Detection of Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining Activities and Their Transformation Using Earth Observation, Nighttime Light, and Precipitation Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Overall Methodological Workflow
2.2. Study Area
2.3. Satellite Imagery
2.4. Extraction of Built-Up Areas, NTL, and Precipitation Data
2.5. Investigation of ASGM Camps
3. Results
3.1. Growth of Built-Up Areas in the Mining Camps
3.2. Relationship between Built-Up Areas and NTL Intensity in the Mining Camps
3.3. Relationship between the NLT Intensity and Precipitation by Month
4. Discussion and Limitations
4.1. Discussion
4.2. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Satellite | Acquisition Date | Temporal Resolution | Spatial Resolution |
---|---|---|---|
NOAA VIIRS | 2014.01.01–2020.12.31 | Monthly | 15 arc seconds |
CHIRPS | 2014.01.01–2020.12.31 | Daily | 0.05 degrees |
Landsat 7 ETM+ | 2014.04.24 | 16 days | 30 m |
Landsat 8 OLI | 2015.07.08 | 16 days | 30 m |
2016.04.05 | |||
2017.04.24 | |||
2018.03.10 | |||
2019.08.04 | |||
2020.03.15 |
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Kimijima, S.; Sakakibara, M.; Nagai, M. Detection of Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining Activities and Their Transformation Using Earth Observation, Nighttime Light, and Precipitation Data. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10954. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010954
Kimijima S, Sakakibara M, Nagai M. Detection of Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining Activities and Their Transformation Using Earth Observation, Nighttime Light, and Precipitation Data. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(20):10954. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010954
Chicago/Turabian StyleKimijima, Satomi, Masayuki Sakakibara, and Masahiko Nagai. 2021. "Detection of Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining Activities and Their Transformation Using Earth Observation, Nighttime Light, and Precipitation Data" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20: 10954. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010954