn, A.; Saito, Y.; Brouard, N. Change in disability-free life expectancy for Americans 70-years-old and older. Demography 2009, 46, 627–646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Minicuci, N.; Noale, M.; ILSA Group. Influence of level of education on disability free life expectancy by sex: The ILSA study. Exp. Gerontol. 2005, 40, 997–1003. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ofstedal, M.B.; Chiu, C.T.; Jagger, C.; Saito, Y.; Zimmer, Z. Religion, Life Expectancy, and Disability-Free Life Expectancy Among Older Women and Men in the United States. J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci. 2019, 74, e107–e118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jagger, C.; Matthews, R.; Matthews, F.; Robinson, T.; Robine, J.M.; Brayne, C. The burden of diseases on disability-free life expectancy in later life. J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2007, 62, 408–414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zaninotto, P.; Batty, G.D.; Stenholm, S.; Kawachi, I.; Hyde, M.; Goldberg, M.; Westerlund, H.; Vahtera, J.; Head, J. Socioeconomic Inequalities in Disability-free Life Expectancy in Older People from England and the United States: A Cross-national Population-Based Study. J. Gerontol. Ser. A 2020, 75, 906–913. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dupre, M.E. Educational Differences in Age-Related Patterns of Disease: Reconsidering the Cumulative Disadvantage and Age-As-Leveler Hypotheses. J. Health Soc. Behav. 2016, 48, 1–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Geruso, M. Black-White Disparities in Life Expectancy: How Much Can the Standard SES Variables Explain? Demography 2012, 49, 553–574. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lantz, P.M.; House, J.S.; Lepkowski, J.M.; Williams, D.R.; Mero, R.P.; Chen, J. Socioeconomic Factors, Health Behaviors, and Mortality. JAMA J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1998, 279, 1703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Moreno, X.; Albala, C.; Lera, L.; Leyton, B.; Angel, B.; Sánchez, H. Gender, nutritional status and disability-free life expectancy among older people in Santiago, Chile. PLoS ONE 2018, 13, e194074. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chirinda, W.; Chen, H. Comparative study of disability-free life expectancy across six low- and middle-income countries. Geriatr. Gerontol. Int. 2017, 17, 637–644. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cheung, K.S.L.; Yip, P.S.F. Trends in healthy life expectancy in Hong Kong SAR 1996–2008. Eur. J. Ageing 2010, 7, 257–269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Zimmer, Z.; Chiu, C.T.; Saito, Y.; Jagger, C.; Ofstedal, M.B.; Lin, Y.H. Religiosity Dimensions and Disability-Free Life Expectancy in Taiwan. J. Aging Health 2020, 32, 627–641. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Loyalka, P.; Liu, L.; Chen, G.; Zheng, X. The Cost of Disability in China. Demography 2014, 51, 97–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baidu Encyclopedia. Available online: https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%B1%9F%E8%A5%BF/215383#reference-[5]-18457397-wrap (accessed on 21 April 2021).
- Sina. Available online: http://jx.sina.com.cn/news/b/2019-03-21/detail-ihsxncvh4278079.shtml (accessed on 21 April 2021).
- Baidu. Available online: https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1624165020474109527&wfr=spider&for=pc (accessed on 21 April 2021).
- Hu, S. Model Life Table for China: Assessment of the Existing Model and Construction of New Model; Wuhan University: Wuhan, China, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Murray, C.J.L.; Ferguson, B.D.; Lopez, A.D.; Guillot, M.; Salomon, J.A.; Ahmad, O. Modified logit life table system: Principles, empirical validation, and application. Popul. Stud. 2003, 57, 165–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Andreev, E.; Shkolnikov, V.; Begun, A. Algorithm for Decomposition of Differences Between Aggregate Demographic Measures and Its Application to Life Expectancies, Healthy Life Expectancies, Parity-Progression Ratios and Total Fertility Rates. Demogr. Res. 2002, 7, 499–522. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Drumond Andrade, F.C.; Guevara, P.E.; Lebrão, M.L.; de Oliveira Duarte, Y.A.; Santos, J.L. Gender Differences in Life Expectancy and Disability-Free Life Expectancy Among Older Adults in São Paulo, Brazil. Women’s Health Issues 2011, 21, 64–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jitapunkul, S.; Kunanusont, C.; Phoolcharoen, W.; Suriyawongpaisal, P.; Ebrahim, S. Disability-free life expectancy of elderly people in a population undergoing demographic and epidemiologic transition. Age Ageing 2003, 32, 401–405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wu, Y.; Zheng, H.; Liu, Z.; Wang, S.; Liu, Y.; Hu, S. Dementia-Free Life Expectancy among People over 60 Years Old by Sex, Urban and Rural Areas in Jiangxi Province, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5665. