Perceived Controlling Behaviors of Physical Education Teachers and Objectively Measured Leisure-Time Physical Activity in Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Teachers’ Perceived Controlling Behavior
2.3.2. Perceived Frustration of the Basic Psychological Needs
2.3.3. Motivational Regulations in Physical Education Context
2.3.4. Motivational Regulations in Leisure-Time Physical Activity Context
2.3.5. Objectively Measured Leisure-Time Moderate-To-Vigorous Physical Activity
2.3.6. Past Moderate-To-Vigorous Physical Activity Behavior
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Drop-Out Analyses of the Participants
3.2. Descriptive Statistics
3.3. Structural Equation Modelling
3.3.1. Indirect Effects
3.3.2. Specific Indirect Effects
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Correlations | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 |
1. Negative conditional regard | - | |||||||||||||||
2. Intimidation | 0.62 ** | - | ||||||||||||||
3. Controlling use of praise | 0.49 ** | 0.40 ** | - | |||||||||||||
4. Autonomy need frustration | 0.34 ** | 0.29 ** | 0.32 ** | - | ||||||||||||
5. Competence need frustration | 0.31 ** | 0.23 ** | 0.21 ** | 0.66 ** | - | |||||||||||
6. Relatedness need frustration | 0.39 ** | 0.35 ** | 0.36 ** | 0.45 ** | 0.52 ** | - | ||||||||||
7. Intrinsic motivation in PE | −0.02 | −0.13 | −0.03 | −0.34 ** | −0.31 ** | −0.20 * | - | |||||||||
8. Identified regulation in PE | 0.01 | −0.05 | 0.04 | −0.32 ** | −0.32 ** | −0.06 | 0.81 ** | - | ||||||||
9. Introjected regulation in PE | 0.09 | 0.17 * | 0.10 | 0.04 | −0.03 | 0.09 | 0.43 ** | 0.56 ** | - | |||||||
10. External regulation in PE | 0.37 ** | 0.40 ** | 0.30 ** | 0.46 ** | 0.42 ** | 0.28 ** | −0.11 | −0.01 | 0.44 ** | - | ||||||
11. Intrinsic motivation in LT | −0.10 | −0.13 | −0.05 | −0.25 ** | −0.34 ** | −0.23 ** | 0.53 ** | 0.46 ** | 0.19 * | −0.15 | - | |||||
12. Identified regulation in LT | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 | −0.09 | −0.21 ** | −0.15 | 0.49 ** | 0.51 ** | 0.44 ** | 0.05 | 0.65 ** | - | ||||
13. Introjected regulation in LT | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.23 ** | 0.25 ** | 0.30 ** | 0.51 ** | 0.29 ** | 0.20 * | 0.59 ** | - | |||
14. External regulation in LT | 0.15 | 0.20 * | 0.21 ** | 0.13 | 0.20 * | 0.29 ** | 0.08 | 0.18 * | 0.32 ** | 0.29 ** | −0.18 * | 0.05 | 0.38 ** | - | ||
15. Objective MVPA (min/day) | 0.01 | 0.05 | −0.09 | −0.12 | −0.23 ** | −0.12 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.08 | −0.01 | 0.22 ** | 0.21 ** | 0.16 * | −0.14 | - | |
16. Past LT physical activity | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.10 | −0.08 | −0.16 | −0.05 | 0.34 ** | 0.40 ** | 0.33 ** | 0.04 | 0.50 ** | 0.55 ** | 0.37 ** | 0.03 | 0.21 ** | - |
Mean | 2.56 | 1.72 | 3.30 | 3.13 | 3.02 | 2.10 | 5.27 | 5.23 | 3.96 | 4.21 | 5.27 | 4.38 | 2.93 | 2.19 | 38.75 | 3.77 |
SD | 1.27 | 0.96 | 1.34 | 1.17 | 1.36 | 1.19 | 1.31 | 1.27 | 1.31 | 1.45 | 1.44 | 1.36 | 1.41 | 1.15 | 17.57 | 1.13 |
Cronbach alpha (α) | 0.64 | 0.67 | 0.66 | 0.65 | 0.78 | 0.83 | 0.87 | 0.84 | 0.64 | 0.74 | 0.89 | 0.77 | 0.80 | 0.74 | - | - |
Parameter | β | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|
LL | UL | ||
Perceived controlling behavior → Intrinsic motivation in PE | −0.15 *** | −0.26 | −0.06 |
