Determinants of Successful Exclusive Breastfeeding for Saudi Mothers: Social Acceptance Is a Unique Predictor
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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p-Value | Number (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Formula Feeding Only | Mixed Feeding | Exclusive Breastfeeding (EBF) | Variables | |
59 (18.3) | 173 (53.7) | 90 (28) | Overall 322 (100) | |
0.703 | Mother’s Age | |||
1 (0.3) | 2 (0.6) | 1 (0.3) | <20 | |
13 (4) | 46 (14.3) | 21 (6.5) | 20–25 | |
22 (68) | 53 (16.5) | 28 (8.7) | 26–30 | |
14 (4.3) | 44 (13.7) | 26 (8.1) | 31–35 | |
9 (2.8) | 28 (8.7) | 14 (4.3) | >35 | |
0.076 | Mother’s Education Level | |||
0 (0) | 3 (0.9) | 5 (1.6) | Uneducated | |
4 (1.2) | 9 (2.8) | 3 (0.9) | Primary School | |
5 (1.6) | 5 (1.6) | 5 (1.6) | Intermediate School | |
14 (4.3) | 55 (17.1) | 34 (10.6) | Secondary School | |
31 (9.6) | 91 (28.3) | 37 (11.5) | College Graduate | |
5 (1.6) | 10 (3.2) | 6 (1.9) | Post-graduate | |
0.287 | Mother’s Chronic Illness | |||
6 (1.9) | 25 (7.8) | 15 (4.7) | Yes | |
53 (16.5) | 148 (46) | 75 (23.3) | No | |
0.132 | Mother’s Occupation | |||
5 (1.6) | 17 (5.3) | 5 (1.6) | Student | |
22 (6.8) | 57 (17.7) | 26 (8.1) | Employee | |
32 (9.9) | 99 (30.7) | 59 (18.3) | Housewife | |
0.949 | Family Monthly Income | |||
9 (2.8) | 25 (7.8) | 15 (4.7) | <5000 Saudi Riyals | |
33 (10.2) | 94 (29.2) | 47 (14.6) | 5000–10,000 Saudi Riyals | |
11 (3.4) | 31 (9.6) | 17 (5.3) | 11,000–15,000 Saudi Riyals | |
6 (1.9) | 23 (7.1) | 11 (3.4) | >15,000 Saudi Riyals | |
0.000 * | Previous Experience of Breastfeeding with the Last Child | |||
4 (2.4) | 29 (17.2) | 28 (16.6) | Yes | |
19 (11.2) | 62 (36.7) | 27 (16) | No | |
0.232 | Mode of Delivery | |||
37 (11.5) | 137 (42.5) | 67 (20.8) | Vaginal Delivery | |
21 (6.5) | 36 (11.2) | 22 (6.8) | Cesarean Section | |
0.000 * | Mother’s Plan for Feeding Her Baby | |||
4 (1.2) | 22 (6.8) | 47 (14.6) | Exclusive Breastfeeding | |
17 (5.3) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.3) | Formula | |
38 (11.8) | 150 (46.6) | 42 (13) | Mixed | |
0.240 | When Mother Planned How to Feed Her Baby? | |||
17 (5.3) | 12 (3.7) | 6 (1.9) | I did not decide | |
18 (5.6) | 78 (24.2) | 47 (14.6) | Before Pregnancy | |
13 (4) | 45 (14) | 15 (4.7) | During Pregnancy | |
8 (2.5) | 36 (11.2) | 22 (6.8) | After Birth |
Mothers’ Knowledge and Attitudes | Exclusive Breastfeeding | Mixed Feeding | Formula Feeding | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 90 (28) | 173 (53.7) | 59 (18.3) | ||
I feel that I can overcome breastfeeding problems. | Agree | 66 (20.5) | 112 (34.8) | 31 (9.6) | 0.909 |
Neither | 11 (3.4) | 34 (10.6) | 13 (4) | ||
Disagree | 13 (4) | 27 (8.4) | 15 (4.7) | ||
