Exposure to Multiple Low-Level Chemicals in Relation to Reproductive Hormones in Premenopausal Women Involved in Liquid Crystal Display Manufacture
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Research Design and Population
2.2. Processes of LCD Manufacturing
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Endocrine Measurements
2.5. Exposures Assessment
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Volatile organic compounds (ppb) a | Array | Panel | Module | Regulatory Standard (ppm) | Reproductive hazard ratings b |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Photo-ionization detector | |||||
Range | 58–1472 | ND–766 | ND–21,000 | ||
Arenes and aromatics | |||||
Toluene | 20.8 | 7.5 | 11.1 | 100 | A+ |
m/p-Xylene | 6.9 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 100 | A− |
Benzene | 1.1 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 5 | A− |
Ethylbenzene | 4.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | B | |
Styrene | 0.7 | ND | 0.1 | 50 | A− |
Alkynes | |||||
Ethanol | 281.6 | 2,256.9 | 1,974.9 | 1,000 | A+ |
Acetone | 58.9 | 592.2 | 2,283.2 | 750 | A− |
2-Butanone | 4.5 | 2.9 | 3.5 | 200 | A− |
Isopropyl alcohol | 23.8 | 4.3 | 81.0 | 400 | B− |
Ethyl acetate | 2.6 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 400 | A+ |
Methylene chloride | 0.9 | 1.5 | 3.5 | 50 | A+ |
Acetaldehyde | ND | 0.6 | 1.0 | 100 | A− |
2-Methyl-1-propanol | ND | ND | 46.5 | B− | |
1-Butanol | 30.1 | ND | 10.7 | 150 | A− |
Hexane | ND | ND | 2.9 | 50 | A− |
3-Methylpentane, | ND | ND | 2.1 | E | |
2-Methylpentane, | 1.8 | ND | 1.8 | E | |
Methyl isobutyl ketone | 0.3 | ND | ND | 50 | E |
1-Methoxy-2-propyl acetate | 130.8 | ND | ND | C | |
1-Methoxy-2-propanol, | 36.9 | ND | ND | B− |
Characteristics | Array | Panel | Module | |
---|---|---|---|---|
No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | ||
Number included | 23 (100.0) | 53 (100.0) | 18 (100.0) | |
Age (years) | ||||
<30 | 12 (52.2) | 22 (41.5) | 4 (22.2) | |
30–44 | 10 (43.5) | 31 (58.5) | 13 (72.2) | |
≥45 | 1 (4.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.6) | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
<18.5 | 7 (30.4) | 11 (20.8) | 4 (22.2) | |
18.5–24.9 | 13 (56.5) | 31 (58.5) | 9 (50.0) | |
≥25.0 | 3 (13.0) | 11 (20.8) | 5 (27.8) | |
Education (years) | ||||
<12 | 17 (73.9) | 49 (92.5) | 17 (94.4) | |
≥12 | 6 (26.1) | 4 (7.5) | 1 (5.6) | |
Current smoking | ||||
Yes | 2 (8.7) | 5 (9.4) | 1 (5.6) | |
No | 21 (91.3) | 48 (90.6) | 17 (94.4) | |
Current alcohol drinking | ||||
Yes | 1 (4.3) | 2 (3.8) | 1 (5.6) | |
No | 22 (95.7) | 51 (96.2) | 17 (94.4) | |
Current coffee drinking | ||||
Yes | 13 (56.6) | 16 (30.2) | 10 (55.6) | |
No | 10 (43.5) | 37 (69.8) | 8 (44.4) | |
Working pattern | ||||
Regular day work | 20 (87.0) | 44 (83.0) | 12 (66.7) | |
12 h shift work | 3 (13.0) | 9 (17.0) | 6 (33.3) | |
Psychosocial score a | ||||
Low (0) | 17 (73.9) | 44 (83.0) | 17 (94.4) | |
Middle (1–3) | 6 (26.1) | 9 (17.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
High (≥4) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.6) |
Reproductive hormones | Array | Panel | Module | P value a | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urine No. | Mean (SD) | Urine No. | Mean (SD) | Urine No. | Mean (SD) | |||
Early follicular phase b | ||||||||
FSH (mIU/mg Cr) | 156 | 0.51 (0.42) | 393 | 0.56 (0.52) | 148 | 0.65 (0.50) | 0.005 | |