Perceived controlling behavior → Identified regulation in PE | −0.09 | −0.20 | 0.01 |
Perceived controlling behavior → Introjected regulation in PE | −0.06 | −0.02 | 0.15 |
Perceived controlling behavior → External regulation in PE | 0.23 *** | 0.12 | 0.36 |
Perceived controlling behavior → Intrinsic motivation in LT | −0.06 *** | −0.11 | −0.02 |
Perceived controlling behavior → Identified regulation in LT | −0.03 | −0.08 | 0.00 |
Perceived controlling behavior → Introjected regulation in LT | 0.02 | −0.00 | 0.16 |
Perceived controlling behavior → External regulation in LT | 0.04 * | 0.01 | 0.10 |
Perceived controlling behavior → Objectively measured MVPA | −0.09 ** | −0.19 | −0.02 |
Autonomy need frustration → Intrinsic motivation in LT | −0.10 ** | −0.19 | −0.03 |
Autonomy need frustration → Identified regulation in LT | −0.08 ** | −0.17 | −0.03 |
Autonomy need frustration → Introjected regulation in LT | 0.02 | −0.03 | 0.09 |
Autonomy need frustration → External regulation in LT | 0.06 * | 0.01 | 0.14 |
Autonomy need frustration → Objectively measured MVPA | −0.01 | −0.04 | 0.02 |
Competence need frustration → Intrinsic motivation in LT | −0.03 | −0.13 | 0.05 |
Competence need frustration → Identified regulation in LT | −0.06 | −0.15 | 0.01 |
Competence need frustration → Introjected regulation in LT | −0.02 | −0.10 | 0.04 |
Competence need frustration → External regulation in LT | 0.04 * | 0.00 | 0.11 |
Competence need frustration → Objectively measured MVPA | −0.01 | −0.04 | 0.01 |
Relatedness need frustration → Intrinsic motivation in LT | −0.01 | −0.09 | 0.06 |
Relatedness need frustration → Identified regulation in LT | 0.06 a | 0.00 | 0.12 |
Relatedness need frustration → Introjected regulation in LT | 0.04 | −0.01 | 0.11 |
Relatedness need frustration → External regulation in LT | 0.01 | −0.03 | 0.05 |
Relatedness need frustration → Objectively measured MVPA | 0.00 | −0.02 | 0.03 |
Intrinsic motivation in PE → Objectively measured MVPA | 0.03 | −0.05 | 0.11 |
Identified regulation in PE → Objectively measured MVPA | −0.02 | −0.12 | 0.06 |
Introjected regulation in PE → Objectively measured MVPA | 0.06 * | 0.01 | 0.15 |
External regulation in PE → Objectively measured MVPA | −0.04 * | −0.10 | −0.01 |
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Koka, A.; Tilga, H.; Kalajas-Tilga, H.; Hein, V.; Raudsepp, L. Perceived Controlling Behaviors of Physical Education Teachers and Objectively Measured Leisure-Time Physical Activity in Adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2709. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152709
Koka A, Tilga H, Kalajas-Tilga H, Hein V, Raudsepp L. Perceived Controlling Behaviors of Physical Education Teachers and Objectively Measured Leisure-Time Physical Activity in Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(15):2709. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152709
Chicago/Turabian StyleKoka, Andre, Henri Tilga, Hanna Kalajas-Tilga, Vello Hein, and Lennart Raudsepp. 2019. "Perceived Controlling Behaviors of Physical Education Teachers and Objectively Measured Leisure-Time Physical Activity in Adolescents" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 15: 2709. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152709