I am aware that exclusive breastfeeding is to feed a baby with breast milk without any addition during the first 6 months of the infant’s life. | Agree | 69 (21.4) | 128 (39.8) | 39 (12.1) | 0.689 |
Neither | 6 (1.9) | 17 (5.3) | 8 (2.5) | ||
Disagree | 15 (4.7) | 28 (8.7) | 12 (3.7) | ||
Breastfeeding helps me to get rid of additional weight that has been gained during the pregnancy period. | Agree | 70 (21.7) | 131 (40.7) | 44 (13.7) | 0.387 |
Neither | 13 (4) | 26 (8.1) | 7 (2.2) | ||
Disagree | 7 (2.2) | 16 (5) | 8 (2.5) | ||
Breastfeeding helps the uterus return to its normal position faster. | Agree | 79 (24.5) | 159 (49.4) | 51 (15.8) | 0.785 |
Neither | 9 (2.8) | 12 (3.7) | 6 (1.9) | ||
Disagree | 2 (0.6) | 2 (0.6) | 2 (0.6) | ||
Breastfeeding helps to prevent breast and ovarian cancer. | Agree | 75 (23.3) | 147 (45.7) | 52 (16.1) | 0.902 |
Neither | 12 (3.7) | 24 (7.5) | 6 (1.9) | ||
Disagree | 3 (0.9) | 2 (0.6) | 1 (0.3) | ||
Breastfeeding helps to prevent getting pregnant. | Agree | 54 (16.8) | 97 (30.1) | 37 (11.5) | 0.4880 |
Neither | 22 (6.8) | 46 (14.3) | 11 (3.4) | ||
Disagree | 14 (4.3) | 30 (9.3) | 11 (3.4) | ||
Breastfeeding helps to enhance the relationship and increase familiarity with my child. | Agree | 86 (26.7) | 162 (50.3) | 52 (16.1) | 0.472 |
Neither | 3 (0.9) | 9 (2.8) | 5 (1.6) | ||
Disagree | 1 (0.3) | 2 (0.6) | 2 (0.6) | ||
Breastfeeding helps to improve my body image. | Agree | 44 (13.7) | 105 (32.6) | 33 (10.2) | 0.069 |
Neither | 33 (10.2) | 45 (14) | 14 (4.3) | ||
Disagree | 13 (4) | 23 (7.1) | 12 (3.7) | ||
Breastfeeding helps to improve general health. | Agree | 74 (23) | 132 (41) | 45 (14) | 0.358 |
Neither | 11 (3.4) | 29 (9) | 11 (3.4) | ||
Disagree | 5 (1.6) | 12 (3.7) | 3 (0.9) | ||
I think I might stop exclusive breastfeeding if the milk is insufficient. | Agree | 28 (8.7) | 109 (33.9) | 30 (9.3) | 0.011 * |
Neither | 12 (3.7) | 17 (5.3) | 8 (2.5) | ||
Disagree | 50 (15.5) | 47 (14.6) | 21 (6.5) | ||
Problems with the nipple or breast may force me to stop breastfeeding. | Agree | 25 (7.8) | 73 (22.7) | 29 (9) | 0.089 |
Neither | 13 (4) | 14 (4.3) | 7 (2.2) | ||
Disagree | 52 (16.1) | 86 (26.7) | 23 (7.1) | ||
I think that breastfeeding may distort my breast shape. | Agree | 16 (5) | 33 (10.2) | 19 (5.9) | 0.423 |
Neither | 16 (5) | 22 (6.8) | 9 (2.8) | ||
Disagree | 58 (18) | 118 (36.6) | 31 (9.6) | ||
When I get sick, I stop breastfeeding my infant. | Agree | 22 (6.8) | 76 (23.6) | 28 (8.7) | 0.000 * |
Neither | 4 (1.2) | 21 (12.1) | 11 (18.6) | ||
Disagree | 64 (19.9) | 76 (23.6) | 20 (6.2) | ||
When my infant gets sick, I stop breastfeeding my infant. | Agree | 17 (5.3) | 30 (9.3) | 13 (4) | 0.071 |
Neither | 5 (1.6) | 8 (2.5) | 10 (3.1) | ||
Disagree | 68 (21.1) | 135 (41.9) | 36 (11.2) | ||
