Household Dengue Prevention Interventions, Expenditures, and Barriers to Aedes aegypti Control in Machala, Ecuador
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Site and Study Population
2.2. Research Methods
2.3. Product Surveys
2.4. Household Surveys
2.5. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Household Demographics
Knowledge and Perceptions of Vector Control
3.2. Household Mosquito Control and Dengue Prevention Interventions
3.3. Store Product Surveys
3.4. Household Expenditures
3.5. Factors Influencing Decision to Purchase a Product
3.6. Predictors of Monthly Expenditures
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Socio-Demographics | % Households (n) |
---|---|
Female head of household | 30% (12) |
House is rented | 25% (10) |
Head of household has only primary education | 43% (17) |
Head of household has secondary education | 55% (22) |
Head of household is currently employed | 85% (34) |
Employed and earns less than the minimum wage (n = 34) | 41% (14) |
Employed and job is unstable (n = 34) | 38% (13) |
Water access & storage | |
Access to municipal sewerage | 83% (33) |
Piped water inside the house | 65% (26) |
Daily or weekly interruptions in the piped water supply | 43% (17) |
Water stored in cisterns or elevated tanks | 80% (32) |
Housing Condition | |
Have screens on all windows and doors | 20% (8) |
Patio condition is good (n = 29) | 17% (5) |
General housing condition is good | 15% (6) |
Knowledge & perceptions | |
Someone in the family with prior dengue or chikungunya infection | 60% (24) |
Knowledge that dengue is transmitted by mosquitoes | 90% (36) |
Consider dengue to be a serious problem in the community | 88% (35) |
Dengue is one of the three most important health problems in the community (open-ended response). | 65% (26) |
Primary challenge to vector control (only one response selected) | |
Economic limitations | 38% (15) |
Lack of information | 10% (4) |
Lack of time | 20% (8) |
No difficulties | 32% (13) |
Mosquito Control and Dengue Prevention Strategies | % Households (n) |
---|---|
Sleep under bed-net | 92% (35) |
Close windows and doors | 61% (23) |
Cover tanks with water/do not let water accumulate outside | 55%(21) |
Fumigation | 53% (20) |
Burn plants for smoke | 50% (20) |
Eliminate trash | 50% (19) |
General cleaning | 45% (17) |
Apply repellent | 32% (12) |
Use liquid larvicide provided by the MoH * | 29% (11) |
Apply diesel to floors | 26% (10) |
Cut vegetation | 24% (9) |
Use other insecticides | 24% (9) |
Type of Product | Product Brand | Description (Available Products) | Main Active Ingredient | Median Price per Unit or per mL ($US) | Price Range per Item ($US) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Repellent | Detan | Lotion 60 mL, 120 mL | Diethyl Toluamide “deet” | 0.02 | 2.09–2.99 |
OFF! | Spray 127 mL | Diethyl Toluamide “deet” | 0.05 | 6.59–6.59 | |
Liquid insecticides | Dragon | Liquid 230 mL, 450 mL, 950 mL, 475 mL w/spray nozzle | Tetramethrin 0.46% | 0.01 | 1.34–4.39 |
Torvi | Liquid 230 mL, 500 mL, 1000 mL, 630 mL w/spray nozzle | Cypermethrin 0.25% | 0.01 | 1.26–4.05 | |
Flit-Kit | 750 mL w/ spray nozzle | Cypermethrin | 0.01 | 3.49–3.49 | |
Mosquito coils | Incienso | 10 spiral units | D-Allethrin 0.20% | 0.10 | 0.99–0.99 |
Baygon | 6 double spiral units | D-Allethrin 0.20% | 0.18 | 1.00–1.19 | |
Aguila | 10 spiral units | Dimefluthrin 0.02% | 0.10 | 0.90–0.98 | |
