Pollution Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in Soils around the Yanzhuang Gold Mine Tailings Pond, Pinggu County, Beijing, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Analysis Methods
2.3.2. Statistical Analysis
2.3.3. Geochemical Accumulation Index
2.3.4. Enrichment Factor
2.3.5. Potential Ecological Risk Index
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Basic Analysis of PTEs Concentrations
3.2. Spatial Distributions of PTEs
3.3. Geoaccumulation Index and Enrichment Factor
3.4. Multivariate Statistics for Pollution Source Apportionment
3.4.1. Pearson’s Correlation Analysis of PTEs
3.4.2. Principal Component Analysis
3.4.3. Cluster Analysis Results
3.5. Analysis of the Potentially Ecological Risk Assessment
3.6. Correlation between RI and Igeo and EF
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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EF | Contamination Degree |
---|---|
<2 | No or minimal pollution |
2–5 | Moderate pollution |
5–20 | Significant pollution |
20–40 | Strong pollution |
>40 | Extremely strong pollution |
Eri | Grades of a Single Element of Ecological Risk | RI | Grades of a Number of Elements of Potential Ecological Risk |
---|---|---|---|
Eri < 40 | Slight pollution | RI < 150 | Low |
40 ≤ Eri < 80 | Moderate pollution | 150 ≤ RI < 300 | Moderate |
80 ≤ Eri < 160 | Significant pollution | 300 ≤ RI < 600 | High |
160 ≤ Eri < 320 | Strong pollution | RI ≥ 600 | Serious |
Eri ≥ 320 | Extremely strong pollution |
Elements | Sb | As | Cd | Cu | Pb | Zn | Hg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Minimum (mg/kg) | 2.40 | 0.65 | 0.15 | 8.26 | 41.50 | 5.53 | 0.026 |
Maximum (mg/kg) | 93.8 | 59.45 | 5.16 | 533.20 | 1875.28 | 449.36 | 5.28 |
Mean (mg/kg) | 16.24 | 28.29 | 0.99 | 171.04 | 263.25 | 99.73 | 0.72 |
Standard deviation | 12.07 | 15.99 | 1.41 | 173.34 | 348.91 | 84.59 | 1.35 |
Median | 3.34 | 12.87 | 0.92 | 89.4 | 132 | 96 | 0.46 |
Variation coefficient (%) | 74.32 | 56.52 | 142.42 | 101.34 | 132.54 | 90.25 | 187.51 |
Chinese soil quality Guideline a | 10 | 25 | 0.60 | 100 | 300 | 250 | 0.50 |
The background values b | 1.08 | 9.4 | 0.0534 | 23.1 | 24.7 | 97.2 | 0.0576 |
Elements | Rotated Component Matrix | Pearson Correlation Matrix | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PC1 | PC2 | Sb | As | Cd | Cu | Pb | Zn | Hg | |
Sb | 0.903 | −0.062 | 1.00 | 0.913 ** | 0.035 | 0.813 ** | 0.825 ** | 0.123 | −0.037 |
As | 0.902 | −0.178 | 1.00 | 0.046 | 0.827 ** | 0.542 * | 0.181 | −0.168 | |
Cd | −0.121 | 0.864 | 1.00 | 0.116 | 0.026 | 0.786 ** | −0.128 | ||
Cu | 0.837 | −0.183 | 1.00 | 0.461 * | 0.131 | −0.174 | |||
Pb | 0.772 | 0.116 | 1.00 | 0.073 | −0.032 | ||||
Zn | −0.06 | 0.936 | 1.00 | 0.069 | |||||
Hg | 0.621 | 0.594 | 1.00 | ||||||
Eigen values | 4.07 | 1.08 | |||||||
Cumulative percent (%) | 58.1 | 78.5 |
Elements | Eri | RI | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sb | As | Cd | Cu | Pb | Zn | Hg | ||
Minimum | 34.72 | 8.97 | 2.79 | 10.93 | 40.07 | 10.07 | 18.71 | 67.29 |
Maximum | 139.72 | 262.76 | 39.29 | 61.76 | 64.01 | 34.01 | 1242.35 | 1612.55 |
Mean | 66.18 | 61.65 | 25.86 | 43.55 | 47.43 | 17.43 | 205.60 | 333.53 |
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Zhao, G.; Li, X.; Zhu, J.; Zhao, X.; Zhang, J.; Zhai, J. Pollution Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in Soils around the Yanzhuang Gold Mine Tailings Pond, Pinggu County, Beijing, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 7240. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147240
Zhao G, Li X, Zhu J, Zhao X, Zhang J, Zhai J. Pollution Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in Soils around the Yanzhuang Gold Mine Tailings Pond, Pinggu County, Beijing, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(14):7240. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147240
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Guangjie, Xianqing Li, Jiewang Zhu, Xueyan Zhao, Jizhen Zhang, and Jia Zhai. 2021. "Pollution Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in Soils around the Yanzhuang Gold Mine Tailings Pond, Pinggu County, Beijing, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14: 7240. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147240