I think that breastfeeding is more clean, easy, and available. | Agree | 81 (25.2) | 160 (49.7) | 53 (16.5) | 0.905 |
Neither | 3 (0.9) | 2 (0.6) | 2 (0.6) | ||
Disagree | 6 (1.9) | 11 (3.4) | 4 (1.2) | ||
I think that breastfeeding is more economical and less expensive than formula milk. | Agree | 71 (22) | 150 (46.6) | 47 (14.6) | 0.443 |
Neither | 8 (2.5) | 6 (3.5) | 4 (1.2) | ||
Disagree | 11 (3.4) | 17 (5.3) | 8 (2.5) | ||
Breastfeeding infants are less prone to getting diarrhea than an infant who receives formula milk. | Agree | 76 (23.6) | 152 (47.2) | 47 (14.6) | 0.410 |
Neither | 8 (2.5) | 16 (5) | 8 (2.5) | ||
Disagree | 6 (1.9) | 5 (1.6) | 4 (1.2) | ||
Breastfeeding infants are less prone to getting ear infections than an infant who receives formula milk. | Agree | 78 (24.2) | 152 (47.2) | 50 (15.5) | 0.893 |
Neither | 9 (2.8) | 14 (4.3) | 7 (2.2) | ||
Disagree | 3 (0.9) | 7 (2.2) | 2 (0.6) | ||
Breastfeeding infants are less prone to getting chest infections than an infant who receives formula milk. | Agree | 74 (23) | 134 (41.6) | 43 (13.4) | 0.323 |
Neither | 11 (3.4) | 29 (9) | 12 (3.7) | ||
Disagree | 5 (1.6) | 10 (3.1) | 4 (1.2) | ||
Breastfeeding infants are less prone to getting constipation than an infant who receives formula milk. | Agree | 75 (23.3) | 150 (46.6) | 49 (15.2) | 0.928 |
Neither | 10 (3.1) | 15 (4.7) | 7 (2.2) | ||
Disagree | 5 (1.6) | 8 (2.5) | 3 (0.9) | ||
Breastfeeding infants are less prone to getting colds than infants who receive formula milk. | Agree | 66 (20.5) | 125 (38.8) | 41 (12.7) | 0.053 |
Neither | 19 (5.9) | 30 (9.3) | 8 (2.5) | ||
Disagree | 5 (1.6) | 18 (5.6) | 10 (3.1) | ||
Breastfeeding infants are less prone to getting food allergies than an infant who receives formula milk. | Agree | 66 (20.5) | 129 (40.1) | 37 (11.5) | 0.830 |
Neither | 17 (5.3) | 35 (10.9) | 13 (4) | ||
Disagree | 7 (2.2) | 9 (2.8) | 9 (2.8) | ||
Breastfeeding infants are less prone to getting asthma than infants who receive formula milk. | Agree | 63 (19.6) | 113 (35.1) | 36 (11.2) | 0.059 |
Neither | 21 (6.5) | 39 (12.1) | 13 (4) | ||
Disagree | 6 (1.9) | 21 (6.5) | 10 (3.1) | ||
Breastfeeding infants are smarter than an infant who receives formula feed. | Agree | 60 (18.6) | 119 (37) | 35 (10.9) | 0.810 |
Neither | 21 (6.5) | 43 (13.4) | 16 (5) | ||
Disagree | 9 (2.8) | 11 (3.4) | 8 (2.5) | ||
Breastfeeding infants are quieter than an infant who receives formula feed. | Agree | 54 (16.8) | 98 (30.4) | 32 (9.9) | 0.687 |
Neither | 24 (7.5) | 55 (17.1) | 18 (5.6) | ||
Disagree | 12 (3.7) | 20 (6.2) | 9 (2.8) | ||
Breastfeeding infants are healthier than an infant who receives formula feed. | Agree | 78 (24.2) | 147 (45.7) | 52 (16.1) | 0.255 |
Neither | 10 (3.1) | 18 (5.6) | 4 (6.8) | ||