Lanju | 10 spiral units | Dimefluthrin 0.03% | 0.09 | 0.90–0.95 | |
Aerosol sprays | Sapolio | Spray 235 mL | D-Tetramethrin 0.15% | 0.01 | 3.00–3.85 |
Raid | Spray 235 mL, 360 mL | D-Tetramethrin 0.35% | 0.01 | 3.20–4.81 | |
PIX | Spray 300 mL | Chlorpyrifos 0.5% | 0.01 | 3.03–3.03 | |
Rodasol | Spray 400 mL | Bioallethrin 0.2% | 0.01 | 4.24–4.39 | |
Equipment | Mosquito Racket | Rechargable racket | 4.49 | 3.99–4.99 | |
Dragon | Insecticide pump | 2.69 | 2.39–2.99 | ||
(Bed-net) | Untreated bed-net, varying sizes and styles | 13.50 | 9.00–35.00 | ||
Other | Palosanto | Small bag of five sticks | 0.20 | 0.75–1.25 |
Measures | Median (US$) | Min (US$) | Max (US$) | % of Weekly Income |
---|---|---|---|---|
Income | 107.50 | 50.00 | 250.00 | 100.0% |
Food expenditures | 80.00 | 30.00 | 120.00 | 74.0% |
Mosquito control expenditures | 2.00 | 0.00 | 9.21 | 1.9% |
Factors | % Households (n) |
---|---|
Effective product | 42% (16) |
Low cost | 39% (15) |
Easy to use/apply | 34% (13) |
Minimal effects on health | 29% (11) |
Recommended by a friend/family member | 29% (11) |
Easy access in my neighborhood | 21% (8) |
Accustomed to use/always have used the product | 11% (4) |
Heard about the product on TV/news/radio | 8% (3) |
Product kills mosquitoes (vs repel) | 8% (3) |
The product lasts for a long time | 8% (3) |
Co-benefits of use, i.e., product kills other pests also | 5% (2) |
Measure | n | Mean (US$) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Home ownership | 40 | Own = 9.90 Rent = 5.11 | 0.058 1 |
Someone in the household with prior chikungunya or dengue infection | 38 | Yes = 9.71 No = 8.14 | 0.590 |
Stability of job | 40 | Stable = 9.71 Unstable = 7.44 | 0.406 |
Household income above/below minimum wage | 38 | Above = 9.00 Below = 10.86 | 0.872 |
Gender | 40 | Male = 8.56 Female = 9.00 | 0.884 |
Total strategies employed 2 | 40 | r = 0.571 | 0.000 1 |
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Share and Cite
Heydari, N.; Larsen, D.A.; Neira, M.; Beltrán Ayala, E.; Fernandez, P.; Adrian, J.; Rochford, R.; Stewart-Ibarra, A.M. Household Dengue Prevention Interventions, Expenditures, and Barriers to Aedes aegypti Control in Machala, Ecuador. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 196. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14020196
Heydari N, Larsen DA, Neira M, Beltrán Ayala E, Fernandez P, Adrian J, Rochford R, Stewart-Ibarra AM. Household Dengue Prevention Interventions, Expenditures, and Barriers to Aedes aegypti Control in Machala, Ecuador. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(2):196. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14020196
Chicago/Turabian StyleHeydari, Naveed, David A. Larsen, Marco Neira, Efraín Beltrán Ayala, Prissila Fernandez, Jefferson Adrian, Rosemary Rochford, and Anna M. Stewart-Ibarra. 2017. "Household Dengue Prevention Interventions, Expenditures, and Barriers to Aedes aegypti Control in Machala, Ecuador" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 2: 196. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14020196
APA StyleHeydari, N., Larsen, D. A., Neira, M., Beltrán Ayala, E., Fernandez, P., Adrian, J., Rochford, R., & Stewart-Ibarra, A. M. (2017). Household Dengue Prevention Interventions, Expenditures, and Barriers to Aedes aegypti Control in Machala, Ecuador. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(2), 196. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14020196