Development of Hourly Indoor PM2.5 Concentration Prediction Model: The Role of Outdoor Air, Ventilation, Building Characteristic, and Human Activity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Design
2.2. Data Collection and Source
2.2.1. Building Characteristics, Human Indoor Activities, and Furniture Materials
2.2.2. Indoor and Outdoor Air Quality
2.3. MLR Model Procedure
- Step1: A simple regression analysis was used to analyze the association between indoor PM2.5 level and all variables. Variables with p > 0.05 were excluded;
- Step 2: A simple linear regression model was used to assess the collinearity between variables. Values with a variance inflation factor >3 were excluded to establish the prediction model;
- Step 3: MLR (stepwise) was used to analyze the association between all variables and indoor PM2.5 concentrations. We repeated this process until no more variables could be removed without statistically significant (p > 0.05) changes in the regression model.
2.4. Prediction Model Performance Evaluation
3. Results
3.1. Building Characteristics and Human Activity
3.2. Distribution of Indoor and Outdoor PM2.5 Level
3.3. MLR Model Results
3.4. Validation Result
3.5. Discussion
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Description | Results (n, %) |
---|---|---|
Building characteristics | ||
Building type | Townhouse | 53 (57%) |
Single-family | 14 (15%) | |
Apartment | 26 (28%) | |
Building age | <10 years | 3 (3%) |
10–20 years | 26 (29%) | |
20–40 years | 56 (62%) | |
>40 years | 6 (6%) | |
Building floor level | 1 | 7 (7%) |
2 | 35 (38%) | |
>3 | 51 (55%) | |
Near main road (<8 m) & | Yes | 42 (45%) |
Air conditioner type | Central air conditioner | 29 (31%) |
Window or single-split air conditioner | 55 (59%) | |
None | 9 (10%) | |
Heater | Yes | 7 (8%) |
Wall material | ||
Wall paint | Yes | 78 (84%) |
Furniture material | ||
Wood | Yes | 86 (92%) |
Cloth | Yes | 6 (6%) |
Leather | Yes | 2 (2%) |
Imitation leather | Yes | 3 (3%) |
Plastic | Yes | 35 (38%) |
Iron or glass | Yes | 26 (28%) |
Variables | Description | Results (n, %) |
---|---|---|
Planting * | Yes | 19 (20%) |
Smoking * | Yes | 36 (39%) |
Incense stick burning * | Yes | 45 (48%) |
Mosquito coil burning * | Yes | 14 (15%) |
Floor cleaning (frequency) # | Every day | 60 (65%) |
1 time every 2 weeks | 16 (17%) | |
1 time per month | 17 (18%) | |
Furniture cleaning (frequency) # | 1 time per week | 37 (40%) |
1 time per month | 56 (60%) | |
Clean bed sheet (frequency) # | 1 time every 2 weeks | 39 (42%) |
1 time per month | 54 (58%) | |
Replace bed sheet (frequency) # | 1 time every 2 weeks | 41 (44%) |
1 time per month | 52 (56%) |
Pollutants | Overall (N = 1979) | Spring (N = 477) | Summer (N = 869) | Fall (N = 256) | Winter (N = 377) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indoor PM2.5-DUST-TRAK | 19.5 ± 10.6 | 24.2 ± 10.3 | 13.7 ± 6.5 | 18.5 ± 8.6 | 27.4 ± 12.0 |
Outdoor PM2.5-DUST-TRAK | 29.5 ± 20.3 | 38.9 ± 20.4 | 17.3 ± 9.4 | 30.2 ± 17.4 | 45.0 ± 23.2 |
Outdoor PM2.5-Kriging | 38.1 ± 20.6 | 49.0 ± 19.3 | 25.1 ± 11.3 | 40.1 ± 17.0 | 53.0 ± 22.3 |
Predictor | Coefficients | Coefficients (95% CI) | p-Value | Adjust R2 (%) | RMSE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Air pollutants | |||||
Outdoor PM2.5 concentration | 0.422 | 0.410 to 0.434 | <0.0001 | ||
Difference of indoor and outdoor CO2 | −0.003 | −0.003 to −0.002 | <0.0001 | ||
Building characteristics | |||||
Building type (townhouse = 0, single-family = 1, apartment = 2) | 0.565 | 0.145 to 0.985 | <0.05 | ||
Building floor level (first floor level = 0, second floor level = 1, more than three floor level = 2) | −1.292 | −1.729 to −0.856 | <0.0001 | ||
Human activities | |||||
Clean bed sheet (one time every weeks = 0, one time per month = 1) | 1.310 | 0.727 to 1.893 | <0.0001 | ||
Replace bed sheet (one time every weeks = 0, one time per month = 1) | 1.166 | 0.864 to 1.467 | <0.0001 | ||
Mosquito coil burning (no = 0, yes = 1) | 2.318 | 1.584 to 3.052 | <0.0001 | ||
Overall | <0.0001 | 74 | 5.41 |
Validation | N | R2 (%) | Adjust R2 (%) | RMSE |
---|---|---|---|---|
Validation I | 395 | 74 | 74 | 5.70 |
Validation II | 395 | 77 | 77 | 4.74 |
Validation III | 395 | 77 | 76 | 5.03 |
Validation IV | 395 | 78 | 78 | 4.87 |
Validation V | 395 | 72 | 72 | 5.25 |
Average | 76 | 75 |
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Jung, C.-C.; Lin, W.-Y.; Hsu, N.-Y.; Wu, C.-D.; Chang, H.-T.; Su, H.-J. Development of Hourly Indoor PM2.5 Concentration Prediction Model: The Role of Outdoor Air, Ventilation, Building Characteristic, and Human Activity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5906. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165906
Jung C-C, Lin W-Y, Hsu N-Y, Wu C-D, Chang H-T, Su H-J. Development of Hourly Indoor PM2.5 Concentration Prediction Model: The Role of Outdoor Air, Ventilation, Building Characteristic, and Human Activity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(16):5906. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165906
Chicago/Turabian StyleJung, Chien-Cheng, Wan-Yi Lin, Nai-Yun Hsu, Chih-Da Wu, Hao-Ting Chang, and Huey-Jen Su. 2020. "Development of Hourly Indoor PM2.5 Concentration Prediction Model: The Role of Outdoor Air, Ventilation, Building Characteristic, and Human Activity" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 16: 5906. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165906