Disagree | 2 (0.6) | 8 (2.5) | 3 (0.9) | ||
Breastfeeding infants are less obese than an infant who receive formula feed. | Agree | 67 (20.8) | 121 (37.6) | 35 (10.9) | 0.176 |
Neither | 15 (4.7) | 35 (10.9) | 18 (5.6) | ||
Disagree | 8 (2.5) | 17 (5.3) | 6 (1.9) |
Mothers’ Degree of Comfort When Breastfeeding in Social Situations | Exclusive Breastfeeding | Mixed Feeding | Formula Feeding | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 90 (28) | 173 (53.7) | 59 (18.3) | ||
I can breastfeed my infant in front of my relative. | Agree | 51 (15.8) | 82 (25.5) | 18 (5.6) | 0.024 * |
Neither | 8 (2.5) | 14 (4.3) | 7 (2.2) | ||
Disagree | 31 (9.6) | 77 (23.9) | 34 (10.6) | ||
I can breastfeed in front of my best friends. | Agree | 49 (15.2) | 78 (24.2) | 19 (5.9) | 0.028 * |
Neither | 12 (3.7) | 15 (4.7) | 9 (2.8) | ||
Disagree | 29 (9) | 80 (24.8) | 31 (9.6) | ||
I can breastfeed in public. | Agree | 20 (6.2) | 23 (7.1) | 10 (3.1) | 0.132 |
Neither | 9 (2.8) | 12 (3.7) | 4 (1.2) | ||
Disagree | 61 (18.9) | 138 (42.9) | 45 (14) | ||
Our society promotes and supports breastfeeding practice. | Agree | 59 (18.3) | 122 (37.9) | 42 (13) | 0.806 |
Neither | 14 (4.3) | 25 (7.8) | 8 (2.5) | ||
Disagree | 17 (5.3) | 26 (8.1) | 9 (2.8) | ||
The absence of a suitable place for breastfeeding caused me to stop breastfeeding. | Agree | 36 (11.2) | 98 (30.4) | 25 (7.8) | 0.043 * |
Neither | 10 (3.1) | 28 (8.7) | 11 (3.4) | ||
Disagree | 44 (13.7) | 47 (14.6) | 23 (7.1) |
Feeding Type/Variable | B | SE | Wald | df | Sig | OR | 95% CI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exclusive Breastfeeding | Antenatal infant’s feeding plan | ||||||||
Exclusive breastfeeding | 1.99 | 0.603 | 10.9 | 1 | 0.001 | 7.309 | 2.241 | 23.839 | |
Exclusive formula feeding | −3.192 | 1.118 | 8.156 | 1 | 0.004 | 0.041 | 0.005 | 0.367 | |
Mixed feeding | REF | ||||||||
Previous breastfeeding experience | |||||||||
None | −1.226 | 0.643 | 3.631 | 1 | 0.057 | 0.294 | 0.083 | 1.036 | |
Yes | REF | ||||||||
Ability to breastfeed in front of relatives | |||||||||
Yes | −1.257 | 0.946 | 1.764 | 1 | 0.184 | 0.285 | 0.045 | 1.818 | |
No | −1.649 | 0.968 | 2.900 | 1 | 0.089 | 0.192 | 0.029 | 1.283 | |
Not sure | REF | ||||||||
Ability to breastfeed in front of best friends | |||||||||
Yes | 0.864 | 0.826 | 1.094 | 1 | 0.296 | 2.373 | 0.470 | 11.984 | |
No | 0.619 | 0.846 | 0.536 | 1 | 0.464 | 1.857 | 0.354 | 9.747 | |
Not sure | REF | ||||||||
The absence of suitable places for breastfeeding made me stop breastfeeding | |||||||||
Yes | 0.508 | 0.671 | 0.573 | 1 | 0.449 | 1.662 | 0.446 | 6.197 | |
No | 0.669 | 0.692 | 0.933 | 1 | 0.334 | 1.952 | 0.503 | 7.576 | |
Not sure | REF | ||||||||
Stop breastfeeding if milk insufficient | |||||||||