E1C (ng/mg Cr) | 152 | 19.32 (18.20) | 386 | 13.56 (12.17) | 147 | 29.28 (30.35) | <0.001 | |
PdG (μg/mg Cr) | 155 | 0.60 (0.87) | 386 | 0.58 (0.92) | 148 | 0.89 (1.51) | 0.01 | |
Periovulatory phase c | ||||||||
FSH (mIU/mg Cr) | 205 | 0.48 (0.53) | 481 | 0.56 (0.78) | 179 | 0.66 (1.49) | 0.128 | |
E1C (ng/mg Cr) | 205 | 43.17 (48.31) | 474 | 35.04 (46.62) | 179 | 50.08 (44.18) | 0.001 | |
PdG (μg/mg Cr) | 204 | 1.08 (1.20) | 458 | 0.98 (1.29) | 179 | 0.81 (1.09) | 0.291 | |
Luteal phase d | ||||||||
FSH (mIU/mg Cr) | 245 | 2.53 (2.58) | 611 | 2.77 (3.03) | 213 | 4.65 (5.66) | <0.001 | |
E1C (ng/mg Cr) | 244 | 34.16 (24.53) | 609 | 28.30 (22.18) | 197 | 33.57 (29.17) | 0.01 | |
PdG (μg/mg Cr) | 245 | 2.23 (1.84) | 608 | 2.26 (2.29) | 218 | 2.75 (3.51) | 0.20 |
Reproductive hormones | Panel vs. array | Module vs. array | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude | Adjusted a | Crude | Adjusted a | |||
β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |||
Early follicular phase | ||||||
FSH (mIU/mg Cr) | 0.33 (−0.55, 1.21) | 0.89 (0.07, 1.71) * | 1.20 (0.12, 2.28) * | 0.85 (−0.15, 1.85) | ||
E1C (ng/mg Cr) | −5.77 (−9.10, −2.44) *** | −4.49 (−7.90, −1.08) ** | 9.95 (9.87, 10.03) **** | 12.55 (8.49, 16.61) **** | ||
PdG (μg/mg Cr) | 0.03 (−0.17, 0.23) | 0.004 (−0.19, 0.20) | 0.32 (0.08, 0.56) ** | 0.53 (0.29, 0.77) **** | ||
Periovulatory phase | ||||||
FSH (mIU/mg Cr) | 0.74 (−0.63, 2.11) | 1.06 (−0.23, 2.35) | 1.72 (0.01, 3.43) * | 1.02 (−0.59, 2.63) | ||
E1C (ng/mg Cr) | −7.46 (−14.32, −0.60) * | −5.16 (−9.61, −0.71) * | 7.40 (−1.22, 16.02) | 11.93 (6.21, 17.65) **** | ||
PdG (μg/mg Cr) | −0.03 (−0.23, 0.17) | 0.004 (−0.20, 0.19) | 0.32 (0.08, 0.56) ** | 0.53 (0.29, 0.77) **** | ||
Luteal phase | ||||||
FSH (mIU/mg Cr) | 0.25 (−0.32, 0.82) | 0.20 (−0.35, 0.75) | 2.21 (1.48, 2.94) **** | 1.48 (0.81, 2.15) **** | ||
E1C (ng/mg Cr) | −5.80 (−9.35, −2.25) *** | −3.44 (−6.99, 0.11) | 0.59 (−3.88, 5.06) | 9.29 (4.92, 13.66) **** | ||
PdG (μg/mg Cr) | 0.04 (−0.35, 0.43) | 0.19 (−0.30, 0.68) | 0.62 (0.13, 1.11) ** | 1.01 (0.42, 1.60) *** |
4. Discussion and Summary
Acknowledgments
References
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Lin, C.-C.; Huang, C.-N.; Wang, J.-D.; Hwang, Y.-H.; Shie, R.-H.; Chang, Y.-Y.; Weng, S.-P.; Chen, P.-C. Exposure to Multiple Low-Level Chemicals in Relation to Reproductive Hormones in Premenopausal Women Involved in Liquid Crystal Display Manufacture. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10, 1406-1417. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10041406
Lin C-C, Huang C-N, Wang J-D, Hwang Y-H, Shie R-H, Chang Y-Y, Weng S-P, Chen P-C. Exposure to Multiple Low-Level Chemicals in Relation to Reproductive Hormones in Premenopausal Women Involved in Liquid Crystal Display Manufacture. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2013; 10(4):1406-1417. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10041406
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Ching-Chun, Chia-Ni Huang, Jung-Der Wang, Yaw-Huei Hwang, Ruei-Hao Shie, Yu-Yin Chang, Shao-Ping Weng, and Pau-Chung Chen. 2013. "Exposure to Multiple Low-Level Chemicals in Relation to Reproductive Hormones in Premenopausal Women Involved in Liquid Crystal Display Manufacture" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 10, no. 4: 1406-1417. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10041406