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Van Oyen, H.; Nusselder, W.; Jagger, C.; Kolip, P.; Cambois, E.; Robine, J.M. Gender differences in healthy life years within the EU: An exploration of the “health–survival” paradox. Int. J. Public Health 2012, 58, 143–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Crimmins, E.M.; Kim, J.K.; Solé-Auró, A. Gender differences in health: Results from SHARE, ELSA and HRS. Eur. J. Public Health 2011, 21, 81–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Solé-Auró, A.; Beltrán-Sánchez, H.; Crimmins, E.M. Are Differences in Disability-Free Life Expectancy by Gender, Race, and Education Widening at Older Ages? Popul. Res. Policy Rev. 2014, 34, 1–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gu, L. Changes in Activities of Daily Living (ADL) of the Elderly in China. Mark. Demogr. Anal. 2006, 12, 42–49. [Google Scholar]
- Chan, K.Y.; Wang, W.; Wu, J.J.; Liu, L.; Theodoratou, E.; Car, J.; Middleton, L.; Russ, T.C.; Deary, I.J.; Campbell, H.; et al. Epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia in China, 1990–2010: A systematic review and analysis. Lancet 2013, 381, 2016–2023. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Age | Men | Women | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LE | DFLE | 95%CI | DFLE/LE | LE | DFLE | 95%CI | DFLE/LE | |
60 | 19.127 | 17.157 | (16.837, 17.476) | 0.897 | 22.027 | 19.055 | (18.624, 19.487) | 0.865 |
65 | 15.369 | 13.578 | (13.259, 13.898) | 0.883 | 17.893 | 15.014 | (14.572, 15.456) | 0.839 |
70 | 12.019 | 10.297 | (9.961, 10.633) | 0.857 | 14.103 | 11.222 | (10.757, 11.686) | 0.796 |
75 | 9.209 | 7.492 | (7.122, 7.862) | 0.814 | 10.803 | 7.934 | (7.437, 8.431) | 0.734 |
80 | 6.864 | 5.240 | (4.826, 5.654) | 0.763 | 8.006 | 5.299 | (4.747, 5.850) | 0.662 |
85 | 5.134 | 3.496 | (2.943, 4.049) | 0.681 | 5.851 | 3.060 | (2.350, 3.770) | 0.523 |
Age | Men | Women | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LE | DFLE | 95%CI | DFLE/LE | LE | DFLE | 95%CI | DFLE/LE | ||
Urban | |||||||||
60 | 20.068 | 18.258 | (17.837, 18.680) | 0.910 | 23.102 | 20.091 | (19.487, 20.694) | 0.870 | |
65 | 16.200 | 14.599 | (14.187, 15.011) | 0.901 | 18.859 | 15.952 | (15.341, 16.562) | 0.846 | |
70 | 12.725 | 11.151 | (10.719, 11.584) | 0.876 | 14.947 | 12.011 | (11.371, 12.651) | 0.804 | |
75 | 9.776 | 8.206 | (7.740, 8.672) | 0.839 | 11.502 | 8.418 | (7.722, 9.113) | 0.732 | |
80 | 7.305 | 5.629 | (5.085, 6.172) | 0.771 | 8.569 | 5.617 | (4.851, 6.384) | 0.656 | |
85 | 5.448 | 3.705 | (3.000, 4.409) | 0.680 | 6.284 | 3.456 | (2.487, 4.425) | 0.550 | |
Rural | |||||||||
60 | 18.957 | 16.621 | (16.091, 17.151) | 0.877 | 21.837 | 18.637 | (17.944, 19.331) | 0.853 | |
65 | 15.221 | 13.032 | (12.490, 13.574) | 0.856 | 17.724 | 14.607 | (13.897, 15.317) | 0.824 | |
70 | 11.895 | 9.818 | (9.245, 10.392) | 0.825 | 13.957 | 10.890 | (10.144, 11.636) | 0.780 | |
75 | 9.111 | 7.036 | (6.390, 7.683) | 0.772 | 10.684 | 7.853 | (7.071, 8.636) | 0.735 | |
80 | 6.788 | 5.076 | (4.363, 5.789) | 0.748 | 7.912 | 5.328 | (4.458, 6.197) | 0.673 | |
85 | 5.081 | 3.465 | (2.476, 4.454) | 0.682 | 5.780 | 2.774 | (1.642, 3.906) | 0.480 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Wang, S.; Hu, S.; Wang, P.; Wu, Y.; Liu, Z.; Zheng, H. Disability-Free Life Expectancy among People Over 60 Years Old by Sex, Urban and Rural Areas in Jiangxi Province, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4636. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094636
Wang S, Hu S, Wang P, Wu Y, Liu Z, Zheng H. Disability-Free Life Expectancy among People Over 60 Years Old by Sex, Urban and Rural Areas in Jiangxi Province, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(9):4636. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094636
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Shengwei, Songbo Hu, Pei Wang, Yuhang Wu, Zhitao Liu, and Huilie Zheng. 2021. "Disability-Free Life Expectancy among People Over 60 Years Old by Sex, Urban and Rural Areas in Jiangxi Province, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9: 4636. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094636
APA StyleWang, S., Hu, S., Wang, P., Wu, Y., Liu, Z., & Zheng, H. (2021). Disability-Free Life Expectancy among People Over 60 Years Old by Sex, Urban and Rural Areas in Jiangxi Province, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9), 4636. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094636