Yes | −0.646 | 0.666 | 0.941 | 1 | 0.332 | 0.524 | 0.142 | 1.934 | |
No | −0.042 | 0.685 | 0.004 | 1 | 0.951 | 0.959 | 0.250 | 3.671 | |
Not sure | REF | ||||||||
Stop breastfeeding if mother gets sick | |||||||||
Yes | 0.788 | 0.823 | 0.915 | 1 | 0.339 | 2.198 | 0.438 | 11.042 | |
No | 1.620 | 0.808 | 4.020 | 1 | 0.045 | 5.054 | 1.037 | 24.627 | |
Not sure | REF | ||||||||
Mixed feeding | Antenatal infant’s feeding plan | ||||||||
Exclusive breastfeeding | 0.172 | 0.597 | 0.083 | 1 | 0.773 | 1.188 | 0.369 | 3.827 | |
Exclusive formula feeding | −4.305 | 1.079 | 15.913 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.013 | 0.002 | 0.112 | |
Mixed feeding | REF | ||||||||
Previous breastfeeding experience | |||||||||
None | −0.817 | 0.609 | 1.799 | 1 | 0.180 | 0.442 | 0.134 | 1.458 | |
Yes | REF | ||||||||
Ability to breastfeed in front of relatives | |||||||||
Yes | −0.365 | 0.856 | 0.182 | 1 | 0.670 | 0.694 | 0.130 | 3.718 | |
No | −1.032 | 0.861 | 1.434 | 1 | 0.231 | 0.356 | 0.066 | 1.928 | |
Not sure | REF | ||||||||
Ability to breastfeed in front of best friends | |||||||||
Yes | 1.155 | 0.733 | 2.479 | 1 | 0.115 | 3.173 | 0.754 | 13.362 | |
No | 1.041 | 0.732 | 2.024 | 1 | 0.155 | 2.832 | 0.675 | 11.885 | |
Not sure | REF | ||||||||
The absence of suitable places for breastfeeding made me stop breastfeeding | |||||||||
Yes | 0.124 | 0.528 | 0.055 | 1 | 0.814 | 1.132 | 0.402 | 3.183 | |
No | −0.401 | 0.557 | 0.519 | 1 | 0.471 | 0.670 | 0.225 | 1.994 | |
Not sure | REF | ||||||||
Stop breastfeeding if milk insufficient | |||||||||
Yes | 0.558 | 0.585 | 0.910 | 1 | 0.340 | 1.747 | 0.555 | 5.494 | |
No | 0.143 | 0.626 | 0.052 | 1 | 0.819 | 1.154 | 0.338 | 3.932 | |
Not sure | REF | ||||||||
Stop breastfeeding if mother gets sick | |||||||||
Yes | −0.436 | 0.581 | 0.563 | 1 | 0.453 | 0.646 | 0.207 | 2.020 | |
No | 0.035 | 0.596 | 0.003 | 1 | 0.954 | 1.035 | 0.322 | 3.326 | |
Not sure | REF |
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Alyousefi, N.A. Determinants of Successful Exclusive Breastfeeding for Saudi Mothers: Social Acceptance Is a Unique Predictor. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5172. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105172
Alyousefi NA. Determinants of Successful Exclusive Breastfeeding for Saudi Mothers: Social Acceptance Is a Unique Predictor. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(10):5172. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105172
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlyousefi, Nada A. 2021. "Determinants of Successful Exclusive Breastfeeding for Saudi Mothers: Social Acceptance Is a Unique Predictor" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10: 5172. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105172